저산소성 개에서 급성 동량성 혈액희석시의 순환계 반응

김성덕,임승운 대한마취과학회 1988 Korean Journal of Anesthesiology Vol.21 No.2

The circulatory responses to acute isovolemic hemodilution were studied in nine mongrel dogs in hypoxic (FIO2=0.15) environment. The animals were bled 20 ml/kg of blood. The shed blood was replaced by equivalent amounts of low molecular weight dextran (LMWD). Hemodynamic measurements and calculations were performed in control normoxic period, hypoxic period before bleeding, hypoxic period after bleeding and after hemodilution with LMWD. By hemodilution, Hb and Hct were decreased from 13.6±0.8gm/dl and 41±2% to 12.9±0.9gm/dl and 21±2%, respectively. Hypoxia itself did not cause any hemodynamic changes. Bleeding caused significant increases in SVR (60%) and PVR (77.9%), and resulted in decreases in CI (40.0%), TI (32.7%) and PCWP (2.0%) compared with the data in control period. Hemodilution reversed gemodynamic changes induced by bleeding. PVR returned to normal and SVR was rather decreased by 24.2%. CI, PCWP and CVP were increased by 25.4%, 6.0%, and 37.5%, respectively. The parameters such as HR and RPP which might be related to oxygen consumption were decreased by 10.6%, compared with control data. This study demonstrated that, in spite of lowered arterial oxygen content during hemodilution, tissue oxygen supply and cardiac performance might be well maintained by combined effects of decreased afterload and oxygen consuming factors, and increased preload. In conclusion, acute isovolemic hemodilution with LMWD might be a safe tolerable method in the aspects of circulatory respones in hypoxic dogs.

일측 폐허탈시 반대측 폐의 호기말 양압호흡법이 폐혈류의 재분포에 미치는 영향

김성덕,임승운 대한마취과학회 1994 Korean Journal of Anesthesiology Vol.27 No.9

The normal response of the pulmonary vasculature to one-lung atelectasis is an increase in pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR). The mechanism of the increase in PVR is thought to be due almost entirely to hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction (HPV). Regional HPV results in blood flow diversion from hypoxic regions to normoxic regions. The expected pulmonary shunt is thereby reduced and the arterial oxygen tension increased. PEEP improves the arterial oxygen tension as a result of increasing functional residual capacity (FRC) and decreasing intrapulmonary shunt. The aims of the present studies were to observe blood flow diversion from atelectatic lung to normoxic lung and to prove a sustained redistribution of pulmonary blood flow from ventilated with PEEP to atelectatic regions. This study evaluated the interactions between HPV and PEEP. Eight mongrel dogs were anesthetized with pentobarbital. Left pulmonary blood flow was measured with eletromagnetic flow probes following left lateral thoracotomy. Pulmonary arterial pressures, PCWP, systemic arterial pressures were measured via indwelling catheter. Cardiac output was determined by thermodilution in triplicate. The right lung was ventilated continuosly with 100% O₂, while left lung was ventilated with 100% O₂ (control phase), and unventilated for 60 min. of atelectasis. PEEP of 5 and 10 cmH₂O was ed to the right lung. During two-lung ventilation with 100 oxygen, cardiac output was 2890±880 ml/min. (mean SD) and left pulmonary blqod flow was 1100±220 ml/min. Left lung atelectasis resulted in a reduction of the percent left blood flow compared with cardiac output from 41±10% to 29±7% at 15 min and to 22±9% at 60 min (p$lt;0.05). The ratio of left pulmonary blood flow to mean pulmonary artery pressure decreased from 51±25 ml/min/ mmHg in control to 19±7 ml/min/mmHg at 60 min (p$lt;0.05). Left pulmonary vascular resistance increased gradually (p$lt;0.01). Arterial oxgen tension was the lowest at 15 min (165±66 mmHg) and increased subsequently (p$lt;0.01). Intrapulmonary shun±6% in, control phase and abruptly increased to 37±6% at 15 min after atelectasis and decreased to 34±10% at 60 min. When 10 cmH₂O PEEP was applied to the right hung during left lung atelectasis, the percent ratio of left pulmonary blood flow to cardiac output was significantly increased from 22±9% at 60 min of left lung atelectasis to 34±8% (p$lt;0.05). Left pulmonary vascular resistance significantly decreased as compared with 45 and 60,min of left lung atelectasis (p$lt;0.05). Arterial oxygen tension incresed by PEEP of 5 and 10 cmH to 257±74 mmHg and 252±92 mmHg compared with 164±65 mmHg and 177±28 mmHg at 15 and 30 min. of left lung atelectasis (p$lt;0.05). The present study demonstrated that the response to acute atelectasis is a regional increase in pulmonary vascular resistance and a sustained diversion of blood flow away from the atelectatic lung. In this study, the application of 10 cmH2O PEEP resulted in a redistribution of pulmonary blood flow from normoxic lung to atelectatic lung and didn't affeal oxygenation. We conclude that when employing the technique of one-lung anesthesia, PEEP to improve oxygenstion should be cautiously applied and a search for the maximum oxygenation and a minimum redistribution might be started, in an attempt to find the optimal PEEP.

산불에 의한 가공 송전선로의 열화와 그 대책

김성덕,심재명,김영달,강지원,장태인,민병욱 한국조명전기설비학회 2001 조명.전기설비 Vol.15 No.2

고농도 산소 투여가 백서의 폐에 미치는 병태 생리학적 영향

김성덕,박재현 대한마취과학회 1995 Korean Journal of Anesthesiology Vol.28 No.3

An animal model was used to study the effects of normobaric hyperoxia on pulmonary mechanics and histopathology. Thirty two rats (227±46gm) were divided into control (Group 1) in room air and 3 hyperoxic groups (n=8, each). Hyperoxic groups breathed F₁O₂ 0.98 for 24 hr(Group 2), 48 hr(Group 3), and 72 hr(Group 4), respectively. After hyperoxia, rats were intubated through tracheostomy, and inflation and deflation compliances of lung-thorax [CLT(I), CLT(D)] were calculated. Body weight(BW) was measured, and lungs were removed and weighed(LW). The lung specimens were examined microscopically. At the 3rd day of hyperoxia, 5 of 8 rats were died (63% mortality). CLT(I) of Group 4 was low (p$lt;0.05) compared with others, and CLT(D) of all hyperoxic groups were low (p$lt;0.05) compared with control. Mean LW/BW (lung weight divided by body weight) was elevated (p$lt;0.05) in Group 3 and Group 4. Pulmonary pathologic findings such as inflammation, congestion, alveolar and bronchial wall damage, pulmonary edema etc. became aparent (p$lt;0.05) at the 3rd day. We conclude that during hyperoxia pulmonary compliance might be decreased and lung weight might be increased progressively, and pulmonary pathological appearance of normobaric hyperoxia (F₁O₂ $gt; 0.98) resemble those of adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS).

한국전력 가공송전선의 허용전류를 증가시키기 위한 기상모델의 평가

김성덕 한국조명전기설비학회 2004 조명·전기설비학회논문지 Vol.18 No.2

전력설비 시장의 새롭게 조정된 경제환경으로 인하여 송전선로에 대한 투자와 운용 정책에 근본적인 변화가 초래되었다. 따라서, 최악의 기상조건을 사용하는 형식적인 가정들을 토대로 주어지는 도체의 허용전류를 증가시키기 위하여 현재 설비를 평가하는 것이 중요하게 되었다. 여전히 세계의 대부분 전력회사에서는 정적송전용량을 채용하고 있지만, 몇몇 회사들은 송전용량을 증가시키기 위하여 동적송전용량을 실시간으로 모니터링 하는 등 다양한 시도를 해왔다. 이 연구는 기상모델로 규정된 한국전력공사(KEPCO)의 송전선로의 정적송전용량을 평가하기 위한 시도이다. 과거 기상청에서 관측된 기상 데이터를 근거로 송전용량을 결정하기 위한 몇 가지 환경적 특성을 검토하였다. 그 결과, 한국전력의 송전선로에 계절별 또는 지역별 정격을 적용할 수 있으며, 현재 운용 중인 도체를 새로운 고내열 도체로 교체하지 않더라도 기존 송전용량을 좀더 증대시킬 수 있음을 확인하였다. The new deregulated economic environment in the power utility market is forcing fundamental changes in the investment and operational decisions regarding transmission lines. Hence, it has come to be an important issue to evaluate their current utility in order to increase conductor ampacity based on conservative assumptions of worst case weather conditions. Static thermal rating has born still applied in most power companies worldwide, however some of them have been done various trials such as monitoring dynamic line ratings to increase line ratings in real time. This study is an attempt to access the static line ratings in Korea Electric Power Corporation(KEPCO) transmission lines, which were specified by weather model. Several environmental performances for determining static line ratings are examined by using the past weather data of Korean Meteorological Administration. As a result, it is shown that seasonal or regional line ratings could be adopt to the KEPCO's transmission lines, and their line ratings could be more increased without refurbishing current conductors in service to new high-temperature ones.

기상예보시스템을 이용한 가공송전선의 단기간 동적송전용량 예측

김성덕,이승수,장태인,장지원,이동일,Kim, Sung-Duck,Lee, Seung-Su,Jang, Tae-In,Kang, Ji-Won,Lee, Dong-Il 한국조명전기설비학회 2004 조명·전기설비학회논문지 Vol.18 No.6

본 논문에서는 실시간 기상예보데이터를 사용하여 가공송전선의 단시간 송전용량을 예측하기 위한 방법을 제안한다. 기상청에서 제공되는 예보기온, 풍속등급 및 날씨코드와 같은 3시간 예보요소들을 분석하여 기상예보데이터와 실제 측정데이터 사이의 상관성이 분석되었다. 동적송전용량을 결정하는데 사용하기 위하여 이러한 요소들은 적당한 수치로 변환되었다. 또한 풍속과 일사량에 대한 신뢰도를 개선하기 위하여 적응뉴로퍼지시스템이 설계되었다. 기상예보데이터가 송전용량을 신뢰성을 갖도록 추정하는데 사용될 수 있음을 밝혔다. 그 결과 제안된 예측시스템이 단시간 용량예측에 효율적으로 실용화될 수 있을 것이다. A method for predicting the short-term dynamic line ratings in overhead transmission lines using real-time weather forecast data is proposed in this paper. Through some inspections for the 3-hour interval forecasting factors such as ambient temperature, wind speed grade and weather code given by KMA(Korea Meteorological Administration), correlation properties between forecast weather data and actual measured data are analyzed. To use these variable in determining the dynamic line ratings, they are changed into suitable numerical values. Furthermore adaptive neuro-fuzzy systems to improve reliabilities for wind speed and solar heat radiation ate designed It was verified that the forecast weather data can be used to predict the line rating with reliable. As a result it can be possible that the proposed predicting system can be effectively utilized by their anticipation a short-time in advance.

개발제한구역내 국민임대주택의 입지특성과 주거만족도 연구 - 경남․부산․울산시를 中心으로 -

김성덕,서유석 한국주거환경학회 2019 주거환경(한국주거환경학회논문집) Vol.17 No.1

The purpose of this research is to study on the location characteristics and residential satisfaction of public rental housing in green belt and suggest proper location model of it. Construction of public rental housing in green belt has advantage of acquiring site to build it easily, but it is doubtful whether it is proper or not as housing environment of low income classes. To analyse and verify suitability of it's location in green belt, it was surveyed locational conditions and characteristics, especially types and number of neighborhood facilities, distance from home to downtown or their office, etc. Results of comparing and analysing diverse conditions of 5 public rental housings are as follows. Firstly, it was analysed that there were a lot of differences in numbers and characteristics of neighborhood facilities, and zoning around public rental housing affected numbers and characteristics of them more than it's location in the city. In other words, types and number of neighborhood facilities around public rental housing was increased more in case of commercial zoning than residential zoning. Secondly, dwellers' housing satisfaction of neighborhood facilities was also increased according to proximity(distance) from home to downtown and its' diversity. Thirdly, public rental housing dwellers' housing satisfaction is analysed to increase in downtown and suburban area more than in isolated area, and housing location affected housing satisfaction more than types and number of neighborhood facilities. Suitability of neighborhood and it's location is difficult to standardize it because of private preference differences, but housing satisfaction of low income classes was influenced so much by distance and arriving time from home to office, therefore, downtown area or area near to public rental housing is assessed to be good location in housing environment of low income class. At these area, there are diverse neighborhood facilities and public transportations, and they can get a job easily at there. 본 연구에서는 2004년 국민임대주택건설 특별조치법 시행으로 개발제한구역에 임대주택을 건립할 수 있도록 한 이후 건립된 국민임대주택(장기공공임대주택)을 중심으로 입지의 적정성과 주거만족도를 조사, 분석함으로써 바람직한 국민임대주택의 입지모델을 제시하기 위한 것이다. 본 연구는 먼저 국민임대주택의 입지 및 주거환경과 관련하여 기존 관련연구 분석을 통해 정량적 분석의 지표로서 주거입지 및 주거환경 요소를, 정성적 분석의 지표로서 주거만족도를 평가요소로 선정하였다. 다음으로 임대아파트 건립의 법적인 토대로서 개발제한구역에서의 예정지구지정에 관한 특례가 규정된‘국민임대주택건설 등에 관한 특별조치법’(2003.12.31.) 시행이후, 관련법규 내용과 함께 이 특례규정에 따라 개발제한구역내에 건립된 경남·부산·울산지역의 임대아파트 단지를 사례조사 대상으로 선정하여 주거환경 및 입지적 특성과 함께 이에 대한 거주자들의 주거만족도를 조사분석하였다. 본 연구결과, 주거입지의 적정성은 규범화하기 어려운 측면이 있으나 도시외곽에 위치할수록 근린생활시설이 적고 다양하지 못한데다가, 직장까지의 거리와 이동시간이 주거만족도에 더 큰 영향을 미치므로 저소득층을 위한 국민임대주택이라는 속성상 가급적 다양한 대중교통의 이용이 가능하고 주변에 근린생활권이 이미 형성되어 있는 도심지역이나 기존주거지에 인접한 지역이 바람직할 것으로 분석되었다.

간접도체 방식을 이용한 가공송전선의 동적송전용량 추정

김성덕,이승수,장태인,강지원,이동일,Kim, Sung-Duck,Lee, Seung-Su,Jang, Tae-In,Kang, Ji-Won,Lee, Dong-Il 한국조명전기설비학회 2004 조명·전기설비학회논문지 Vol.18 No.5

고가공도체의 최대허용전류인 열용량은 일반적으로 IEEE P738 기준에서 주어진 것과 같은 열평형 방정식을 기초로 계산된다. 이 정격은 기온, 풍속, 풍향 및 태양열과 같은 기상조건의 함수로 주어진다. 이러한 기상 파라미터들 중에 풍속은 그 값이 아주 작게 나타날 때 송전용량 결정에 강한 영향을 준다. 따라서 송전용량 모니터시스템에서 사용되는 풍속계 대부분은 낮은 감도와 실속 특성을 가지므로 부정확한 결과가 나타난다. 본 논문에서는 풍속계를 사용하지 않고 가공송전선의 동적송전용량을 결정하기 위한 새로운 방법을 도입한다. 풍속을 2개의 간접도체의 온도로 추정하고 실험을 통하여 추정풍속으로 구한 동적송전용량이 기상모델로 구한 결과와 매우 근접함을 밝혔다. The thermal rating of an overhead conductor, which is the maximum allowable current, is generally calculated on the basis of heat balance equation found in IEEE P738 standard. This is given as a function of the weather conditions such as air temperature, wind speed, wind direction, and sun heat. Wind speed among such weather parameters is strongly affected on determining the line rating when it appears very low level. Therefore there may occur inaccuracy since most anemometers used in line rating monitor systems may show low resolutions and stall speed performance. In this paper, we introduce a new methodology for determining the dynamic line rating in overhead transmission lines, without using my anemometer. It was shown that wind speed can be estimated by the temperatures of 2 indirect conductors, and through experimental study, the dynamic line rating obtained by the estimated wind speed was very closely that of weather model.

배전선로 고장에 의한 Voltage Sag의 특성 해석

김성덕,Madhat M. Morcos 한국조명전기설비학회 2002 조명·전기설비학회논문지 Vol.16 No.1

송전선과 배전선의 고장에 의한 voltage sag는 산업 수용가와 전력회사에 당면한 가장 중요한 전력품질(power quality) 문제들 중 하나가 되었다. voltage sag는 일반적으로 진폭과 지속시간 특성으로 기술되지만 voltage sag 현상을 규명하여 그 대책을 찾는데는 위상변위 특성을 반드시 고려해야 한다. 이 논문에서는 3상지락, 단선지락, 및 선간단락 사고가 발생하였을 경우에, 고장임피던스의 변화에 의한 voltage sag를 symmetrical components 해석을 이용하여 특성해석을 하였다. 이 때, voltage sag와 이들이 진폭과 위상에 미치는 효과를 고찰하였다. 3상지락과 같은 평형 고장은 모든 상에서 전압과 전류가 동일한 값으로 변화되고 또한 영상성분들은 영이 되었다. 그렇지만, 단선지락과 선간단락 고장과 같은 불평형 고장으로 인한 voltage sag는 진폭과 위상이 각 상마다 다르게 변화되었다. 해석결과를 확인하기 위하여 전력회로 모델들을 토대로 시뮬레이션을 수행하고 그 결과들도 검토되었다. Voltage sags caused by line faults in transmission and distribution lines have become one of the most important power quality problems facing industrial customers and utilities. Voltage sags are normally described by characteristics of both magnitude and duration, but phase angle shifts should be taken account in identifying sag phenomena and finding their solutions. In this paper, voltage sags due to line faults such as three phase-to-ground, single line-to-ground, and line-to-line faults are characterized by using symmetrical component analysis, for fault impedance variations. Voltage sags and their effect on the magnitude and phase angle are examined. Balanced sags of three phase-to-ground faults show that voltages and currents are changed with equivalent levels to all phases and the zero sequence components become zero. However, for unbalanced faults such as single line-to-ground and line-to-line faults, voltage sags give different magnitude variations and phase angle shifts for each phase. In order to verify the analyzed results, some simulations based on power circuit models are also discussed.

호흡관리 중환자의 혈청교질 삼투압에 관한 연구

김성덕,최덕환,고홍 최신의학사 1982 最新醫學 Vol.25 No.12