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Aspiration and Injection of the Knee Joint: Approach Portal
( Robert J Douglas ) 대한슬관절학회 2014 대한슬관절학회지 Vol.26 No.1
Aspiration and injection of the knee joint is a commonly performed medical procedure. Injection of corticosteroid for the treatment of osteoarthritis is the most common reason for knee joint injection, and is performed as an office procedure. Debate exists among practitioners as to the ‘best’ approach portal for knee injection. This paper examines the various approach portals for injection and/or aspiration of the knee joint, as well as the accuracy of each approach. Searches were made of electronic databases, and appropriate papers were identified and hand-searched. Although there is some evidence that particular approach portals may be more efficacious in the presence of specific knee joint pathologies, generally, in experienced hands, it is of no clinical consequence as to which approach portal is utilised for aspiration or injection of the knee joint. No approach portal is 100% accurate, and the accuracy of injection of the knee joint may be enhanced by the use of techniques such as ultrasound. Practitioners are reminded that they should continuously refine and practice their preferred technique. Knee joint aspiration and injection is a common, simple, and generally safe office procedure.
Genome-wide association study identifies novel breast cancer susceptibility loci
Easton, Douglas F.,Pooley, Karen A.,Dunning, Alison M.,Pharoah, Paul D. P.,Thompson, Deborah,Ballinger, Dennis G.,Struewing, Jeffery P.,Morrison, Jonathan,Field, Helen,Luben, Robert,Wareham, Nicholas Nature Publishing Group 2007 Nature Vol.447 No.7148
Breast cancer exhibits familial aggregation, consistent with variation in genetic susceptibility to the disease. Known susceptibility genes account for less than 25% of the familial risk of breast cancer, and the residual genetic variance is likely to be due to variants conferring more moderate risks. To identify further susceptibility alleles, we conducted a two-stage genome-wide association study in 4,398 breast cancer cases and 4,316 controls, followed by a third stage in which 30 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were tested for confirmation in 21,860 cases and 22,578 controls from 22 studies. We used 227,876 SNPs that were estimated to correlate with 77% of known common SNPs in Europeans at r<SUP>2</SUP> > 0.5. SNPs in five novel independent loci exhibited strong and consistent evidence of association with breast cancer (P < 10<SUP>-7</SUP>). Four of these contain plausible causative genes (FGFR2, TNRC9, MAP3K1 and LSP1). At the second stage, 1,792 SNPs were significant at the P < 0.05 level compared with an estimated 1,343 that would be expected by chance, indicating that many additional common susceptibility alleles may be identifiable by this approach.
BCL2 antagonist of cell death kinases, phosphatases, and ovarian cancer sensitivity to cisplatin
Nisha Bansal,Douglas C. Marchion,Elona Bicaku,Yin Xiong,Ning Chen,Xiaomang B. Stickles,Entidhar Al Sawah,Robert M. Wenham,Sachin M. Apte,Jesus Gonzalez-Bosquet,Patricia L. Judson,Ardeshir Hakam,Johnat 대한부인종양학회 2012 Journal of Gynecologic Oncology Vol.23 No.1
Objective: The BCL2 family proteins are critical mediators of cellular apoptosis and, as such, have been implicated as determinants of cancer cell chemo-sensitivity. Recently, it has been demonstrated that the phosphorylation status of the BCL2 antagonist of cell death (BAD) protein may influence ovarian cancer (OVCA) cell sensitivity to cisplatin. Here, we sought to evaluate how kinase and phosphatase components of the BAD apoptosis pathway influence OVCA chemo-sensitivity. Methods: Protein levels of cyclin-dependent kinase 1 (CDK1) and protein phosphatase 2C (PP2C) were measured by immunofluorescence in a series of 64 primary advanced-stage serous OVCA patient samples. In parallel, levels of cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA), AKT, and PP2C were quantified by Western blot analysis in paired mother/daughter platinum-sensitive/resistant OVCA cell lines (A2008/C13, A2780S/A2780CP, Chi/ChiR). BAD pathway kinase CDK1 was depleted using siRNA transfection, and the influence on BAD phosphorylation and cisplatin-induced apoptosis was evaluated. Results: OVCA patient samples that demonstrated complete responses to primary platinum-based therapy demonstrated 4-fold higher CDK1 (p<0.0001) and 2-fold lower PP2C (p=0.14) protein levels than samples that demonstrated incomplete responses. Protein levels of PP2C were lower in the platinum-resistant versus that shown in the platinum-sensitive OVCA cell line sub-clones. Levels of PKA were higher in all platinum-resistant than in platinum-sensitive OVCA cell line sub-clones. Selective siRNA depletion of CDK1 increased sensitivity to cisplatin-induced apoptosis (p<0.002). Conclusion: BAD pathway kinases and phosphatases, including CDK1 and PP2C, are associated with OVCA sensitivity to platinum and may represent therapeutic opportunities to enhance cytotoxic efficacy. Objective: The BCL2 family proteins are critical mediators of cellular apoptosis and, as such, have been implicated as determinants of cancer cell chemo-sensitivity. Recently, it has been demonstrated that the phosphorylation status of the BCL2 antagonist of cell death (BAD) protein may influence ovarian cancer (OVCA) cell sensitivity to cisplatin. Here, we sought to evaluate how kinase and phosphatase components of the BAD apoptosis pathway influence OVCA chemo-sensitivity. Methods: Protein levels of cyclin-dependent kinase 1 (CDK1) and protein phosphatase 2C (PP2C) were measured by immunofluorescence in a series of 64 primary advanced-stage serous OVCA patient samples. In parallel, levels of cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA), AKT, and PP2C were quantified by Western blot analysis in paired mother/daughter platinum-sensitive/resistant OVCA cell lines (A2008/C13, A2780S/A2780CP, Chi/ChiR). BAD pathway kinase CDK1 was depleted using siRNA transfection, and the influence on BAD phosphorylation and cisplatin-induced apoptosis was evaluated. Results: OVCA patient samples that demonstrated complete responses to primary platinum-based therapy demonstrated 4-fold higher CDK1 (p<0.0001) and 2-fold lower PP2C (p=0.14) protein levels than samples that demonstrated incomplete responses. Protein levels of PP2C were lower in the platinum-resistant versus that shown in the platinum-sensitive OVCA cell line sub-clones. Levels of PKA were higher in all platinum-resistant than in platinum-sensitive OVCA cell line sub-clones. Selective siRNA depletion of CDK1 increased sensitivity to cisplatin-induced apoptosis (p<0.002). Conclusion: BAD pathway kinases and phosphatases, including CDK1 and PP2C, are associated with OVCA sensitivity to platinum and may represent therapeutic opportunities to enhance cytotoxic efficacy.
Manhoe Kim,J. Douglas Way,Robert M. Baldwin 한국화학공학회 2004 Korean Journal of Chemical Engineering Vol.21 No.2
Mesoporous glass beads and 5 mm silica particles were modified with beta-cyclodextrin ( b-CD) by means of directly bonding, linking spacer group, and cross-linking agent. The selectivities of the b-CD modified silica particles were measured by simple column chromatography to separate a model mixture of 1- and 2-hydroxy-naphthalene (naphthols) and ortho, meta, and para-xylene. In the packed column chromatography experiments, two major controlling factors (inclusion complex formation effect and steric hindrance effect of the analytes) on the separations were observed. The elusion orders of the b-CD directly bonded glass beads were meta-, para-, ortho-xylene and 1-naphthol, 2-naphthol. The phenomena of b-CD pore blocking and narrowing by spacer groups and cross-linking agent were observed. The spacer group and cross-linking agent decreased inclusion complex formation of 2-naphthol.