내 책을 말한다 (박효근, 『여성, 종교개혁과 통하다』, 서강대학교 출판부, 2018)

박효근 한국여성사학회 2019 여성과 역사 Vol.0 No.30

고추의 복합내병성 계통육성 및 유전연구

박효근 서울대학교 농업생명과학대학 농업개발연구소 1998 농업생명과학연구 Vol.2 No.-

The ultimate objective of this study is to develop multiple disease resistant lines of hot pepper. We collected 232 lines of hot pepper from several foreign countries, where these lines were known to be disease resistant, and we have screened these lines 2 or 3 times against to Korean races of pepper diseases. Among these lines, 20 lines were selected as resistant lines to root rot disease, 12 lines to anthracnose, 21 lines to PVY and 16 lines to TMV. Modified recurrent selection method was used to develop multiple disease resistant lines. Using these resistant lines selected, 31 cross combinations were made. The F1's were randomly mated twice and their progenies were selfed. One hundred and twenty lines resistant to both root rot disease and TMV were obtained. We found that the inheritance of resistance to root rot disease is controlled by one or two dominant genes depending on combinations. The resistance to TMV is thought to be controlled by a single dominant gene. To find molecular markers for disease resistance breeding in hot pepper, we tried to develop optimum condition for RAPD in hot pepper. We were able to set up the highly reproducible procedure. We improved method of DNA extraction from hot pepper by using NaOH method, which could save quite a lot of labor and time compared with the conventional method. We found an AFLP marker linked to root rot resistance. We also able to develop a totally new screening method of TMV resistance. A single fully expanded leaf were detached from hot pepper plant and then artificially inoculated with TMV and put into a test tube with pure water. It took only 2 to 3 days to correctly evaluate response to the disease. We named it as a detached-leaf method and applied a patent. With this method breeders will be able to test a single plant for several different diseases without any complicate interaction.

고추의 복합내병성 계통 육성 및 유전연구

박효근 서울대학교 농업생명과학대학 농업개발연구소 1997 농업생명과학연구 Vol.1 No.-

고추의 제초제 저항성 유전자 형질전환

박효근 서울대학교 농업개발연구소 1999 농업생명과학연구 Vol.3 No.-

Plant transformation technique is thought to be powerful tools for plant breeding. Because it enables foreign genes from bacteria, viruses, and animals, which cannot be crossed with plants, to be inserted into the plant genome. We transferred herbicide resistance gene (bar) into the parental inbreds of commercial F1 hybrid variety of hot pepper, Kalag-kimjang No. 2, by Agrobacterium tumefaciens. Shoots from cotyledons were selected on medium containing 0.5 mg/L phosphinotricin. Transformants were confirmed by PCR analysis, Southern blot analysis, and bioassay. They showed tolerance to 0.2% Basta solution during bioassay. These transformants are expected to be applied to development of practical purity test of F1 hybrid variety.

소비자피해구제의 소송형식

박효근 한국법정책학회 2006 법과 정책연구 Vol.6 No.1

The Lawsuit Institution of the Remedy of the Consumers' Damage

행정질서벌의 체계 및 법정책적 개선방안

박효근 한국법정책학회 2019 법과 정책연구 Vol.19 No.1

The Administrative order punishment is a kind of administrative penalties imposed in accordance with the procedure of the 「Act on the Regulation of Violations of Public Order」 for violations of minor obligations, such as breaches of reporting, registration and parking duties in Individual Laws. The Administrative order punishment imposed as an administrative fine imposition under the present law is fundamentally different from the administrative punishment imposing penalties and is also distinguished from penalties on the 「Traffic Law」 and Penalty surcharge in terms of personality, and is also distinguished from the Enforcement fine, an administrative fine as a disciplinary punishment and an administrative fine as a legal procedure laws. Analyzing the contents of the 「Act on the Regulation of Violations of Public Order」 , a general law of the imposition of Administrative order punishment, it stated legalism of violations of public order which means no act shall be imposed a penalty for violation of order without law in order to secure the administration of the rule of law. However, the Act clearly requires subjective liability elements such as intention・negligence in cases of violation of order and requires the consciousness of illegality providing no an administrative fine be imposed in cases where there is a legitimate reason to misjudge the conduct of the person as legal. In addition, for the sake of responsibility, the reason for the exemption is provided for mental and physical reasons. In this context, the system of administrative order punishment and the establishment of a new phase is required in a situation where the distinction between the administrative penalties and administrative order punishment is relatively obscure. As a comparative law, we should refer to foreign legislative cases related to administrative order punishment and seek to the improvement plans on the law and institutional system in Korea. Specifically, it is necessary to rationalize the administrative fine imposition system above all so that an administrative fine imposition criterion according to the equality can be established by giving shape by type of the an administrative fine imposition acts and by appropriating the imposition criterion. In addition, it is necessary to rationalize the collection system that fits the characteristics of the administrative fine in order to enhance the effectiveness of the administrative fine imposition when referring to the relatively poor payment record of the administrative fine in comparison with the penalty. Lastly, for the purpose of guaranting the fundamental rights of the people, the contents of the 「Act on the Regulation of Violations of Public Order」 should be amended to apply the administrative litigation procedure to the imposition of the administrative fine by administrative authority so as to recognize the status of the administrative authority which imposed the administrative fine as a party to the administrative trial. It is also required to promote substantive legalism by actively utilizing the appeal litigation and the remedy of the party litigation accordind to the choice of the party. 행정질서벌은 개별법상의 행정상 보고・신고 및 등록의무위반 또는 주정차위반과 같은 경미한 의무위반행위에 대해 「질서위반행위규제법」 상의 절차에 따라 부과되는 행정벌의 일종이다. 현행법상 과태료처분으로 부과되는 행정질서벌은 형벌을 부과하는 행정형벌과 본질적으로 다르고, 「도로교통법」 상의 범칙금이나 과징금과도 성격상 구별되며, 이행강제금이나 징계벌로서의 과태료, 소송법상의 과태료와도 구별된다. 행정질서벌의 부과에 관한 일반법인 「질서위반행위규제법」 의 내용을 분석하면 법률에 의하지 아니하고는 어떤 행위도 질서위반행위로 과태료를 부과하지 않는다는 질서위반행위 법정주의를 규정하여 행정질서벌에도 죄형법정주의가 적용됨을 천명함으로써 법치행정을 확보하고자 하였다. 그러나 동법에는 질서위반행위에도 고의・과실과 같은 주관적 책임요소를 명백히 요구하고 있으며, 자신의 행위를 적법으로 오인한 정당한 사유가 있는 경우에 과태료를 부과할 수 없다고 하여 위법성의 인식을 요한다고 규정하고 있다. 또한 책임성에 있어서도 심신상의 이유로 한 감면사유를 규정하고 있다. 이렇게 볼 때 행정형벌과 행정질서벌의 구분이 상대적으로 모호해지는 상황에서 행정질서벌의 체계와 새로운 위상정립이 요구된다고 하겠다. 비교법적으로는 행정질서벌과 관련한 외국의 입법례들을 참고하여 우리나라 행정질서벌의 문제점을 고찰하고 법・제도적 개선방안을 모색해야 하겠다. 구체적인 내용으로는 우선 과태료 부과대상행위를 법률에서 유형별로 구체화하고 부과기준을 적정화함으로써 형평성에 맞는 과태료 부과기준이 정립될 수 있도록 과태료 부과체계를 합리화할 필요가 있다. 또한 범칙금에 비해 상대적으로 저조한 과태료 납부실적을 참고할 때 과태료부과처분의 실효성을 제고하기 위해 과태료 특성에 맞는 징수제도를 합리화할 필요가 있다. 마지막으로 국민의 기본권보장차원에서 「질서위반행위규제법」 의 내용을 개정하여 행정청의 과태료부과처분에 대하여 행정쟁송절차를 적용함으로써 과태료부과처분청도 행정쟁송의 당사자로서의 지위를 인정하고 당사자의 선택에 따라 항고소송 및 당사자소송의 구제수단을 적극적으로 활용할 수 있도록 함으로써 실질적인 법치주의를 도모할 것이 요구된다.

원예학과의 특성과 전망

박효근,Park, Hyo-Geun 한국대학교육협의회 1993 大學敎育 Vol.65 No.-

「해양환경관리법」상 환경성 검토제도의 문제점 및 개선방안

박효근 한국법정책학회 2020 법과 정책연구 Vol.20 No.1

The 「Marine Environment Management Act」 provides a comprehensive environmental review of marine areas, such as the Convention on the Utilization of Sea and the Assessment of Sea Use Impact, to cope with the situation caused by reckless development activities in the ocean. It also implements the Marine Service Consultation Plan to reduce the environmental impact of the development projects carried out in the ocean and to adjust conflicts among users in advance. And Certain projects that have a significant impact on the marine environment during the marine service consultation were required to carry out an assessment of the impact of the maritime use on the marine environment, which has been enhanced compared to the previous agreement on the use of sea water. Although it is oriented toward a professional and scientific environmental inspection system in the marine sector, these systems involve some problems such as scope ambiguity of the Convention on the Utilization of Sea Water, Limits of the Convention caused by the duality of Marine Environment Management, Fairness Problem of the use of sea water impact assessment institution. To solve these problems, The environmental review assessment system should be improved, the objective evaluation criteria should be prepared, and the consultation organization should also be sought to enhance its functions. In addition, an integrated marine environment management system should be established by improving the assessment method considering the characteristics of the project and the characteristics of the sea water. In addition, the environmental impact survey under the 「Environmental Impact Assessment Act」 focuses mainly on the land environment, so there is a limit to the marine environmental impact. And there are problems in follow-up management, such as whether the consultation opinion has been implemented in accordance with the sea use agreement, whether the environment around the business site has been changed, or whether the disposal right holder has fulfilled the orders. To ensure practical follow-up management, the regulations should be revised to go through the opinions of the Minister of Maritime Affairs and Fisheries on projects that conduct water use consultation among projects subject to environmental impact assessment and in the case of public waters reclamation projects with a surface area of less than 15,000 m2, the continuous investigation and review are required through the revision of regulations to be covered by the marine environmental impact survey to ensure practical follow-up management. Lastly, the substantial marine sector environmental review system should be established by reflecting the opinions of the public and local governments, including residents who are familiar with the local environment, before deciding how to assess the environmental impact by actively adopting and utilizing the screening system and scoping procedures. 「해양환경관리법」에서는 해양에서의 무분별한 개발행위로 인한 해양자원과 환경훼손이 야기되는 상황에 대처하기 위해 해역이용협의나 해역이용영향평가와 같은 해양부문에 대한 환경성 검토를 수행하고 있다. 해양에서 이루어지는 개발사업의 환경영향을 저감하고, 해역이용자 간의 갈등을 사전에 조정하기 위해 해역이용협의제도를 실시하며, 해역이용협의를 함에 있어 해양환경에 중대한 영향을 미치는 일정한 사업에 대해서는 기존 해역이용협의보다 강화된 해역이용영향평가를 실시하도록 함으로써 해양의 이용ㆍ개발로 인한 해양환경에 미치는 영향을 최소화하는 제도를 마련한 것이다. 그러나 해양부문에서의 전문적이고 과학적인 환경성 검토제도를 지향하고 있음에도 여전히 이들 제도는 해역이용협의제도 대상사업의 범위 모호, 해양환경관리의 이원화에 따른 협의제도의 한계, 해역이용영향 평가기관의 공정성 문제 등 여러 가지 문제를 내포하고 있다. 이러한 문제점들을 해결하기 위해서는 환경성검토 평가체제를 개선을 통한 객관적인 평가서 검토기준이 마련되어야 하며 협의조직의 기능 제고 방안도 모색되어야 한다. 뿐만 아니라 사업의 특성 및 해역의 특성을 고려한 평가 방법을 도입하여 통합적 해양환경관리체계가 구축되어야 할 것이다. 또한 「환경영향평가법」에 따른 환경영향조사의 경우 검토대상이 주로 육상 환경에 치중하고 있어 해양환경영향 부분에 대한 검토에는 한계가 있고 해역이용협의에 따른 협의 의견의 이행 여부나 사업지 주변 환경의 변화, 처분권자의 조치 명령 이행 여부 확인 등 사후관리에 문제가 발생하고 있다. 실질적인 사후관리를 담보하기 위해서는 규정을 개정하여 환경영향평가 대상사업 중 해역이용협의를 실시하는 사업에 대해서는 해양수산부장관의 의견을 거치도록 하고, 공유수면 매립대상 면적이 1만 5천㎡ 미만인 해양사업의 경우에도 실질적인 사후관리를 담보하기 위해 해양환경영향조사의 대상으로의 포섭 및 이에 대한 지속적인 조사 및 검토가 요청된다. 마지막으로, Screening제도와 Scoping절차를 적극 도입·활용함으로써 비록 소규모라 할지라도 해양환경에 막대한 위험을 야기하는 사업에 대해서는 관련 지방자치단체, 기관별로 지역의 특성을 고려하여 해양부문 환경영향평가의 실시 여부를 결정하고, 지역의 특성에 따른 환경영향평가의 필요성을 고려하여 사업자로 하여금 환경영향평가 방법을 확정하기 전에 지역의 환경을 잘 아는 주민을 포함한 일반인 및 지방자치단체의 의견을 반영함으로써 실질적인 해양부문 환경성 검토체제를 구축하여야 하겠다.

수요변화에 대응한 원예산업의 발전방향

박효근 한국원예학회 1997 원예과학기술지 Vol.2 No.4

고추 탄저병 저항성 계통육성을 위한 종간교잡 및 배배양

박효근 서울대학교 농업개발연구소 2000 농업생명과학연구 Vol.4 No.-

Hot pepper is one of the most important vegetable crops in Korea. Pepper production, however, has been severely damaged by several destructive diseases, of which anthrac- nose caused by Colletotrichum gloeosporioides is the most serious one. We and other researchers in Korea and abroad were not able to identify good resistant source from Capsicum annuum, the only cultivated species in Korea, despite of many attempts. Fortunately we obtained very strong resistant germplasm, which is belong to Capsicum baccatum from AVRDC. Since we could not find any significantly resistant genetic source to this disease from C. annuum, we have decided to introduce the resistant gene(s) of C. baccatum into C. annuum through interspecific hybridization. However, we found out that some serious genetic barriers were existed between these two species. The first one was embryo abortion occurred during post-fertilization, resulting in no viable interspecific hybrid seeds obtained. So, we carried out embryo rescue with some success. We were able to get some true interspecific hybrid plants between these two species. However, there was second serious genetic barrier, which was turned out to be sterility of the interspecific F1 plants. We are trying to overcome this barrier by both backcrossing and chromosome doubling. In the same time, we are attempting to overcome this genetic barrier by using a bridge crossing. We found out that C. chinense and C. frutescens are the best candidate because these two species are fairly interspecifically compatible with both C. baccatum and C. annuum, respectively. We are able to get viable and partially fertile F1's, F2's and BC1 plants between C. baccatum with either C. chinense or C. frutescens. The resistant response in all these interspecific hybrids indicate that the resistance of C. baccatum is appeared to be controlled by a or more dominant allele(s).