外國人 船員 混乘船舶의 文化·組織的 特性이 自己效能感과 組織커미트먼트에 미치는 影響 = (The)effect of foreign crew's cultural and organizational characteristics on the self-efficacy and organizational commitment

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

The primary purpose of this study is to examine empirically the effect of foreign crew’s cultural and organizational characteristics on their self-efficacy and organizational commitment. Currently, the restrictions on the employment of the foreign crews are being eased in the Korean shipping industry and many problems are occurring consequently. However, specific and empirical studies on the relevancy of cultural and organizational characteristics to the crew’s self-efficacy and organizational commitment on board the vessels with combined crews have not yet been carried out. To solve these problems, we need to examine how the cultural characteristics such as acculturation and accommodation of different culture related to the improvement of cultural homogeneity of vessels with combined crews, and the peculiar characteristics of crew organization such as particularity and difficulty of onboard service influence on the self-efficacy, job satisfaction and organizational commitment of the foreign crews.

Since one of strategies to change self-efficacy is to inform the attributes and complexity of task, and to provide with information about environment and how to control it, cultural and organizational characteristics should be taken into consideration in the studies on self-efficacy of organization of the vessel with combined crew as environmental factors. According to Early(1994), effect of a social factor on self-efficacy varies depending on cultural environment. In case of collectivism, for instance, self-efficacy can be better explained by social cognitive theory than in individualism. In addition, it is known that self-efficacy varies depending on organizational characteristics, and therefore we need to take into consideration isolation from society and family, limited work space and invasion of privacy as well as smooth communication and leadership trust, in the crew organization.

In order to achieve the above purpose, literature survey on the cultural and organizational characteristics self-efficacy and organizational commitment is conducted. The research model on the structural relationship among variables - organizational characteristics, self-efficacy and organizational commitment is established as follows.






Foreign Crew’s Cultural and Organizational Characteristics

Self-Efficacy

Organizational Commitment
Other Culture Acceptance
Acculturation
Communication
Leadership Trust
Psychological Tolerance
Physiological Tolerance
Job Satisfaction


Commitment to the Organization







Figure 1. The Research Model


The following hypotheses are developed for the research objectives.
Hypothesis １: The foreign crew's cultural and organizational characteristics will have effect on the self-efficacy.
Hypothesis ２: The foreign crew's self-efficacy will have effect on the organization commitment.

Data were collected from 6 shipping companies in Korea such as Chang Myung Shipping, Panstar Shipping, SK Shipping, STX Pan Ocean, Hanjin Shipping, Hyundai Merchant Marine and 7 overseas crew manning agents in the Philippines, China, Myanmar, Vietnam and Indonesia with questionnaires made by the Likert scales. These collected data were analyzed by reliability analysis, confirmative factor analysis, and structural equation modeling analysis, etc.

According to the results, hypothesis 1 and 2 were all supported with statistical significance. To conclude, this study suggests that foreign crew's self-efficacy should be firstly enhanced in order to improve organizational commitment on the vessel with combined crews.

In conclusion, studies on self-efficacy of crew organization is urgently needed to enhance the effectiveness of an organization in a vessel with combined crews that has special environment - working environment with depression and uneasiness due to the exposure to the different culture and excessive stress from the social and psychological adaptation. Therefore, an attempt of this study is considered to be timely since there has not been a study on this subject so far and result of this study will contribute a lot to the organization management of a vessel with combined crews.

For example, educational institutions training seamen in Korea also need to introduce new training programs with regards to leadership on the foreign crews with different cultures with accepting and adapting to the different cultures of foreign crews to meet globalization of labor market of crews and increasing trend of vessels with combined crews. And the results of this study also suggest that we need to strengthen foreign languages training with making allowance for the importance of communication.

However, this study may have limitation since it analyzed only foreign crews in examining cultural and organizational characteristics and self-efficacy of vessels with combined crews. As cultural and organizational characteristics of foreign crews are visible when interacting with Korean crews who are on board of the same vessel, further studies on self-efficacy depending on cultural and organizational characteristics with targeting both Korean and foreign crews will be necessary.

Although factors of onboard service tolerance that were set in this study are considered to be very important in the researches on crew organization, structural correlation between onboard service tolerance and other variables was proved to be not significant in this study. This was resulted from little difference in respondents' recognition on onboard service tolerance, and problems of crew organization arisen from onboard service tolerance were not diagnosed and analyzed accurately. Therefore, further studies examining relevance between onboard service tolerance and other organizational factors to be carried out by developing the tools to measure onboard service tolerance more accurately.

목차 (Table of Contents)

• I. 서 론 1
• 1. 연구의 필요성과 연구 목적 1
• 2. 연구방법과 범위 6
• II. 연구의 이론적 배경 9
• 1. 혼승선박조직의 문화․조직적 특성 9
• 2. 자기효능감 29
• 3. 조직커미트먼트 40
• III. 연구설계 44
• 1. 연구모형 44
• 2. 연구가설 48
• 3. 변수의 조작적 정의 50
• VI. 실증 분석 53
• 1. 조사개요 및 자료 분석 53
• 2. 신뢰성 및 타당성 분석 56
• 3. 가설 검정 65
• 4. 분석결과의 해석 73
• V. 결 론 77
• □참고문헌 82
• □부록(설문지) 97
• □ABSTRACT 103

참고문헌 (Reference)

1. Can we trust?, Gambetta, Can We Trust?, , 1988

2. 사회복지학, 장인협, 서울대학교출판문화원, , 2013

3. 조직행동론, 이학종, 法文社, , 2004

4. Industrial Psycology, Gilmer, , 1961

5. Personnel management, Rowland, Kendrith Martin, Allyn and Bacon, Personnel Management, , 1982

6. Sojourner Adjustment, Church, Sojourner Adjustment, , 1982

7. 커뮤니케이션론, 홍순이, 한올출판사, , 2001

8. Resistances and Interventions, Lang, , 1981

9. The Human Element in Shipping, Moreby, , 1975

10. Components of Refugee Adaptation, Montgomery, , 1996

11. A Tanker Operator's Safety Policy, Robson, , 1991

12. Contemporary Problems in Personnel, Hammer, W. Clay, St. Clair Press, ,

13. Essentials of Personnel Management, Novit, , 1986

14. Notes on the concept of Commitment, Becker, Notes on The Concept of Commitment, , 1960

15. Prosocial Organizational Behaviors, Stephan J.Motowildo, Brief, , 1986

16. The effectiveness of psychotherapy, Seligman, , 1995

17. 임상간호교육과 프리셉터쉽, 아주대병원, , 2001

18. Self-efficacy: The Exercise of Control, Bandura.A, Self-efficacy: The Exercise of Control, , 1997

19. The Organizational Trust Inventory(OTI), Cummings, P.Bromiley, , 1995

20. A Formal Model o Trust Based on Outcomes, M.M.Pillutla, T.M.Devinney, Bhattacharaya, , 1998

21. Can We Legislate the Humanization of Work, Schteiger, , 1974

22. ComparativeStudies of Acculturative Stress, Minde, Berry, Mok, , 1987

23. Structures and processes of social support, House, Umberson, landis, , 1988

24. Why is Accident Prevention So Significant?, Holder, , 1993

25. 생동성(Vitality)에 관한 문헌고찰, 이지순, , 2000

26. A Behavioral Approach to Accident Prevention, Friend, J.P.Kohn, , 1992

27. Assessing client satisfaction among Hispanics, Attkisson, Robert, , 1984

28. The Nature and Causes of Job Satisfaction, gy, Locke, "The Nature and Causes of Job Satisfaction, , 1976

29. Managerial Attitude and Performances, Homewood, Poter, E.E.Lawler, "Managerial Attitude and Performances, , 1968

30. When Counselors Confirm: A Functional Analysis, Copel, M.Snyder, , 1995

31. Personalfactors inorganizational identification, Nygren, Hall, Shneider, , 1970

32. The Technique of Psychoanalytic Psychotherapy II, Lang, , 1974

33. Work organizationsascontextsfortrustand betrayal, Moberg, Morris, , 1994

34. 불법외국인 노동자의 실태와 문제점, 장준오, , 2002

35. 외국인 노동자 복지실태에 관한 연구, 김현덕, , 2003

36. The Measurement of Satisfaction In Work Retirement, 和田修二, , 1973

37. The Psychotherapeutic Precess: A Research Handbook, Greenberg, W.Pinsof, , 1986

38. Antecedents and outcome of organizational commitment, Mowday, Steers, , 1981

39. Commitment: A Behavioral Approach to Job Involvement, Wiener, , 1977

40. Cross-cultural encounters : face-to-face interaction, Brislin, Richard W., Allyn and Bacon, , 1981

41. Professional Nursing Burnout and Irrational Thinking, Balevre, , 2001

42. 외국인 노동자의 정신건강에 관한 연구, 김은정, 연세대학교 대학원, 연세대학교 대학원 석사학위논문, , 2001

43. Cross-cultural psychology : research and applications, Berry, John W, Cambridge University Press, , 2011

44. Job Satisfaction and Job Performance: A Meta-Analysis, Iffaldano, P.M.Muchinsky, , 1985

45. Personnel Administration and Human Resource Management, Sikula, , 1976

46. Communicating Social Support: A theoretical Perspective, M.B.Adelman, Albrecht, , 1987

47. Factor Influencing Federal Employee Worker Satisfaction, Schmidt, T.Clarke, , 1983

48. 선박조직 구성원의 직무만족에 관한 연구, 신용존, 강원식, 한국해운학회, , 1994

49. A New Look at an Old Construct: Cross-cultural Adaptation, Anderson, , 1994

50. Refugee Mental Health Adaptation: The Canadian Experience, Beiser, , 1990

51. Trust : the Social Virtues and the Creation of Prosperity, 구승희, Fukuyama, Trust: The Social Virtues and the Creation of Prosperity, , 1995

52. From Clinical Ladders to a Professional Recognition Program, Glenn M.J, , 1995

53. Social Networking, Hardness and Immigrant’s Mental Health, Kuo, Y.M.Tsai, "Social Networking, , 1986

54. Transitional stress, social support and psychologicalstrain, Sykes, Eden, "Transitional Stress, , 1987

55. 일반적 자기효능감 척도개발을 위한 일 연구, 차정은, 이화여자대학교 대학원, 이화여자대학교 대학원 석사학위논문, , 1997

56. Facilitating Immigrant Adaptation: The Role of Communication, Kim, , 1987

57. 한국해운의 생존, 구조경제 달성에 달려 있다, 강종희, "한국해운의 생존, , 2002

58. Therapeutic Alliance: Early Indications, Courses, and Outcome, N.Abeles, R.T.Muller, Klee, "Therapeutic Alliance: Early Indications, , 1990

59. 심상요법이 간호사의 스트레스에 미치는 효과, 김혜정, 가톨릭대학교 대학원, 가톨릭대학교 대학원, , 2000

60. 자기애, 자기효능감, 자의식 및 우울간의 관계, 박혜진, 박혜진, 아주대학교, 아주대학교 대학원 석사학위논문, , 2003

61. Review and Conceptual Analysis of the Employee Turnover Process, B.M.Meglino, R.W.Griffin, Mobley, , 1979

62. 자기효능감,성과 및 귀인의 관련성에 관한 연구, 辛鉉敎, 韓仁洙, 충남대학교 경상대학부설 경영경제연구소, "자기효능감, , 1996

63. Culture Shock: Psychological Reactions to Unfamiliar Environment, Furnham, S.Bochner, , 1986

64. The development of the inventory of countertransference behavior, Friedman, Gelso, , 2000

65. A Three-Component Conceptualization of Organizational Commitment,, Allen N. J. & Meyer J. P, A Three-Component Conceptualization of Organizational Commitment, , 1991

66. The Prediction of Behavior from Attitudinal and Normative Variables, M.Fishbein, Ajzen, , 1970

67. Development and validation of the counseling Self-Estimate Inventory, Lason, , 1992

68. 확증적 요인분석을 통한 다측면 구조분석의 문제점, 한창희, , 1993

69. 개인성향, 목표지향성, 학습전략 간의 인과관계분석, 김남경, 개인성향 목표지향성 학습전략간의 인과관계분석, , 2001

70. 조직특성 및 개인특성이 판매원 성과에 미치는 영향, 손준상, 한국마케팅과학회, "마케팅과학연구, , 2001

71. Cross-cultural Adjustment: A Theoretical Perspective on Social Support, Adelman, , 1988

72. Implementing Customer orientation: Extension of theory and Application, J.R.Goolsby, E.J.Arnold, Kennedy, , 2003

73. 해난사고예방을 위한 해상안전활동방안에 관한 소고, 이옥용, 민성규, , 1994

74. A Longitudinal Analysis of theAntecedent s of Organizational Commitment, Strasser, Batement, , 1984

75. Multiple Measures for the prediction of counselor trainee effectiveness, Ridgway, Sharpley, , 1990

76. Role of the Marine Superintendent in Promoting Safe Operation Practices, Codrington, , 1991

77. 리더 멤버 교환, 셀프 에피커시, 조직시민행동의 관계, 한광현, 대한경영학회, "리더 멤버 교환, , 2003

78. An Empirical and Theoretical Investigation of Communication Satisfaction, Downs, J.Medeley, , 1973

79. Disruption and Reconstruction of Networks following Migration Relocation, Sluzki, , 1992

80. 상담자 자기 개방이 관찰자의 상담평가에 미치는 영향, 김원중, , 1993

81. 해난사고 예방을 위한 위험관리의 필요성에 대한 소고, 이옥용, 한국해운학회, "한국해운학회지, , 1993

82. At a foreign university : an international study of adaptation and coping, Klineberg, Otto, Praeger, , 1979

83. Counseling Self-efficacy and Counseling Competence in Prepaticum Training, E.C.Thompson, Johnson, , 1989

84. 조직의 구조유형, 구조형태 및 유효성에 관한 실증연구, 류태모, "조직의 구조유형, , 1994

85. The Generalizability of the Psychoanalytic Concept of the Working Alliance, Bordin, E. S., Bordin, , 1979

86. Evaluation Weighted Model of Measuring Job Satis-faction: A Cinderella Story, Margine, Qu inn, , 1973

87. Self of Group? Cultural Effects of Training on Self-Efficacy and Performance, Earley, P. C., Earley.P.Christopher, , 1994

88. The Role of Client Satisfaction in Evaluating University Counseling Services, Greenfield, , 1983

89. The therapeutic alliance: Its relationship to outcome in brief psychotherapy, Hartley, Strupp, , 1983

90. 집단현실요법이 임상간호사의 자아존중감에 미치는 영향, 정혜진, , 2002

91. Investment and Involvements as Mechanisms Producing Commitment to Organization, Sheldon, , 1971

92. The Individual Therapist’s Contribution to Psychotherapy Process and Outcome, Lambert M.J, , 1989

93. Relation between working alliance and outcome in psychotherapy; A meta-analysis, Hovath, Symonds, , 1991

94. 지능. 자아효능감에 따른 학습속도와 전이효과에 관한 연구, 송명자 ( Myung Ja Song ), , 1996

95. Personal and Role-Related Factors in the Development of Organizational Commitment, alutto, Hreginiak, Personal and Role-related Factors in the Development of Organizational Commitment, , 1972

96. Therapist Actions That Address Initially Poor Therapeutic Alliances in Psychology, C.R.Marmer, Foreman, , 1985

97. Refugee Adaptation and Community Structure: The Indochinese in Quebec City, Canada, Dorais, "Refugee Adaptation and Community Structure: The Indochinese in Quebec City, , 1991

98. 상담단계별 상담자 공감과 내담자 체험 및 상담성과와의 관계, 김영란, 연세대학교 대학원, 연세대학교 대학원 석사학위논문, , 1999

99. 문화적응스트레스가 외국인 노동자의 정신건강에 미치는 영향, 이인선, , 2004

100. An Empirical Assessment of OrganizationalCommitment and Organizational Effectiveness, Perry, Harold, An Empirical Assessment of Organizational Commitment and Organizational Effectiveness, , 1981

101. 자아개념,자아정체감 및 내외통제성이 진로결정에 미치는 영향, 정채기, 자아개념. 자아정체감 및 내외 통제성이 진로 결정에 미치는 영향, , 1992

102. Social Foundations of Thought and Action: A Social Cognitive Theory, Englewood Cliffs, ura, "Social Foundations of Thought and Action: A Social Cognitive Theory, , 1986

103. Strangers and Hosts: An Uncertainty Reduction Based Theory of Intercultural Adaptation, M.R.Hammer, Gudykunst, , 1988

104. 임상간호사의 조직 커뮤니케이션 만족과 직무만족과의 관계연구, 박정혜, 이화여자대학교 대학원, 이화여자대학교 대학원 석사학위논문, , 2002

105. 한국거주 불법신분 조선족들의 정신건강 및 삶의 질에 관한 연구, 이경매, , 2003

106. Building organizational commitment : the socialization of managers in workorganizations, Buhanan.B, Building Organizational Commitment: The Socialization of Managers in Work Organizations, , 1974

107. 해운기업의 선박안전관리에 영향을 미치는 요인에 관한 실증연구, 이옥용, , 1995

108. Employee-organization linkages : the psychology of commitment, absenteeism, and turnover, Mowday, Richard T, Academic Press, "Employee-Organization Linkages: The Psychology of Commitment, , 1982

109. The Joy of Helping: Focus of Attention Mediates the Impact of Positive Affect on Altruism, Rosenhan, K.Hargis, P.Salovey, , 1981

110. Effects of role conflict on counselor trainees'self-estimate, anxiety level, and performance, Friedlander, "Effects of Role Conflict on Counselor Trainees’ Self-estimate, , 1986

111. Meaning and Management of Attraction: Neglected Areas of Psychotherapy Training and Practice, Bridges, , 1994

112. Cultivating competence, self-efficacy and intrinsic interest through proximal self-motivation, 교육과학기술부, "Cultivating Competence, , 1981

113. Migration and Mental Health: An Empirical Test of Depression Risk Factors among Mexican Women, Vega, J.R.Valle, B.Kolody, , 1987

114. 문화이입과정 스트레스와 유학생의 신념체계 및 사회적 지지와의 관계, 이승종, 연세대학교, 연세대학교 대학원 석사학위논문, , 1995

115. Creating Comport: Social Support Communication and Cross-cultural Adaptation of Sojourner Women, Chatani, , 2001

116. Suicidality among acculturatingMexican-Americans: Current knowledge and directions for research, Hovey, King, , 1997

117. 현실요법 집단상담이 간호사의 스트레스 대처와 직무만족에 미치는 효과, 주후남, 경상대학교, 경상대학교 대학원, , 2001

118. 상담자 태도 및 저항에 대한 개입이 저항 감소와 상담 지속에 미치는 영향, 권희경, 高麗大學敎, 상담자 태도 및 저항에 대한 개입이 저항감소와 상담지속에 미치는 영향, , 1999

119. 조직커미트먼트가 안전관리 의사 및 행동에 미치는 영향에 관한 실증연구, 신용존, , 1994

120. Initial Adjustment of Taiwanese Students to the United States: The Impact of Post-arrival Variables, L.H.Liese, Ying, , 1994

121. 자기효능감, 학교학습동기, 사회적 지지가 자기존중감에 미치는 영향 연구, 김재근, 홍익대학교 대학원, 홍익대 대학원 박사학위논문, , 2004

122. 프리셉터 교육프로그램이 간호사의 업무수행과 조직유효성에 미치는 영향, 양남영, , 2003

123. 의지조정 및 감정조정전략의 적용이 학업성취와 자기효능감에 미치는 영향, 김영상, , 2001

124. Counter Transference and Empathy: The Complex Relationship between Two Divergent Concepts I Counseling, Peabody S.A, , 1982

125. Helping and Human: A Primer for Lay and Professional Helpers, Selection and Training I, New York: Holt, Carkhuff, "Helping and Human: A Primer for Lay and Professional Helpers, , 1969

126. The relationship in counseling and psychotherapy: components, consequences and theoretical antecedents, Gelso, Garter, "The Relationship in Counseling and Psychotherapy: Components, , 1985

127. 중심 내용 파악 전략 교육이 중심 내용 파악 수준과 자아효능감에 미치는 영향, 이명경, 서울대학교 대학원, , 1999

128. 직업에 대한 자아효능감과 결과 기대감이 초등학생의 진로흥미에 미치는 영향, 김남규, 韓國進路敎育學會, 건국대학교 대학원 박사학위논문, , 2000

129. 기업의 서비스지향성과 조직시민행동이 종업원 만족과 고객지향성에 미치는 영향, 전현숙, 한국전략마케팅학회, 동아대 대학원 박사학위논문, , 2006

130. 상담자의 자기효능감과 역전이 행동 및 상담협력관계가 상담만족도에 미치는 영향, 황인호, 건국대학교, 상담자의 자기효능감과 역전이행동 및 상담협력관계가 상담만족도에 미치는 영향, , 2004

131. Preparation for Group Therapy: The Effects of Preparer and Modality on Group Process and Individual Functioning, Bowan, , 1993

132. 상담 초기단계에서 상담자의 자기효능감 및 상태불안이 상담협력관계에 미치는 영향, 홍수현, 최해림, 서강대학교 교육대학원, 상담 초기단계에서 상담자의 자기 효능감 및 상태불안이 상담협력관계에 미치는 영향, , 2001

133. An examination of conflicting findings onthe relationship between job satisfaction and absenteeism: ameta-analysis, Scott, Taylor, , 1985

134. Lifetime Prevalence of and Risk Factors for Psychiatric Disorders among Mexican Migrant Farm-workers in California, Alderete, W.A.Vega, S.Aguilar-Gaxiola, , 2000

135. Depressive Symptomatology: Prevalence and Psycho-social Risk Factors among Mexican Migrant Farm-workers in California, W.A.Vega, S.Aguilar-Gaxiola, Alderete, , 1999

136. Experienced and Inexperienced Counselor's First Impression of Clients and Case Outcomes: Are First Impression Lasting, Brown, , 1970

137. Measurement of Specific InterpersonalTrust: Construction and Validation of a Scale to Assess Trust in a SpecificOther, Jonson-George, Swap W.C, Measurement of Specific Interpersonal Trust: Construction and Validation of a Scale to Assess Trust in a Specific Other, , 1982

138. 해난사고의 성격변화에 따른 국제적인 대응자세의 변화와 이의 국내적 수용에 관한 연구, 최재수, 한국해운학회, , 1993

139. Structural Analysis of Social Behavior: Application to a Study of Interpersonal Process in Difference Psychotherapeutic Outcome, H.H.Strupp, T.E.Schacht, Henry, , 1986

140. Psychological and Sociocultural Adjustment during Cross-cultural Transition: A Comparison of Secondary Students Overseas and at Home, A.Kennedy, Ward, , 1993

141. How Young People from Culturally and Linguistically Diverse Backgrounds Experience Mental Health: Some Insights for Mental Health Nurses, E.Ramirez, M.Brough, Gorman, , 2003

142. 인지·정서·행동(REBT) 집단상담이 비합리적 신념이 높은 간호사의 자기효능감, 조직유효성에 미치는 효과, 백혜순, 가톨릭대학교 대학원, "인지정서행동(REBT) 집단상담이 비합리적 신념이 높은 간호사의 자기효능감, , 2004

143. Acculturation and Mental Health in Dasen, P., J. W. Berry, and N. Sartorius (Eds), Cross-cultural Psychology and Health: Towards Applications, Berry, U.Kim, "Acculturation and Mental Health in Dasen, , 1988

144. Cognitive, Affective, and Physiological Expressions of Anxiety Symptomatology among Mexican migrant Farm-workers: Predictors and Generational Differences, Hovey, C.G.Magana, "Cognitive, , 2002

145. Exploring the Mental Health of Mexican Migrant Farm-workers in the Midwest: Psycho-social Predictors of Distress and Suggestions for Prevention and Treatment, C.G.Magana, Hovey, , 2002

146. REBT를 중심으로 한 진로 집단 상담 프로그램이 대학생의 자기 효능감, 대인관계 능력, 진로태도 성숙, 의사결정 유형에 미치는 효과, 김희수, 건국대학교, "REBT를 중심으로 한 진로 집단 상담 프로그램이 대학생의 자기효능감, , 2001

147. Making Friends in a New Culture: South Asian Women in Boston, Massachusetts, in Coelho, G. V. and P. I. Ahmed (Eds), Uprooting and Development: Dilemmas of Coping with Modernization, AmaraSingham, "Making Friends in a New Culture: South Asian Women in Boston, , 1980