데이빗슨, 문자적 의미, 은유적 의미

John Michael McGuire 한국철학회 1999 철학 Vol.60 No.-

An analysis of the British and American policies on human cloning

John Michael McGuire 한국생명윤리학회 2002 생명윤리 Vol.3 No.1

Human cloning raises exciting medical possibilities as well as serious ethical questions. All countries with scientists or research centers involved in cloning research must sooner or later make decisions about how much, or which parts, of this research to allow and how much, or which parts, to prohibit. Korea is one such country, a country in which a significant level of cloning research is being carried out but in the absence of clear laws or regulations. It is expected that the Korean Ministry of Science and Technology will introduce legislation concerning human cloning to the National Assembly in 2002. However, before it does so, it is crucial that the Ministry and other concerned parties consider carefully the policies on human cloning that have been embraced by the British and American governments. Britain and the U.S. are widely recognized as the current leaders in cloning research. They are also among the first nations to host serious and sustained public policy debates on human cloning. The policies that have emerged from these debates in Britain and the U.S. are strikingly different. This paper provides and examination of the background and content of the British and American policies in an attempt to contribute to the debate that has yet to take place in Korea. The conclusion of this examination is that while the proposed American policy is seriously flawed from an ethical point of view, the British government has framed an exemplary policy on human cloning, one that other countries, including Korea, would be well advised to follow.

Revising the Korean Bioethics and Biosafety Act: Should researchers be prohibited from donating oocytes?

( John Michael Mcguire ) 한국의료윤리학회 2006 한국의료윤리학회지 Vol.9 No.1

Recent public investigations into the human embryonic stem cell research of Hwang Woo-Suk and his colleagues have brought to light a plethora of ethical problems associated with that research as well as numerous deficiencies in the existing legislation designed to prevent such problems, the Korean Bioethics and Biosafety Act (KBBA). In response to these revelations, the Korean National Bioethics Commission and the Korean Ministry of Health and Welfare are currently in the process of revising the KBBA to ensure that future stem cell research in Korea is carried out in an ethically responsible manner. In this paper I focus on one of the ethical problems raised by Hwang`s research: the issue of oocyte donations by junior researchers. I address the following two questions: 1) Did Hwang violate ethical guidelines in accepting oocyte donations from junior researchers? 2) Should the KBBA be revised to prohibit oocyte donations from junior researchers? With respect to the first question, I argue that, contrary to popular opinion, Hwang did not violate the Helsinki Declaration in accepting oocytes donations from junior researchers. In response to the second question, I argue that the KBBA should indeed be revised to prohibit junior researchers from donating oocytes for research in which they themselves are involved.

Medical Ethics and the New Science of Moral Cognition

( John Michael Mcguire ) 한국의료윤리학회 2011 한국의료윤리학회지 Vol.14 No.1

This article provides a brief overview of some of the recent developments in the new science of moral cognition and examines what relevance they might have for the field of medical ethics. Included here are descriptions of Mikhail and Hauser`s work on a universal moral grammar (UMG), Greene`s fMRI studies of emotional engagement in moral judgment, and Haidt`s crosscultural research on the psychological foundations of morality. It is argued that recent research results in these and other areas exposes a gap between medical ethics and common morality, between some of the methodologies and results of medical ethics on the one hand and the moral judgments and values of ordinary people on the other. This disconnect is explained, in part, in terms of a misunderstanding or misuse of the naturalistic fallacy, which serves to insulate medical ethics from advances in the scientific understanding of morality.

Three Ambiguities in the Knobe Effect

( John Michael Mcguire ) 서울대학교 인지과학연구소 2014 Journal of Cognitive Science Vol.15 No.1

The Knobe effect is widely regarded as one of the first and most importantfindings in the field of experimental philosophy. A good deal of research inthis field over the past decade has been concerned with explaining the Knobeeffect. However, much of this research has been vitiated by neglect for themore fundamental matter of defining “the Knobe effect.” In this article Iaddress the definitional question and argue that the Knobe effect is in factplagued by three ambiguities which have received insufficient attention. In thefirst place, I show that the term has both a narrow and a broad interpretation. Inits narrow sense, the term refers to an effect that moral considerations allegedlyhave on ascriptions of intentional action; in its broad sense, it refers to aneffect that evaluative considerations allegedly have on all folk psychologicalascriptions. Secondly, I show that the narrow reading of “the Knobe effect” isitself ambiguous between one interpretation on which the moral considerationsin question refer to conscious moral judgments and another interpretation onwhich they refer to non-conscious reactions to norm violations. Thirdly, I arguethat the Knobe effect can be interpreted either as a hypothesis concerning howpeople ordinarily use certain folk psychological concepts or as a hypothesisconcerning how people use those concepts only in the context of hypotheticalthought-experiments. While the vast majority of researchers have assumed theformer view, recent experimental research supports the latter view, suggestingthat the Knobe effect is in fact an experimental artifact.

데이빗슨의 행위 개별화 이론

John Michael McGuire 한국철학회 1997 철학 Vol.52 No.-

Advancing Risk Assessment through the Application of Systems Toxicology

John Michael Sauer,Andre Kleensang,Manuel C. Peitsch,A. Wallace Hayes 한국독성학회 2016 Toxicological Research Vol.32 No.1

Risk assessment is the process of quantifying the probability of a harmful effect to individuals or populations from human activities. Mechanistic approaches to risk assessment have been generally referred to as systems toxicology. Systems toxicology makes use of advanced analytical and computational tools to integrate classical toxicology and quantitative analysis of large networks of molecular and functional changes occurring across multiple levels of biological organization. Three presentations including two case studies involving both in vitro and in vivo approaches described the current state of systems toxicology and the potential for its future application in chemical risk assessment.

Has Christianity Hindered the Development of Ethics?

John Michael McGuire 한국기독교교육정보학회 2003 Journal of Christian education information tech Vol.4 No.-

Oxford philosopher Derek Parfit calls ethics "the youngest and least advanced" of the sciences. However, despite its relatively recent beginnings, and the lack of objectivity typically associated with ethics, Parfit is optimistic about the potential development of non-religious ethics. So too is Princeton philosopher Peter Singer, one of the most prominent ethicists in the world today. Underlying their optimism regarding the development of non-religious ethics is the belief, which Parfit and Singer share, that it is religion, more than anything else, that has retarded or prevented the development of ethical thinking in our history.<br/> In this paper I address this idea that Christianity has hindered the development of ethical thinking and the associated idea that progress in ethics consists in escaping from the lingering effects of Christian ethical thought. In particular, I critically examine Singer's claims that Christian ethics is ultimately based on self-interest and that reason, rather than religion, is the proper basis for ethics. In the final section of the paper I indicate how I think Christianity can contribute to the development of a humane and positive ethic for the renewal of our social and ecological life.

The Ethics of Cloning Humans-Replies to Meilaender and Kass-

John Michael McGuire 한국기독교교육정보학회 2000 Journal of Christian education information tech Vol.1 No.-

Stability of general -quartic functional equations in non-Archimedean intuitionistic Fuzzy normed spaces

JOHN MICHAEL RASSIAS,HEMEN DUTTA,NARASIMMAN PASUPATHI 장전수학회 2019 Proceedings of the Jangjeon mathematical society Vol.22 No.2

The aim of this article is to study the Hyers-Ulam-Rassias stability and generalized Hyers-Ulam-Rassias stability in non-Archimedean Intuitionistic fuzzy normed spaces. The paper introduces a new A- quartic functional equation and obtain solution for the same functional equation. Further, stability problem is investigated for the newly intro- duced A-quartic functional equation in non-Archimedean intuitionistic fuzzy normed spaces.