The changing face of peer review

Irene Hames 한국과학학술지편집인협의회 2014 Science Editing Vol.1 No.1

It is a time of great innovation in peer review. Traditional models are being adapted and completely new ones introduced. Independent peer-review services are also starting to be offered by organizations outside the traditional journal ecosphere. In both new and established systems, the importance of increasing openness, transparency, and interaction between peer-review participants is being recognized, and these are being introduced to varying degrees. Concern with the ‘wastage’ of review effort in traditional peer review, where manuscripts often go from journal to journal, being reviewed afresh at each, before being accepted for publication, is also being addressed. Reviews are being transferred (‘cascaded’) and shared between some journals. The separation of the two basic functions of peer review—critical review and selection—as originally introduced by the journal PLOS ONE has been a major innovation, leading to the publication of sound work irrespective of its perceived novelty, interest, or importance. Post-publication review is also becoming more important and is another growth area. The concept of ‘portable’ reviews has been introduced, where authors can take reviews with them—either after they have obtained them from a peer-review provider in return for a fee or had their manuscript reviewed and declined at some journals—and include them with submissions to journals. The dynamics of publication are changing alongside, with journals able to ‘bid’ for papers that have been reviewed by independent organizations and make publishing offers to the authors. A number of innovations and ‘alternative’ peer-review models are described. They all, however, face many of the same issues as traditional peer review, and the same basic principles of good and ethical practice apply.

기술사의 자율규제와 이익충돌 -외국의 기술사 윤리강령 분석을 중심으로-

이창규(Lee, Chang Kyu) 충북대학교 법학연구소 2017 과학기술과 법 Vol.8 No.2

Professional Engineer(PE) is the term for registered or licensed engineers in some countries including the United States. A PE is a person engaged in the technical field work which has high expertise. As a PE is the best expert in that technical field, it is influenced by high professional ethics. This is a representative example of the Code of Engineer Ethics Code is a “Code of Ethics for Engineers for the National Society of Professional Engineers”. Korea has formulated a code of ethics for engineers based on technical judiciary. The Korean engineer ethics principle sets the highest philosophy of protecting public safety, health, welfare and the environment for the development of specialized nations and society. The Korean engineer ethics code is similar to the code of ethics for the United States, Germany and France. Korea is not managed by the Ethics Review Committee. Therefore it is necessary to consider schemes that the Ethics Review Committee can mediate. This ethical review committee is a mechanism for the protection of the rights of engineers and a reasonable dispute resolution.In Korea the board of ethical review committee is not actively managed. So it is necessary to consider schemes that can be operated by the board of ethical rview committee in Korea. The board of ethical review committee shall provide assistance for the protection of the technician s rights on this.

새로운 의료시술의 도입과 임상적용 시의 윤리적 절차

강명신,이윤성,최보문,이동수,이상무,이선희,구영모,박재현,이일학,박지용,고윤석 한국의료윤리학회 2013 한국의료윤리학회지 Vol.16 No.1

Medical care largely depends on developments of medical sciences and technologies. Development of innovative medical procedure have to be based on medical evidence. And ethical climate among individual physicians, academic societies, specialists' organization, and healthcare institution which applies the procedure is as much critical as the ethical stance of the developer. Therefore, it is necessary to make decisions on clinical application and evaluation, social costs and benefits, reimbursement through rational procedure and standards taking into account issues like medical evidence and conflict of interests. Especially, in the case of innovative surgical and surgico-medical procedure, the adoption has almost been up to non-formal studies until recently. Formal review process based on basic principles of biomedical research ethics and evidence-based medicine, is to be proposed for development of innovative surgical and medical procedures. And this process is to be an integral part of biomedical technology assessment and ethical regulation. This paper suggests an ethical guideline for ethical review and evaluation of a new medical procedure from its initial attempt to clinical application. Though focused on innovations, this suggested guideline is also applicable to a new medical procedure. The paper consists of four parts. Firstly, it outlines the general discussion about surgical innovations from the ethical viewpoint. Secondly, prior researches about the need of guideline are reviewed. Thirdly, under this background, basic principles for process of review and evaluation, and fourthly, the very process is proposed. Lastly, the further suggestions in connection with health care policy are given.

한국간호사의 윤리풍토 관련변인에 대한 체계적 고찰

노윤구 ( Yoon Goo Noh ),이외선 ( Oe Seon Lee ) 한국보건정보통계학회(구 한국보건통계학회) 2020 보건정보통계학회지 Vol.45 No.3

Objectives: The purpose of this study is to identify relevant factors in ethical climate of Korean nurses by systematically reviewing previous studies. Methods: The studies were searched through COre DB recommended by NECA (National Evidence-based Healthcare Collaborating Agency), which includes KoreaMed, KMBASE, KISS, NDSL, KISTI, MEDLINE, CINAHL, Cochrane, EMBASE. We analyzed studies published by December 2019. The searched studies were organized using Zotero program and Excel. The Checklist for Analytical Cross Sectional Studies was used to assess the quality of the studies. Results: Ten studies were carefully selected according to inclusion criteria for systematic review. These were 9 quantitative studies and 1 mixed study. The ethical climate factors highly recognized by Korean nurses were laws and codes, company rules, and social responsibility. The variables related to ethical climate were more commonly found in job and organizational areas than in personal and nursing areas. The ethical climate factors were positively correlated with variables such as organizational commitment, job satisfaction, and supervisor trust, while negatively correlated with job stress, intention to quit, and moral distress. Conclusions: The results of this study indicate that the nurse’s ethical climate is important in areas such as job and organization, individual competency, and quality of nursing in Korea. Nursing managers should try encourage ethical climate related to positive variables and block ethical climate related to negative variables.

침구임상시험 가이드라인 개발과정에서 IRB의 윤리적ㆍ과학적 지적사항 사례 조사 연구

임정태,이승훈,한가진,김은정,서병관,김태훈,이승덕,김종욱,유아미,남동우,이준희 대한침구의학회 2015 대한침구의학회지 Vol.32 No.2

Objectives : To improve quality of clinical research for acupuncture and moxibustion, a guideline for clinical research protocol is needed. While developing a guideline for acupuncture and moxibustion clinical research, we reviewed the ethical and scientific aspects of protocols pointed out by the institutional review board. This will offer practical assistance to the researchers. Methods : Ethical and scientific aspects of acupuncture and moxibustion research protocols reviewed by Kyung Hee University Korean Medicine Hospital Institutional Review Board were gathered and reviewed. Results : Ethical and scientific aspects of protocol review was reported. Conclusions : The example of review will be helpful for new researchers when developing acupuncture and moxibustion clinical research protocol.

어린이 그림책 서평에 내포된 윤리적 속성

현은자 ( Hyun Eun-ja ) 한국어린이문학교육학회 2017 어린이문학교육연구 Vol.18 No.2

본 연구의 목적은 어린이 그림책 서평에 내포된 윤리적 속성을 밝히는 데 있다. 그림책 서평을 내용 분석한 선행 연구들은 바람직한 서평의 조건으로 그림책 매체의 특성에 대한 이해와 더불어 평론자의 전문적 판단과 가치 평가에서의 객관성을 강조하고 있다. 그러나 현대의 포스트모던 사회에서 무엇에 대한 객관적 태도 혹은 가치 평가를 주장하기 위해서는 존재론적, 인식론적, 윤리적 차원의 숙고가 필요하다. 이에 따라 본 논문에서는 세 가지 논제, 즉 텍스트에 대한 평론자의 태도, 평론에서의 가치 평가의 문제 그리고 그림책 서평의 내용을 구성하는 묘사, 해석, 판단에서의 윤리적 요소를 다루었다. 논제를 다루기 위한 논거들은 그림책의 스토리텔링 연구와 더불어 문예 비평(문학, 미술, 문화)과 해석학에서 가져왔다. 텍스트를 존중하는 독서 태도는 성실하고 충실한 묘사를 위한 선행조건이 되며 묘사는 합리적이고 일관성 있는 해석을 이끌고 이는 그림책의 가치 판단에 대한 근거와 기준을 제공할 수 있다. 이 결과는 그림책 서평이 어린이의 복지를 위한 실천 윤리적 규범을 따를 것을 제안하는 동시에 Michael Sandel이 주장한 것과 같이 모든 공적 영역에서의 도덕적 기초의 필요성을 확인하는 데에도 그 의의가 있다고 할 수 있다. The purpose of this study was to reveal the ethical attributes of children`s book reviews. Preceding studies analyzing the contents of picture book reviews have emphasized the objectivity of professional judgment and the value of critics as well as understanding the characteristics of the picture book media as a criterion of desirable book review. However, in modern postmodern society, it is necessary to consider the ontological, epistemological, and ethical dimension to assert an objective attitude or to valuate something. Therefore, this thesis deals with three issues, namely, the attitude of the commentator on the text, the problem of valuation in the critique, and the ethical elements in the description, interpretation, and judgment which constitute the content of the book review. The arguments for dealing with the thesis came mainly from literary criticism (literature, art, and culture) and hermeneutics. A reading attitude that respects text is a prerequisite for a sincere and faithful depiction, and the description leads to a rational and consistent interpretation, which can provide a basis for judging the value of a picture book. This result suggests that the book review should follow practical ethical norms for the welfare of children, and at the same time, Michael Sandel`s assertion is of significance in confirming the necessity of moral foundation in all public spheres.

한국간호사의 윤리풍토연구: 주제범위 문헌고찰(Scoping Review)

노윤구,이외선 간호행정학회 2022 간호행정학회지 Vol.28 No.5

Objectives: This study aimed to understand the status of research on the ethical climate of Korean nurses through a scoping review. Methods: The research process was conducted to the five steps of Arksey and O'Malley. The data were searched based on the COre DB recommended by NECA. Studies published up to September 2021 were included. The selected 17 studies were organized using Zotero and Microsoft Excel. Results: The final 17 studies included 14 quantitative studies, one mixed study, one qualitative study, and one systematic literature review. The variables studied along with the ethical climate were empathy, moral sensitivity, moral anguish, job satisfaction, and organizational commitment. When the variables were classified into individual, organizational, work, and patient perspectives, the individual perspective variable was the most common. The ethical climate of Korean nurses had an effect on related variables, with positive effects on job satisfaction, organizational commitment, and retention intention, and negative effects on intention-to-leave and moral distress. Conclusions: This study presents the rationale for improving nursing outcomes based on the ethical climate. New leadership and revised business practices in an organization can change the ethical climate; improving it can lead to improvements in variables related to individuals, nursing work, organizations, and patients. 연구목적: 본 연구는 주제범위 문헌고찰로 한국간호사의 윤리풍토 연구의 현황을 파악하는 것이다. 연구방법: 연구방법은 Arksey와 O’Malley의 5단계에 따라 진행하였다. 자료는 NECA가 추천하는 COre DB를 기초로 검색하였다. 2021년 9월까지 발표된 연구를 대상으로 하였다. 선정된 17편의 연구는 문헌관리 프로그램인 Zotero와 엑셀로 정리하였다. 연구결과: 17편의 연구는 양적연구 14편, 혼합연구 1편, 질적연구 1편, 체계적 문헌고찰 연구 1편이었다. 윤리풍토와 함께 연구된 변수는 공감, 도덕적 민감성, 도덕적 고뇌, 직무만족, 조직몰입이 많았다. 변수들을 개인, 조직, 업무, 환자관점으로 분류하였을 때 개인관점 변수가 가장 많았다. 한국간호사의 윤리풍토는 관련 변수들에게 영향을 주었는데 직무만족, 조직몰입, 재직의도에는 긍정적인 영향을, 이직의도와 도덕적 고뇌에는 부정적인 영향을 주었다. 결론: 본 연구는 간호사들의 윤리풍토 개선을 위한 근거를 제시하였다. 조직의 새로운 리더십과 수정된 업무관행은 윤리풍토를 바꿀 수 있다. 윤리풍토를 향상시키기 위한 중재 연구를 계획할 때 다양한 선행요인을 고려해야 할 것이다.

Peer review at the beginning of the 21st century

Irene Hames 한국과학학술지편집인협의회 2014 Science Editing Vol.1 No.1

Vigorous debate currently surrounds peer review, and polarized views are often expressed. Despite criticisms about the process, studies have found that it is still valued by researchers, with rigorous peer review being rated by authors as the most important service they expect to receive when paying to have their papers published open access. The expectations of peer review and what it can achieve need, however, to be realistic. Peer review is also only as good and effective as the people managing the process, and the large variation in standards that exists is one of the reasons some of the research and related communities have become critical of and disillusioned with the traditional model of peer review. The role of the editor is critical. All editors must act as proper editors, not just moving manuscripts automatically through the various stages, but making critical judgements throughout the process to reach sound and unbiased editorial decisions. New models and innovations in peer review are appearing. Many issues, however, remain the same: rigorous procedures and high ethical standards should be in place, those responsible for making decisions and managing the process need to be trained to equip them for their roles and responsibilities, and systems need to be adapted to deal with new challenges such as the increasing amounts of data being generated and needing to be taken into account when assessing the validity and soundness of work and the conclusions being drawn.

Rewarding Peer Reviewers – Maintaining the Integrity of Science Communication

Armen Yuri Gasparyan,Alexey N. Gerasimov,Alexander A. Voronov,George D. Kitas 대한의학회 2015 Journal of Korean medical science Vol.30 No.4

This article overviews currently available options for rewarding peer reviewers. Rewards andincentives may help maintain the quality and integrity of scholarly publications. Publishersaround the world implemented a variety of financial and nonfinancial mechanisms forincentivizing their best reviewers. None of these is proved effective on its own. A strategyof combined rewards and credits for the reviewers’ creative contributions seems a workablesolution. Opening access to reviews and assigning publication credits to the best reviews isone of the latest achievements of digitization. Reviews, posted on academic networkingplatforms, such as Publons, add to the transparency of the whole system of peer review. Reviewer credits, properly counted and displayed on individual digital profiles, helpdistinguish the best contributors, invite them to review and offer responsible editorialposts.

텍스트네트워크분석 및 토픽모델링을 적용한 국내 간호윤리 연구 동향

박찬숙,박은준 한국간호윤리학회 2021 한국간호윤리학회지 Vol.1 No.2

This study aimed to explore research trends of nursing ethics in Korea applying text network analysis and topic modelling. 306 articles published in KCI journals from 1998 to 2021 were identified and 516 author-provided keywords were collected. A co-occurrence matrix with 123 keywords, which appeared at least in two articles, were developed based on the Jaccard coefficient. Degree centrality and betweenness centrality were calculated and LDA topic modelling were performed using NetMiner software. The largest number of the articles (70, 23%) were published in Korean Journal of Medical Ethics. The most critical core-keywords, defined as the top 30 keywords in degree centrality and betweenness centrality, were ‘nursing students’ and ‘moral sensitivity’. The other core-keywords included ‘attitude,’ ‘awareness,’ ‘professionalism,’ ‘knowledge,’ and ‘critical thinking.’ related to ethical competence, ‘death,’ ‘hospice,’ ‘euthanasia,’ and ‘research ethics’ related to bioethical issues, and ‘job satisfaction,’ ‘burn out,’ ‘stress,’ ‘organizational culture,’ ‘ethical leadership,’ and ‘ethical climate’ related to organization and leadership. Five topics were identified and named as a) bioethics education for nursing students, b) knowledge and attitudes for bioethical issues, c) awareness and values of bioethics, d) ethical conflicts of RNs, and e) nursing ethics education. This study found that bioethics was the main topics in Korean nursing ethics research and suggested nursing research should focus on ethical issues RNs frequently experience in patient care. Also, research gaps were inferred in multiple topics including nurse-to-nurse relationships, theoretical perspectives of virtue ethics and care ethics, or witnessing healthcare professionals’ unethical behavior.