초등학생의 인기에 대한 변화신념이 공격성에 미치는 영향 : 긍정적 갈등해결전략을 매개로 = The Effect of Implicit Self-Theories of Popularity on Elementary School Students' Aggression: Focusing on Positive Conflict Resolution Strategies as Mediators

국문 초록 (Abstract)

본 연구는 아동의 인기에 대한 변화신념이 긍정적 갈등해결전략을 매개로 공격성에 미치는 영향력을 살펴보고자 하였다. 인기에 대한 변화신념은 고정신념과 증진신념으로 구분하였으며 이를 위해 드웩(Dweck)의 변화신념 이론을 활용하였다.
인기에 대한 고정신념은 자신의 인기는 더 이상 변화 가능하지 않으며 고정적이라고 믿는 신념을 말한다. 반면 인기에 대한 증진신념은 자신의 인기는 변화 가능하며 발전할 수 있다고 믿는 신념이다. 본 논문에서는 인기에 대한 이러한 두 가지 다른 신념 체계가 긍정적 갈등해결전략을 매개로 공격성에 어떠한 영향을 주는지를 알아보고자 하였다.
연구에서 제시한 인기에 대한 변화신념은 기존 연구에서 언급되지 않은 새로운 변인인 바, 본 연구는 인기에 대한 변화신념의 요인구조를 탐색해 보고, 관련 변인과의 연관성을 살펴보고자 예비 연구를 실시하였다. 그 결과 인기에 대한 변화신념의 하위요인인 고정신념과 증진신념에 따라 아동의 자아존중감과 내외 통제소재, 그리고 사회적 관계 어려움에 차이가 있음이 밝혀졌다. 이로써 인기에 대한 변화신념 척도의 준거타당도가 확보되었다.
본 연구는 인기에 대한 변화신념을 독립변인으로, 긍정적 갈등해결전략을 매개변인으로, 그리고 공격성을 종속변인으로 설정하여 구조방정식 모형을 활용하여 변인들 간의 직·간접적인 영향관계를 분석하였다. 연구는 인기에 대해 관심이 증가하는 초등학교 6학년 학생을 대상으로 하여 설문조사 방법으로 진행되었다.
본 연구의 주요 결과는 다음과 같다.
첫째, 본 연구에서 설정한 인기에 대한 변화신념, 긍정적 갈등해결전략, 그리고 공격성 간의 구조적 이론 모형은 적합한 것으로 나타났다.
둘째, 인기에 대한 고정신념은 긍정적 갈등해결전략에 직접적인 영향을 미치지 못하였으나 공격성에는 직접적으로 정적인 영향을 미쳤다. 반면, 인기에 대한 증진신념은 긍정적 갈등해결전략에 직접적으로 정적인 영향을 미쳤으나 공격성에는 직접적인 영향을 미치지 못하였다. 한편, 긍정적 갈등해결전략은 공격성에 직접적으로 부적인 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다.
셋째, 인기에 증진신념은 직접적으로 공격성을 감소시키지는 못하였지만, 긍정적 갈등해결전략에 정적으로 영향을 미치고, 긍정적 갈등해결전략은 부적으로 공격성에 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타나, 증진신념이 긍정적 갈등해결전략을 매개로 간접적으로 공격성을 낮추는 것으로 분석되었다.
본 연구는 인기에 대한 고정신념과 증진신념이 긍정적 갈등해결전략과 공격성에 미치는 영향 구조가 다르다는 것을 보여주어, 인기에 대한 신념이 아동의 사회적 행동에 영향을 미치는 중요한 요인이라는 것을 증명하였다. 이는 지금까지 학습영역에만 국한돼 진행되어온 변화신념의 영역을 사회적 관계의 영역까지 확장하여, 변화신념이 사회적 행동에 영향을 미치는 중요한 요인이라는 것을 확인하였다는 점에서 학술적 의의를 지닌다고 볼 수 있다.
특히 인기에 대한 증진신념이 아동의 긍정적 갈등해결전략에 직접적으로 정적인 영향을 미치고, 긍정적 갈등해결전략이 공격성을 낮추는 요인으로 밝혀진 것은 아동의 신념에 대한 개입이 아동의 공격성을 낮출 수 있음을 시사한다는 점에서 특별한 의미가 있다.
지금까지 아동의 공격성을 낮추려는 시도는 주로 긍정적 갈등해결전략과 같은 사회적 기술향상 프로그램을 중심으로 이루어져왔다. 그러나 최근 연구에서 사회적 기술과 같은 전략이 실제 행동으로 옮겨지기 위해서는 이를 사용하고자 하는 동기와 신념이 보다 중요하다고 밝혀지고 있다. 본 연구에서도 청소년기 아동의 공격성을 낮추는데 인기에 대한 변화신념이 중요한 요인으로 밝혀졌다. 따라서 향후 청소년기 아동의 공격성을 낮추기 위해서는 긍정적인 갈등해결전략과 같은 사회적 기술훈련과 더불어 아동의 인지적 신념을 바꾸려는 시도가 동시에 이루어져야 할 것을 제안한다.

목차 (Table of Contents)

• 표차례 ⅳ
• 그림차례 ⅳ
• 국문요지 ⅴ
• Ⅰ. 서론 1
• 1. 연구의 필요성 및 목적 1
• 2. 용어 정의 7
• 1) 인기에 대한 변화신념(Implicit theories of popularity) 7
• 2) 긍정적 갈등해결전략(Positive conflict resolution strategies) 7
• 3) 공격성(Aggression) 8
• Ⅱ. 이론적 배경 9
• 1. 인기에 대한 변화신념 9
• 1) 인기(Popularity) 9
• 2) 드웩(Dweck)의 변화신념과 인기에 대한 변화신념 12
• 2. 인기에 대한 변화신념과 긍정적 갈등해결전략 18
• 1) 갈등해결전략의 개념과 유형 18
• 2) 인기에 대한 변화신념과 긍정적 갈등해결전략과의 관계 23
• 3. 인기에 대한 변화신념과 공격성 28
• 1) 공격성의 개념 및 유형 28
• 2) 인기에 대한 변화신념과 공격성과의 관계 30
• 4. 긍정적 갈등해결전략과 공격성과의 관계 35
• Ⅲ. 연구모형 및 연구문제 39
• 1. 연구모형 39
• 2. 연구문제 41
• Ⅳ. 연구방법 42
• 1. 예비 연구 42
• 1) 연구 대상 42
• 2) 연구 도구 43
• 3) 자료 분석 47
• 4) 예비 연구결과 47
• 2. 본 연구 51
• 1) 연구대상 및 자료 수집 절차 51
• 2) 측정도구 52
• 3. 자료처리 54
• Ⅴ. 연구결과 57
• 1. 기술통계 및 관찰변인의 정규성 분석 57
• 2. 상관분석 59
• 3. 측정모형 검증 60
• 4. 연구모형 검증 65
• 5. 연구모형의 매개효과 검증 68
• Ⅵ. 결론 70
• 1. 요약 및 논의 70
• 2. 연구의 의의 및 시사점 76
• 3. 연구의 제한점과 후속 연구를 위한 제언 79
• 참고문헌 82
• 부록(설문지) 105
• ABSTRACT

참고문헌 (Reference)

1. Social beings, Fiske, , 2004

2. Social conflict, Pruitt, Rubin, , 1986

3. Human aggression, Geen, Russell G., Atheneum, , 1968

4. TheManagerialGrid, Mouton, Blake, , 1964

5. Is memory schematic?, Hasher, Alba, , 1983

6. 아동발달심리학, 최경숙, 교문사, , 2006

7. Child development(7thed), Berk, , 2003

8. Children's peer cultures, Eder, Corsaro, , 1990

9. Oxford English Dictionary, Simpson, J. A, John Wiley & Sons, , 2004

10. The aggression questionnaire, Buss, Perry, , 1992

11. The psychology of aggression, Buss, Arnold H., Wiley, The Psychology of Aggression, , 1961

12. Popularity in the Peer System, Mayeux, Cillessen, Schwartz, , 2011

13. Aggression. In P. Mussen(Eds.), Feshbach, , 1970

14. 변화신념의 영역성 탐색, 문광희 ( Kwang Hee Mun ), 박병기 ( Byung Gee Bak ), 임신일 ( Shin Il Im ), 한국교육심리학회, , 2009

15. 우리말 한자어 속뜻사전, 전광진, 우리말 한자어 속뜻 사전, , 2007

16. The psychology of sex differences, Maccoby, Eleanor E., Stanford University Press, , 1974

17. Implicit self??theories of shyness, Beer, , 2002

18. 집단 심리학[Group Psychology], Forsyth, 서울대 사회심리학 교실, , 1996

19. Towards understanding peer conflict, Laursen, Koplas, Hartup, Towards understanding peer conflict, , 1996

20. A Locus of Control scale for Children, Strickland, Nowicki, , 1973

21. Society and the adolescent self-image, Rosenberg, Morris, Wesleyan University Press, , 1989

22. The Interpersonal theory of psychiatry, Sullivan, Harry Stack, Norton, The interpersonal theory of psychiatry, , 1953

23. Aggression : a social learning analysis, Bandura, Albert, Prentice-Hall, Aggression: A social learning analysis, , 1973

24. Implicit theories of peer relationships, Rudolph, K. D., Rudolph, , 2010

25. Mindset : the new psychology of success, Dweck, Carol S., Random House, , 2006

26. 2011년 전국 학교폭력 실태조사, 청소년폭력예방재단, , 2011

27. Learned helplessness in socialsituations, Goetz, Dweck, , 1980

28. Social skills interventions for children, Gresham, Elliott, Social skills interventions for children, , 1991

29. Interpersonal conflict during adolescence, Laursen, Collins, , 1994

30. Trait vs. process??focused social judgment, Levy, Levy, S. R., Dweck, , 1998

31. Understanding popularity in the peer system, Cillessen, Rose, , 2005

32. Children's social constructions of popularity, Axelrod, Kennedy, Lease, , 2002

33. Peer power : preadolescent culture and identity, Adler, Patricia A, Rutgers University Press, , 1998

34. Structural equation modeling with small samples, Bentler, P. M., Bentler, Yuan, , 1999

35. Cognitive social learning mediators of aggression, Rasmussen, Perry,D.G., Perry,L.C., Cognitive social learning mediators of aggression, , 1986

36. 한국판 공격성 질문지의 타당화 연구, 권석만(Seok Man Kwon), 서수균 ( Su Gyun Seo ), 한국심리학회, "한국심리학회지: 임상, , 2002

37. Aggression : its causes, consequences, and control, Berkowitz, Leonard, McGraw-Hill, "Aggression: Its causes, , 1993

38. Amos 19 구조방정식 모델링: 원리와 실제, 배병열, Amos 19 구조방정식 모델링 원리와 실제, , 2011

39. Expectancies. In E. T. Higgins & A. Kruglanski(Eds.), Zanna, Roese, Olson, , 1996

40. 「학교폭력 예방프로그램 개발․연구」, 박효정, 한국교육개발원, , 2007

41. A Measure of Styles of Handling Interpersonal Conflict, Rahim, A measure of styles of handling interpersonal conflict, , 1983

42. Children's goals and strategies for social interaction, Renshaw, Asher, , 1993

43. Forgiveness and implicit theories in early adolescents, Beth, Patti, The University of Wisconsin - Madison, , 2006

44. Lay dispositionism and implicit theories of personality, Dweck, Hong, Chiu, , 1997

45. 지능변화신념 프로그램의 개발과 효과검증, 김경희 ( Kyoung Hee Kim ), 박병기 ( Byung Gee Bak ), 임경미 ( Kyeong Mi Lim ), 한국교육심리학회, , 2007

46. A developmental meta??analysis of peer conflict resolution, Betts, Laursen, , 2001

47. Violence??prevention in middle schools. A pilot evaluation, Orpinas, P., , 1995

48. 아동의 친구관계 질과 갈등해결전략의 관계, 이은해, 배선영, 연세대학교 생활과학연구소, , 2001

49. Dynamics of inclusion and exclusion in preadolescent cliques, Adler, , 1995

50. Early predictors of adolescent aggression and adult violence, Farrington, , 1989

51. Intelligence praise can undermine motivation and performance, Dweck, Mueller, , 1998

52. The features and effects of friendships in early adolescence, Berndt, , 1982

53. The perceived impact of conflict on adolescent relationships, Laursen, , 1993

54. 지능변화신념 프로그램의 반복적용 효과검증, 박병기 ( Byung Gee Bak ), 임경미 ( Kyeong Mi Lim ), 한국교육심리학회, , 2008

55. An analysis of learned helplessness:The processing of success, Diener, Dweck, , 1980

56. Implicit theories and evaluative processes in person cognition, Hong, H., , 1997

57. Principles and practice of structural equation modeling(3nded), Kline, , 2010

58. Can test statistics in covariancestructure analysis be trusted?, Kano, Bentler, Can test statistics in covariance structure analysis be trusted?, , 1992

59. Implications of rejection sensitivity for intimate relationships, Downey, Downey, G., Feldman, , 1996

60. Popularity in early adolescence: Prosocial and antisocial subtypes, Cillessen, de Bruyn, E. H., de Bruyn, , 2006

61. The Multisite Violence Prevention Project: Background and overview, Multisite Violence Prevention Project, , 2004

62. Stereotype formation and endorsement: The role of implicit theories, Levy, Stroessner, Dweck, , 1998

63. Implicit Theories, Attributions and Coping: A MeaningSystem Approach, Wan, "Implicit theories, , 1999

64. Understanding conflict. In P. Kestner, U. Kim, & J. Devonshire(Eds.), Amsler, Sadalla, "Understanding conflict. In P. Kestner, , 1987

65. 집단따돌림 행동과 자아개념 및 귀인성향과의 관계, 김아영, 최윤자, 한국교육심리학회, "교육심리연구, , 2003

66. Aggression and Antisocial Behavior. In W. Damon & N. Eisenberg (Eds.), Coie, Dodge, Aggression and antisocial behavior. In W. Damon & N. Eisenberg(Eds.), , 1998

67. Preferred styles of conflict resolution: Mexico and the United States, Villareal, Stephan, Ybarra, Gabrielidis, Dos Santos Pearson, , 1997

68. Social??psychological interventions in education: They’re not magic, Walton, Yeager, , 2011

69. The company they keep: Friendships and theirdevelopmentalsignificance, Hartup, W. W., The company they keep: Friendships and their developmental significance, , 1996

70. Children's beliefs about the stability of traits: Protective optimism?, Lockhart, Story, Chang, , 2002

71. Children’s implicit theories as predictors of their social judgments, Dweck, Erdley, , 1993

72. Self-theories : their role in motivation, personality, and development, Dweck, Carol S., Psychology Press, "Self??theories: Their role in motivation, , 1999

73. Likable versus popular: Distinct implications for adolescent adjustment, Cillessen, Sandstrom, , 2006

74. Review of social??cognitive problem solving interventions with children, Kendall, Urbain, , 1980

75. Cognitive mediators of aggression in adolescent offenders: I. Assessment, Slaby, Slaby, R. G., Guerra, , 1988

76. Developmental psychopathology: From infancy through adolescence (5thed.), Wenar, Kerig, , 2006

77. Can personality be changed? The role of beliefs in personality and change, Dweck, Dweck, C., , 2008

78. 아동의 또래간의 인기도와 대인문제해결사고와의 관계, 최기영, 양진희, 한국아동학회, "한국아동학회지, , 1996

79. The Influence of Confucian Ideology on Conflict in Chinese Family Business, Sorenson, Yan, , 2004

80. Effects of televised violence on aggression. In D. Singer & J. Singer(Eds.), Bushman, Huesmann, , 2001

81. The origins of hopelessness among inner??city African??American adolescents, Bolland, Formichella, Lian, , 2005

82. Thedevelopmentofinterpersonalcompetence:Therole of understanding in conduct, Selman, The development of interpersonal competence: The role of understanding in conduct, , 1981

83. Differential engagement of self??reactive influences in cognitive motivation, Cervone, Bandura, , 1986

84. Multivariate Data Analysis: A global perspective (7thed). Upper Saddle River, Black, Hair, Anderson, , 2009

85. 청소년기 친구에 대한 만족감과 친구의 지원 및 갈등해결, 오원정, 이은해, 고윤주, 한국심리학회, "한국심리학회지: 발달, , 2000

86. Interpersonal conflict tactics and substance use among high??risk adolescents, Dent, Sussman, Unger, , 2003

87. The organization and dynamics of adolescent conflict with parents and friends, Laursen, Adams, , 2001

88. Children’s goals and strategies in response to conflicts within a friendship, Rose, , 1999

89. Interpersonal behavior, peer popularity, and self??esteem in early adolescence, de Bruyn, Van den Boom, "Interpersonal behavior, , 2005

90. The relationship between peer acceptance and children's ideas about helpfulness, Ladd, Oden, , 1979

91. Children's perceptions of popular and unpopular peers: A multi-method assessment, Cillessen, LaFontana, , 2002

92. Is ‘‘generation me’’ really more narcissistic than previous generations?, Donnellan, Robins, Trzesniewski, , 2008

93. Linking violent thinking: implicit theory??based research with violent offenders, Calvert, Gannon, Polaschek, , 2009

94. Peer acceptance and later personal adjustment are low-accepted children at risk?, Asher, Park, "Peer acceptance and later personal adjustment: Are low accepted children ""at risk""?", , 1987

95. Relational aggression, physical aggression, and social??psychological adjustment, Grotpeter, Crick, "Relational aggression, , 1995

96. 의사소통능력과 갈등해결전략에 따른 인기아와 배척아 판별, 정혜영, 이경화 ( Kyeong Hwa Lee ), 한국아동학회, , 2011

97. A naturalistic view of conflict betweenadolescents and their parents and siblings, Montemayor, Hanson, A naturalistic view of conflict between adolescents and their parents and siblings, , 1985

98. Peer relations and later personal adjustment: Are low??accepted children at risk?, Asher, Odern, , 1977

99. Diamonds in the rough: Implicit personality theories and views of partner and self, Rotondo, Ruvolo, , 1998

100. Implicit theories of relationships: Orientations toward evaluation and cultivation, Knee, Knee, C. R., Lonsbary, Patrick, , 2003

101. Social skills assessment and training with children: An empirically based approach, Sugau, Wood, Kazdin, Michelson, , 1983

102. Continuitie sand changes in children's socialstatus: a five-year longitudinal study, Krackhardt, Continuities and changes in children's social status: A five year longitudinal study, , 1990

103. Students’ course selection: Differential considerations for first and last course, Babad, , 2001

104. The aggression scale: A self??report measure of aggressive behavior in young adults, Orpinas, Frankowski, , 2001

105. The role of expectations and attributions in the alleviation of learned helplessness, Dweck, C. S., The role of expectations and attributions in the alleviation of learned helplessness, , 1975

106. Children’s thinking about traits: Implications for judgments of the self and others, Dweck, Heyman, Heyman, G. D., , 1998

107. College students' implicit theories of ability in sports: Race and gender differences, Harrison, Solmon, , 2004

108. Implicittheoriesandtheirrolein judgments and reactions: A world from two perspectives, Chiu, Dweck, Hong, Implicit theories and their role in judgments and reactions: A world from two perspectives, , 1995

109. Structural equation modeling in practice: A review and recommended two??step approach, Gerbing, Anderson, , 1988

110. Voicing conflict: Preferred conflict strategiesamong incremental and entity theorists, Kammrath, Dweck, , 2006

111. Winning friends and influencing peers: Strategies of peer influence in late childhood, Hawley, Little, Pasupathi, , 2002

112. Defensiveness versus remediation: Self??theories and modes of self??esteem maintenance, Dweck, Nussbaum, A. D., Nussbaum, , 2008

113. Developmental changes in the priority of perceived status in childhood and adolescence, LaFontana, Cillessen, , 2010

114. Developmental trajectories of adolescent popularity: A growth curve modelling analysis, Borch, Cillessen, , 2006

115. The development of aggressive-behavior from theperspective of a developing behaviorism, Eron, The development of aggressive behavior from the perspective of a developing behaviorism, , 1987

116. Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error, Fomell C. and Larcker D.F, , 1981

117. Aggression and antisocial behavior in youth. In W. Damon, R. Lerner & N. Eisenberg(Eds.), Lyman, Coie, Dodge, "Aggression and antisocial behavior in youth. In W. Damon, , 2006

118. Adolescent development in interpersonal context. In I. W. Damon, R. Lerner & N. Eisenberg, Collins, Steinberg, "Adolescent development in interpersonal context. In I. W. Damon, , 2006

119. Conflict??Resolution Behavior in Adolescent Boys: Antecedents and Adaptational Correlates, Feldman, Rubenstein, , 1993

120. “Meaningful” social inferences: Effects of implicit theories on inferential processes, Molden, D. C., , 2006

121. Forms and functions of aggression during early childhood: A short??term longitudinal study, Ostrov, Crick, , 2007

122. Implicit theories of relationships: Moderators of the link between conflict and commitment, Knee, C. R., , 2004

123. Implicit theories as organizers of goals and behavior. In P. Gollwitzer & J. A. Bargh(Eds.), Dweck, , 1996

124. The Students Perceptions of Control Questionnaire (SPOCQ): Academic Domain Technical Report, Skinner, Connell, Wellborn, , 1989

125. The attachment system in fledgling relationships: An activating role for attachment anxiety, Eastwick, Finkel, , 2008

126. Forms and functions of adolescent peer aggression associated with high levels of peer status, Cillessen, Prinstein, , 2003

127. Implicit theories and conflict resolution. In M. Deutsch, P. T. Coleman & E. C. Marcus(Eds.), Ehrlinger, Dweck, "Implicit theories and conflict resolution. In M. Deutsch, , 2006

128. Implicit theories of relationships: Implications for relationship satisfaction and longevity, Pomerantz, Cohen, Franiuk, , 2002

129. Naive theories of intelligence and the role of processing fluency in perceived comprehension, Miele, Molden, , 2010

130. Sociometric popularity and peer??perceived popularity: Two distinct dimensions of peer status, Hopmeyer, Parkhurst, , 1998

131. The meaning of meanness: Popularity, competition, and conflict among junior high school girls, Merten, "The meaning of meanness: Popularity, , 1997

132. Children’s perceptions of the outcomes of social strategies: Do the ends justify being mean?, Crick, Ladd, , 1990

133. Person versus process praise and criticism: Implications for contingent self??worth and coping, Kamins, Dweck, , 1999

134. Social??cognitive and social behavioral perspectives on problem solving. In M. Perlmutter(Ed.), Rubin, Krasnor, , 1986

135. 아동이 지각한 부모행동통제특성과 정서지능 및 친구 간 갈등해결전략, 이민영 ( Min Young Lee ), 조유진 ( You Jin Cho ), 김광웅 ( Kwang Woong Kim ), 한국아동학회, , 2006

136. Children's interpersonal perceptions as a function of sociometric and peer-perceived popularity, Cillessen, LaFontana, , 1999

137. Achievement and motivation in adolescence: A new model and data. In S. Feldman & G. Elliott(Eds.), Henderson, Dweck, , 1990

138. Conceptions and perceived influence of peer groups: Interview with preadolescents and adolescents, Bierman, O’Brien, , 1988

139. Going to scale: A nonrandomized nationwide trial of the KiVa antibullying program for Grades 1??9, Karna, A., , 2011

140. Toddlers' social interactions in the context of moral and conventional transgressions in the home, Smmetana, , 1989

141. When destiny hurts: Implicit theories of relationships moderate aggressive responses to ostracism, Chen, Z., , 2012

142. Peer relationships, child development, and adjustment: A developmental psychopathology perspective, Price, DeRosier, Parker, Rubin, "Peer relationships, , 1995

143. Rethinking individualism and collectivism: evaluation of theoretical assumptions and meta-analyses, Oyserman,D., , 2002

144. The Effects of Implicit Theories of Moral Character on Affective Reactions to Moral Transgressions, Miller, Burgoon, Hall, , 2007

145. Conflict resolution style as an indicator of adolescents' substance use and other problem behaviors, Wulfert, Colsman, , 2002

146. Internal representational models of peers: Implications for the development of problematic behavior, Laird, Burk, Dodge, , 1999

147. Interparental conflict and academic achievement: An examination of mediating and moderating factors, Ghazarian, Buehler, , 2010

148. Measuring friendship quality in late adolescents and young adults: McGill Friendship questionnaires, Goldbaum, Semeniuk, Mendelson, , 1995

149. Social information??processing factors in reactive and proactive aggression in children's peer groups, Dodge, Coie, , 1987

150. Friendships, peer acceptance, and group membership: Relations to academic achievement in middle school, Wentzel, Wentzel, K. R., Caldwell, "Friendships, , 1997

151. Protective processes: The function of young people's implicit theories of crime in offending behaviour, O' Connell, Gerber, , 2010

152. Conflict and emotions in marital, sibling, and peer relationships. In C. U. Shantz & W. W. Hartup(Eds.), Gottman, Katz, Kramer, "Conflict and emotions in marital, , 1992

153. Peer status and self??perceptions among early elementary school children: The case of rejected children, Begin, Boivin, , 1989

154. Face concerns in interpersonal conflict: A cross??cultural empirical test of the face negotiation theory, Ting??Tommey, Oetzel, , 2003

155. Young children’s vulnerability to self??blame and helplessness: Relationship to beliefs about goodness, Heyman, Cain, Dweck, , 1992

156. The robustness of test statistics tononnormality and specification error in confirmatory factory analysis, Finch, Curran, West, The robustness of test statistics to nonnormality and specification error in confirmatory factory analysis, , 1996

157. Attributional and emotional determinants of aggression among African??American and Latino young adolescents, Williams, Hudley, Graham, , 1992

158. From censure to reinforcement: Developmental changes in the association between aggression and social status, Cillessen, Mayeux, , 2004

159. 초등학교 저학년의 역할놀이를 통한 갈등해결 중심 학교폭력 예방 프로그램 개발, 서진, 한국교원대학교 교육대학원, "아동교육, , 2009

160. Cognitive moderators of the longitudinal association between peer rejection and adolescent depressive symptoms, Prinstein, M. J., Prinstein, Aikins, , 2004

161. Student council, volunteering, basketball, or marching band: What kind of extracurricular involvement matters?, Eccles, J. S., Eccles, Barber, "Student council, , 1999

162. Relationships between self-concept, self-esteem, popularity, and social judgment of junior high school students, Muller, Chambliss, Hulnick, Wood, "Relationships between self-concept, , 1978

163. Antisocial and delinquent youth: Methodes for their early identification. In J. D. Burchard & S. N. Burchard(Eds.), Loeber, Dishion, , 1983

164. Collaborative conversations: Adolescent girls' own strategies for managing conflict within their friendship groups, Owens, Huntleya, , 2012

165. Reciprocal influences among relational self??views, social disengagement, and peer stress during early adolescence, Kim, Rudolph, Caldwell, M. S., Caldwell, Troop??Gordon, "Reciprocal influences among relational self??views, , 2004

166. Relationships between adolescent prosocial problem??solving strategies, prosocial behaviour, and social acceptance, Pakaslahti, Karjalainen, Keltikangas??Jarvinen, "Relationships between adolescent prosocial problem??solving strategies, , 2002

167. Where there is a will, is there a way?: Effects of lay theories of self-control on setting and keeping resolutions, Mukhopadhyay, Johar, "Where there is a will, , 2005

168. 사회적 유능성에 형제유무와 정서지능이 미치는 영향: 갈등해결전략의 매개효과 검증, 강민주 ( Min Ju Kang ), 김윤희 ( Yun Hee Kim ), 한국아동학회, , 2010

169. Violations of implicit theories and the sense of prediction and control: Implications for motivated person perception, Plaks, Dweck, Grant, Plaks, J. E., , 2005

170. 자기구실 만들기: 지능에 대한 신념 및 목표성향, 노력/결과중심의 부모 양육태도의 영향, 김지경 ( Ji Kyoung Kim ), 한국심리학회, "자기구실 만들기: 지능에 대한 신념 및 목표성향, , 2008

171. Implicit theories of relationships: Assessment and prediction of romantic relationship initiation, coping, and longevity, Knee, "Implicit theories of relationships: Assessment and prediction of romantic relationship initiation, , 1998

172. The UCLA Multidimensional Condom Attitudes Scale: Documenting the complex determinants of condom use in college students, Collins, Helweg??Larsen, , 1994

173. Consequences of beliefs about the malleability of creativity. UC Berkeley: Institute for Research on Labor and Employment, Nemeth.C.J, O'Connor, Akutsu, , 2012

174. Finding “meaning” in psychology: A lay theories approach to self-regulation, social perception, and social development, Molden, D. C., "Finding “meaning” in psychology: A lay theories approach to self??regulation, , 2006

175. The role of lay theories about the malleability of human attributes in beliefs about volunteering for disadvantaged groups, Karafantis, Levy, , 2004

176. 초등학교 폭력예방을 위한 집단상담 프로그램의 적용과 그 효과: 가해성향 아동을 대상으로, 허승희, 최태진, 초등학교 폭력예방을 위한 집단상담 프로그램의 적용과 그 효과: 가해 성향 아동을 대상으로, , 2008

177. Overt and relational aggression and perceived popularity: Developmental differences in concurrent and prospective relations, Waller, Swenson, Rose, , 2004

178. Charting the relationship trajectories of aggressive, withdrawn, and aggressive/withdrawn children during early grade school, Ladd, Burgess, "Charting the relationship trajectories of aggressive, , 1999

179. Relational and physical aggression, prosocial behavior, and peer relations: Gender moderation and bidirectional associations, Geiger, Zimmer??Gembeck, Crick, "Relational and physical aggression, , 2005

180. Children's peerrelations: A meta-analytic review of popular rejected, neglected,controversial, and average sociometric status, Newcomb, Pattee.L, "Children’s peer relations: A metaanalytic review of popular, , 1993

181. Implicit theories of intelligencepredict achievement across an adolescent transition: A longitudinal study and anintervention, Blackwell, Dweck, , 2007

182. Ethnic identity in urban African American youth: Exploring links with self??worth, aggression and other psychosocial variables, McMahon, Watts, "Ethnic identity in urban African American youth: Exploring links with self??worth, , 2002

183. Exploring the association between aggression and anxiety in youth: A look at aggressive subtypes, gender, and social cognition, Weems, Taylor, Marsee, "Exploring the association between aggression and anxiety in youth: A look at aggressive subtypes, , 2007

184. Popularity, social acceptance, and aggression in adolescent peer groups: Links with academic performance and school attendance, Gorman, McKay, Schwartz, Nakamoto, "Popularity, , 2006

185. Effects of neighborhood and family stressors on African American adolescents’ self??worth and propensity for violent behavior, Hubbard, Paschall, , 1998

186. Implicit self??theories in the academic domain: Implications for goal orientation, attributions, affect, and self??esteem change, Pals, Robins, "Implicit self??theories in the academic domain: Implications for goal orientation, , 2002

187. Individual differences in implicit theories of relationships and partner fit: Predicting forgiveness in developing relationships, Franiuk, Burnette, , 2010

188. Testing configuralmetric, scalar, and latent mean invariance across genders insociotropy and autonomy using a non-western sample, Lee, Hong, "Testing configural, , 2003

189. They like me, they like me not”: Popularity and adolescents' perceptions of acceptance predicting social functioning over time, McElhaney, K. B., McElhaney, Allen, Antonishak, "They like me, , 2008

190. 스트레스 상황에 대한 지각된 통제감과 내외 통제소재가 아동의 스트레스 대처행동에 미치는 영향, 민하영, 서울대학교 대학원, 서울대학교 대학원 박사학위 논문, , 1998

191. Placing early attachment experiences in developmental context: The Minnesota Longitudinal Study. Attachment from Infancy to Adulthood, Sroufe, Carlson, Collins, Egeland, , 2005

192. The science of youth violence prevention: Progressing from developmental psychopathology to efficacy to effectiveness to public policy, Dodge, , 2001

193. Classroom peer acceptance, friendship, and victimization: distinct relational systems that contribute uniquely to children's school adjust- ment?, Coleman, Kochenderfer, Ladd, "Classroom peer acceptance, , 1997

194. It's not just being popular, it's knowing it, too: The role of self??perceptions of status in the associations between peer status and aggression, Cillessen, Mayeux, "It's not just being popular, , 2008

195. Making judgments about ability: The role of implicit theories of ability in moderating inferences from temporal and social comparison information, Butler, Butler, R., , 2000

196. 사회기술 및 또래관계가 또래 괴롭힘에 미치는 영향 -자기존중감과 문제행동에 대한 자기평가를 매개변인으로, 이경아, 한국심리학회, 사회기술 및 또래관계가 또래 괴롭힘에 미치는 영향??자기존중감과 문제행동에 대한 자기평가를 매개변인으로, , 2008

197. Adolescents’implicit theories predict desire for vengeance after remembered and hypothetical peer conflicts: Correlational and experimental evidence, Yeager, D. S., , 2011

198. Implicit theories of personality predict motivation to use prosocial coping strategies after bullying in high school. In E. Frydenberg & G. Reevy(Eds.), Miu, Yeager, , 2011