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공영립 安東大學附設 安東文化硏究所 1982 安東文化 Vol.3 No.-
The primitive communal society in the old Chinese was formalized as the public orderly mind dotted with both affectionate consciousness derived from the consang-uineous unity and the united defensing systems from the external enemies for the purpose of solving the food and clothing problems. These affectionate and orderly mind was served merchants in Eun dynasty with the usual practices, and they could orderly administrate the society and nation with a drastically religious belief to no admission of impunities. However, the more human wisdom and selfish mind had developed, the more society and nation had been disordered through suspicion of the Almighty. The King Min of Chu dynasty, the soverign of a subject state to Un had undergone some adversities (= hardships) as his soverign state Un was destroyed, and this was brought home the anxious mind. From media of such anxious mind, the thought of "morality" to be awaken was formalized. The morality is involved in the affectionate consciousness and the courtesy (ethiquette) as a normative law provided that all men are equal and all men alive equally. Since Kings in the late period of Western Chu had not experienced any hardships as well as any cultivation for the inner morality, the so-called morality as an external normative law had lapsed into an empty customs. Thus the Confucian ages were become Chaotic. In the light of the circumstances, Confucius has exposed humanity of awaking man and also given prominence to Loyalty and Sincerity based on the humanity.
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孔泳立 安東大學附設 安東文化硏究所 1980 安東文化 Vol.1 No.-
The main conception of "justice"(義) is to disgrace one's own faults and hate other's ones. "Reason"(理) is one arising from the time there can exist the definite formula in transits and changes of this visible worlds among the universe including human beings. By the way, it can be explained that "justice", as senses capable of the one's disgrace and hatred, is not the products as attained by the posterior experiences but this is to verify one of the anterior original character, through the dual linkages together with "justice" and "Reason". I dare say that the incarnation of social justice can be achieved by the power keeping the self-command of both disgrace to one's own immoderate wants and hatred to other's impoliteness. This can be arrived at by the recovering of humanly natural character. Indeed, a lot of old saints of the orient are portrayed as men who gifted some inspirations to the millions through the earlier recovery of the inherently pure-true character endowed in him than others. The oriental history tells that Korean nationals are proud of white clothes, and furthermore, that had disliked the invasion against other nations. The old chinese from the early ages has said that this nation has proudly possessed the public manners of simplicity and purity. What the thought of the righteousness is would be presumpted as royal volunteers raising in the course of justice when the other nation had invaded this nation outrageously. In spite of the facts that this nation situated in the midst of the continents and the Islands had been experienced a lot of trials, our independence of the nation which has conserved up to this date can be influenced by the thought of the righteousness.
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孔泳立 安東大學附設 安東文化硏究所 1981 安東文化 Vol.2 No.-
We are eager to analyze our present so calmly as to make a good plan for our future. Neverthless, we can't appraise the reality as involved in oneselfves. In a word, freed oneself from the reality which is facing, we might appraise some false-or-truth selections. Under the circumstances, if our reality of life facing in the present were similar to one in the past, we could design our future, to some reasonable content with the appraisal and comments on the past affairs. I, as the author, wish to set up era like today as the annals of the period of Chunchou(春秋 722-48 B. C.). After the Diety-Centered society of the Yin dynasty and the man-centered society of the Chou dynasty, Chunchou appeared. From the beginning of the Chou dynasty, the civilization system was externally kept in good order and furthermore, humane society was internally highlighted. On the other hand, when the Chunchou was appeared, the internal sincerity was lessened and formal ethiquette prevailed. At last, the coming era was followed up a chaos society. Today's western civilization is not exceptional case. The Diety-centered society in the mediaval ages is replaced as the humanism in the modern ages. Finally, as the humane individualism is biased, we have faced today as a chaos era. Confucious thought that divine character in the humane internality should be enlightened, in order to subjugate the chaos society in the period of Chunchou. This is called "IN" (Humanity), which is to be the mainly man. Although Confucious emphasized the humanity in order to subjugate the chaos at those times, he selected the seeking after truth as follows in the Annalects of Confucious: "If I find the way in the morning, I don't care if I die in the evening." Nowadays, as the individualism is developed to the peak, most of people has run after one's erotic enjoyments. And I think that such a pleasure seeking is so much responsible for the chaos of our society. This is my frank manifestation that The humane sanctities should be regained, in the earliest date, as lessened the chaos of these times. That is the way what Confucious had seeked after truth and emphasized the spiritual ecstasy.
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孟子의 義理思想 : 朱子 註釋 中心으로 With a Special Reference to Chu-tzu's notes
孔泳立 慶尙大學校 1985 論文集 Vol.24 No.1
Mencius lived in a politically chaotic age called the Age of Warring States and in a culturally unsettled age when innumerable scholars claimed attention to their ideas. To stabilize the chaotic society it was inevitable to formulate an absolute value system and it was also necessary to find a firm ground of its absoluteness. Mencius assumed this task by formulating a value system interpreted as the thought of Righteousness(I-li), based on humanistic ideal which took its root in Tien-tao. Tien-tao is analogous to the laws of nature in modern concept. Mencius contended that his thought of Righteousness based on the laws of nature has an absolute value.
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