The Sound of Silence: The Idea of Pure Language in W. S. Merwin’s Later Poetry

( Haram Lee ) 한국영어영문학회 2020 영어 영문학 Vol.66 No.3

This paper traces W. S. Merwin’s representations of silence as a source of communicative power, with a focus toward his later poems (published after 2000). These poems, especially those in The Shadow of Sirius (2009), often depict what Walter Benjamin would call pure language: linguistic form that generates the power of communication by virtue of its silence or ineffability. Merwin registers this negative productivity of language in the Benjaminian sense when he describes a primary linguistic entity that founds speech without being spoken―such as a sigh, in “Utterance,” ancient words, in “To the Words,” “one long syllable” in “Glassy Sea,” and “the first sound” in “The Long and the Short of It.” Further, Merwin’s poems in Sirius seem to investigate language’s originary relationship with silence by employing recurring motifs such as the trace of a song and the sounds of silence thereafter. In “Grace Note,” “Calling a Distant Animal,” “The Laughing Thrush,” and other poems in this collection, Merwin portrays vanishing sounds that seem to also empower speech. Silence in his later poetry can be read not so much as a negative phenomenon indicating the limits of language or the abyss of subjectivity, as some critics have previously suggested. This paper takes an alternative view, and argues that Merwin’s silence instead entails a dialectic of absence and presence, negativity and productivity, because it embodies a pure linguistic form that enables words to mean something by lacking meaning in themselves. In short, Merwin’s silence can be read as constituting the communicable essence of language.

Patronage and Mass Reorganisation of Independent Agencies in the UK

( Haram Lee ) 한국행정학회 2016 한국행정학회 학술발표논문집 Vol.2016 No.-

“The Ghost of a Fact”: The Crisis of Fictionality in Lord Jim

( Haram Lee ) 한국근대영미소설학회 2020 근대 영미소설 Vol.27 No.1

This paper examines a meta-critique of imperialism in Joseph Conrad’s Lord Jim by analyzing the relationship between fictionality, displacement, and trauma in the novel. As critics have noted, Lord Jim appropriates racialized stereotypes of Westerners and the Other. Yet the novel not only represents colonialist ideals or narrative forms, but also registers their fictionality. Conrad’s novel depicts such virtues as truthfulness, honor, courage, and strength that are commonly attributed to white sailors in eastern ports like Jim. In doing so, Conrad registers the ways in which the ideals of virtuous Westerners amount to fictions in the sense that modern literary historians understand them: they are narratives that gain validity solely by virtue of their credibility. Moreover, the fictions of Western superiority, Conrad suggests, have ambivalent effects on imperialist rule. If these narratives serve to justify and maintain Western hegemony around the globe, they also threaten it by generating anxiety and trauma due to their fictionality. The Patna accident and Jim’s romance instantiate the perils of imperialist fictions, for both provoke a traumatic experience of self-loss and self-doubt for all those who believe in white people’s virtue and honor. By examining Conrad’s critical engagement with fictionality, I propose in the conclusion to read Lord Jim as a naturalist novel that exemplifies compulsion to narrate.

Shank2 Deletion in Parvalbumin Neurons Leads to Moderate Hyperactivity, Enhanced Self-Grooming and Suppressed Seizure Susceptibility in Mice

Lee, Seungjoon,Lee, Eunee,Kim, Ryunhee,Kim, Jihye,Lee, Suho,Park, Haram,Yang, Esther,Kim, Hyun,Kim, Eunjoon Frontiers Media S.A. 2018 Frontiers in molecular neuroscience Vol.11 No.-

<P>Shank2 is an abundant postsynaptic scaffolding protein implicated in neurodevelopmental and psychiatric disorders, including autism spectrum disorders (ASD). Deletion of <I>Shank2</I> in mice has been shown to induce social deficits, repetitive behaviors, and hyperactivity, but the identity of the cell types that contribute to these phenotypes has remained unclear. Here, we report a conditional mouse line with a <I>Shank2</I> deletion restricted to parvalbumin (PV)-positive neurons (<I>Pv-Cre;Shank2</I><SUP>fl/fl</SUP> mice). These mice display moderate hyperactivity in both novel and familiar environments and enhanced self-grooming in novel, but not familiar, environments. In contrast, they showed normal levels of social interaction, anxiety-like behavior, and learning and memory. Basal brain rhythms in <I>Pv-Cre;Shank2</I><SUP>fl/fl</SUP> mice, measured by electroencephalography, were normal, but susceptibility to pentylenetetrazole (PTZ)-induced seizures was decreased. These results suggest that <I>Shank2</I> deletion in PV-positive neurons leads to hyperactivity, enhanced self-grooming and suppressed brain excitation.</P>

Happiness and the Interiority of the Body in Wordsworth’s Home at Grasmere

Haram Lee 19세기영어권문학회 2021 19세기 영어권 문학 Vol.25 No.1

This article reconsiders the Romantic conception of subjectivity by examining the representation of the body and self-consciousness in Williams Wordsworth’s Home at Grasmere. For many critics, this poem illustrates the transcendental self that incorporates the external world within the mind. I challenge this idealistic interpretation of the poem, elucidating the dialectical relationship between sensibility and interiority through the lens of Emmanuel Levinas. In the poem, Wordsworth delineates an alternative route toward subjectivity, which involves not so much the mind’s intellectual powers as the body’s affective capacity, when he represents himself as the embodied subject in the Levinasian sense. As I explore such issues as sensibility, happiness, possession, forgetting, the anxiety of death, and the ambiguity of thinking, the poet maintains an equivocal relationship with nature, which can be characterized by immanence and separation. On the one hand, the poet eats, sees, smells, and feels, mixing his body with natural elements. Living as “a hungry stomach” (Levinas), he immerses himself in the natural cycle of vital force, and enjoys living in and on gentle nature that nourishes him. On the other hand, the poet in enjoyment suspends immanent engagement with nature, thereby developing consciousness and the sense of self. In feeling content, he separates himself from the world and becomes the “Lord of this enjoyment.” Wordsworth thus demonstrates how the body serves as the locus of interiority and subjectivity. For Wordsworth, as for Levinas, the body turns out to be to a dual existence: the body-in-the-world and the body-as-consciousness. In the conclusion, I revisit the famous metaphor of the marriage of the mind and nature in the poem, suggesting that this Levinasian reading of the poem helps to revise the idealistic paradigm of Wordsworth and Romantic criticism.

Safety and Technological Characterization of Staphylococcus xylosus and Staphylococcus pseudoxylosus Isolates from Fermented Soybean Foods of Korea

( Haram Kong ),( Do-won Jeong ),( Namwon Kim ),( Sugyeong Lee ),( Sooyoung Sul ),( Jong-hoon Lee ) 한국미생물생명공학회 2022 Journal of microbiology and biotechnology Vol.32 No.4

We evaluated the antibiotic susceptibilities, hemolytic activities, and technological properties of 36 Staphylococcus xylosus strains and 49 S. pseudoxylosus strains predominantly isolated from fermented soybean foods from Korea. Most of the strains were sensitive to chloramphenicol, erythromycin, gentamycin, kanamycin, lincomycin, oxacillin, tetracycline, and trimethoprim. However, 23 strains exhibited potential phenotypic acquired resistance to erythromycin, lincomycin, and tetracycline. Based on breakpoint values for staphylococci from the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute, >30% of the isolates were resistant to ampicillin and penicillin G, but the population distributions in minimum inhibitory concentration tests were clearly different from those expected for acquired resistance. None of the strains exhibited clear α- or β-hemolytic activity. S. xylosus and S. pseudoxylosus exhibited salt tolerance on agar medium containing 20% and 22% (w/v) NaCl, respectively. S. xylosus and S. pseudoxylosus strains possessed protease and lipase activities, which were affected by the NaCl concentration. Protease activity of S. pseudoxylosus was strain-specific, but lipase activity might be a characteristic of both species. This study confirms the potential of both species for use in high-salt soybean fermentation, but the safety and technological properties of strains must be determined to select suitable starter candidates.

Vascular endothelial growth factor immobilized on mussel-inspired three-dimensional bilayered scaffold for artificial vascular graft application: <i>In vitro</i> and <i>in vivo</i> evaluations

Lee, Sang Jin,Kim, Mi Eun,Nah, Haram,Seok, Ji Min,Jeong, Myung Ho,Park, Kwangsung,Kwon, Il Keun,Lee, Jun Sik,Park, Su A Elsevier 2019 JOURNAL OF COLLOID AND INTERFACE SCIENCE - Vol.537 No.-

<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>Currently, there is a great clinical demand for biocompatible and robust tissue-engineered tubular scaffolds for use as artificial vascular graft materials. Despite considerable research on vascular scaffolds, there has still been only limited development of scaffold materials possessing both sufficient mechanical strengths and biological effects for vascular application. In this work, we designed a mechanically robust, bilayered scaffold and manufactured it by combining electrospinning (ELSP) and three-dimensional (3D) printing techniques. This material was coated with polydopamine (PDA) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) was grafted directly on the scaffold surface to induce potent angiogenic activity. We confirmed that the coated-PDA layer was evenly deposited on the bare polycaprolactone (PCL) scaffold and could enable abundant VEGF immobilization with enhanced hydrophilicity. The VEGF immobilized porous tubular scaffold was well prepared without mechanical weakness induced by surface modification steps. During <I>in vitro</I> and <I>in vivo</I> testing, VEGF immobilized scaffolds elicited markedly enhanced vascular cell proliferation and angiogenic differentiation, as compared to non-treated groups. These results demonstrate that the developed scaffolds may represent an innovative paradigm in vascular tissue engineering by inducing angiogenesis as a means of remodeling and healing vascular defects for use in restorative procedures.</P> <P><B>Graphical abstract</B></P> <P>[DISPLAY OMISSION]</P>

유아의 행동억제와 불안: 어머니의 과보호적 양육행동과 자율성 지지의 매개효과

이하람(Haram Lee),신나나(Nana Shin) 한국보육지원학회 2020 한국보육지원학회지 Vol.16 No.6

Objective: The main purpose of this study was to investigate the direct effect of preschoolers’ behavioral inhibition and indirect effects through maternal overprotective parenting and autonomy support on preschoolers’ anxiety. Methods: A total of 295 preschoolers and their mothers were the subjects of this study. Mothers completed a questionnaire that included measures of their parenting behavior, preschoolers’ behavioral inhibition and anxiety. Data were analyzed using structural equation modeling. Results: First, preschoolers’ behavioral inhibition had a direct effect on their anxiety. Preschoolers with higher behavioral inhibition displayed higher levels of anxiety. Second, maternal overprotective parenting mediated the relationship between preschoolers’ behavioral inhibition and anxiety. Third, maternal autonomy support mediated the relationship between preschoolers’ behavioral inhibition and anxiety. Conclusion/Implications: The findings of this study emphasize the importance of reducing maternal overprotective parenting and promoting autonomy support to prevent preschoolers’ anxiety. These findings could be used as a foundation for developing parent education programs for mothers with behaviorally inhibited preschoolers.

Realtime Object-aware Monocular Depth Estimation in Onboard Systems

Sangil Lee,Chungkeun Lee,Haram Kim,H. Jin Kim 제어·로봇·시스템학회 2021 International Journal of Control, Automation, and Vol.19 No.9

This paper proposes the object depth estimation in real-time, using only a monocular camera in an onboard computer with a low-cost GPU. Our algorithm estimates scene depth from a sparse feature-based visual odometry algorithm and detects/tracks objects’ bounding box by utilizing the existing object detection algorithm in parallel. Both algorithms share their results, i.e., feature, motion, and bounding boxes, to handle static and dynamic objects in the scene. We validate the scene depth accuracy of sparse features with KITTI and its ground-truth depth map made from LiDAR observations quantitatively, and the depth of detected object with the Hyundai driving datasets and satellite maps qualitatively. We compare the depth map of our algorithm with the result of (un-) supervised monocular depth estimation algorithms. The validation shows that our performance is comparable to that of monocular depth estimation algorithms which train depth indirectly (or directly) from stereo image pairs(or depth image), and better than that of algorithms trained with monocular images only, in terms of the error and the accuracy. Also, we confirm that our computational load is much lighter than the learning-based methods, while showing comparable performance.

고효율 페로브스카이트 태양전지용 무기 금속 산화물 기반 정공수송층의 개발

이하람(Haram Lee),킴 마이(Cuc Thi Kim Mai),장윤희(Yoon Hee Jang),이도권(Doh-Kwon Lee) 한국태양광발전학회 2020 Current Photovoltaic Research Vol.8 No.2

In perovskite solar cells with planar heterojunction configuration, selection of proper charge-transporting layers is very important to achieve stable and efficient device. Here, we developed solution processible Cu doped NiOx (Cu:NiOx) thin film as a hole-transporting layer (HTL) in p-i-n structured methylammonium lead trihalide (MAPbI₃) perovskite solar cell. The transmittance and thickness of NiOx HTL is optimized by control the spin-coating rate and Cu is additionally doped to improve the surface morphology of undoped NiOx thin film and hole-extraction properties. Consequently, a perovskite solar cell containing Cu:NiOx HTL with optimal doping ratio of Cu exhibits a power conversion efficiency of 14.6%.