국가와 지방자치단체의 관계

Par Gé,raldine CHAVRIER 한국지방자치법학회 2008 지방자치법연구(地方自治法硏究) Vol.8 No.3

Chemical forms of calcium in Ca,Zn- and Ca,Cd-containing grains excreted by tobacco trichomes

Sarret, Gé,raldine,Isaure, Marie-Pierre,Marcus, Matthew A,Harada, Emiko,Choi, Yong-Eui,Pairis, Sé,bastien,Fakra, Sirine,Manceau, Alain National Research Council 2007 Canadian journal of chemistry Vol.85 No.10

<P> Tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L. cv. Xanthi) plants exposed to toxic levels of zinc and cadmium excrete metals through their leaf trichomes (epidermal hairs) as Zn,Ca- and Cd,Ca-containing grains. Little is known about the nature and formation mechanism of these precipitates. The chemical, crystalline, and noncrystalline compositions of individual grains produced by tobacco were studied by scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy dispersive X-ray analysis (SEM-EDX), micro-X-ray diffraction (µXRD), and calcium K-edge micro X-ray absorption near edge structure (µXANES) spectroscopy. Zinc is predominantly incorporated in calcite and cadmium in calcite and vaterite. Aragonite, which occurs occasionally, does not seem to contain trace metals. In addition to being precipitated in its three possible polymorphic forms, calcite, aragonite, and vaterite, calcium is also speciated as amorphous CaCO3 and possibly organic Ca in some grains. Most often, a particular grain consists of two or more crystalline and noncrystalline phases. The observed variability of intra- and inter-grain elemental and phase composition suggests that this biomineralization process is not constrained by biological factors but instead results from thermodynamically and kinetically controlled reactions. This study illustrates the potential of laterally resolved X-ray synchrotron radiation techniques (µXRD and µXANES) to study biomineralization and metal immobilization processes in plants.Key words: biomineralization, detoxification, micro-XANES, micro-XRD. </P>

Trichomes of tobacco excrete zinc as zinc-substituted calcium carbonate and other zinc-containing compounds.

Sarret, Gé,raldine,Harada, Emiko,Choi, Yong-Eui,Isaure, Marie-Pierre,Geoffroy, Nicolas,Fakra, Sirine,Marcus, Matthew A,Birschwilks, Mandy,Clemens, Stephan,Manceau, Alain American Society of Plant Physiologists 2006 PLANT PHYSIOLOGY - Vol.141 No.3

<P>Tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L. cv Xanthi) plants were exposed to toxic levels of zinc (Zn). Zn exposure resulted in toxicity signs in plants, and these damages were partly reduced by a calcium (Ca) supplement. Confocal imaging of intracellular Zn using Zinquin showed that Zn was preferentially accumulated in trichomes. Exposure to Zn and Zn + Ca increased the trichome density and induced the production of Ca/Zn mineral grains on the head cells of trichomes. These grains were aggregates of submicrometer-sized crystals and poorly crystalline material and contained Ca as major element, along with subordinate amounts of Zn, manganese, potassium, chlorine, phosphorus, silicon, and magnesium. Micro x-ray diffraction revealed that the large majority of the grains were composed essentially of metal-substituted calcite (CaCO3). CaCO3 polymorphs (aragonite and vaterite) and CaC2O4 (Ca oxalate) mono- and dihydrate also were identified, either as an admixture to calcite or in separate grains. Some grains did not diffract, although they contained Ca, suggesting the presence of amorphous form of Ca. The presence of Zn-substituted calcite was confirmed by Zn K-edge micro-extended x-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy. Zn bound to organic compounds and Zn-containing silica and phosphate were also identified by this technique. The proportion of Zn-substituted calcite relative to the other species increased with Ca exposure. The production of Zn-containing biogenic calcite and other Zn compounds through the trichomes is a novel mechanism involved in Zn detoxification. This study illustrates the potential of laterally resolved x-ray synchrotron radiation techniques to study biomineralization and metal homeostasis processes in plants.</P>

Les rapports entre l’Etat et les collectivités territoriales aujourd’hui

Géraldine CHAVRIER 한국지방자치법학회 2008 한국지방자치법학회 학술대회 자료집 Vol.2008 No.-

Les rapports entre l’Etat et les collectivités territoriales aujourd’hui

Par Géraldine CHAVRIER 한국지방자치법학회 2008 지방자치법연구(地方自治法硏究) Vol.8 No.3

L’acte II de la décentralisation devait reposer sur une modification radicale des rapports entre l’Etat et les collectivités territoriales. Le Président Chirac expliquait ainsi à propos des collectivités : « Il faut les laisser respirer, cesser de les brider, de les retenir, de les contrarier.(…) Notre République doit être une vraie démocratie, de la base au sommet, pas une hiérarchie contrôlée par un Etat pyramidal qui prétendrait avoir réponse à tout, décider de tout, tout réglementer, uniformément, d’en haut et de loin.». Toutefois, il était acquis que la forme unitaire de l’Etat ne changerait pas et qu’il garderait la compétence de la compétence. Les collectivités sont donc celles reconnues par la constitution, leur organisation est définie par la loi ainsi que les relations qu’elles peuvent entretenir entre elles. L’Etat décide aussi des compétences que les collectivités peuvent exercer et il fixe les règles qui encadrent l’exercice de leurs compétences. Même la clause générale de compétences est prévue par la loi. L’unité de l’Etat implique donc une relation verticale, de domination, entre l’Etat et les collectivités. Néanmoins, celle-ci est combinée avec le principe constitutionnel de libre administration des collectivités territoriales qui soustrait les collectivités à la hiérarchie et aux pressions de l’Etat dans l’exercice de leurs compétences. Les conditions de cette libre administration sont fixées par la loi ce qui a pour conséquence d’interdire au gouvernement de créer des obligations aux collectivités. Il ne peut intervenir qu’en application d’une loi. Si cette dernière règle est censée protéger les collectivités des excès du gouvernement, il n’en demeure pas moins que la décentralisation sera toujours prise en contradiction entre la compétence de l’Etat à l’égard des collectivités et le désir de ce dernier de leur laisser de plus en plus de libertés et de responsabilités. Toutes les relations de l’Etat et des collectivités s’expliquent par cette contradiction qui grandit avec l’approfondissement de la décentralisation. En effet, plus les collectivités se voient attribuer des compétences et plus un rapport de concurrence s’installe entre elles et l’Etat. Il en résulte que le désir d’une meilleure gouvernance a conduit l’Etat, depuis 2004, à s’engager dans un processus de rénovation de ses relations avec les collectivités (I) mais que sa volonté de rester le maître du jeu rend cette réforme difficile ce qui conduit à des tensions avec les collectivités (II).

Response: In Situ Mobilization of Patients with Obesity as a Key Determinant of Weight Loss Interventions (J Obes Metab Syndr 2020;29:292-302)

David Thivel,Géraldine Rix-Lièvre,Michel Recope 대한비만학회 2022 Journal of obesity & metabolic syndrome Vol.31 No.1

Implications of a two-step procedure in surgical management of patients with early-stage endometrioid endometrial cancer

Emmanuelle Arsène,Géraldine Bleu,Benjamin Merlot,Loïc Boulanger,Denis Vinatier,Olivier Kerdraon,Pierre Collinet 대한부인종양학회 2015 Journal of Gynecologic Oncology Vol.26 No.2

Objective: Since European Society for Medical Oncology (ESMO) recommendations and French guidelines, pelvic lymphadenectomyshould not be systematically performed for women with early-stage endometrioid endometrial cancer (EEC) preoperativelyassessed at presumed low- or intermediate-risk. The aim of our study was to evaluate the change of our surgical practices afterESMO recommendations, and to evaluate the rate and morbidity of second surgical procedure in case of understaging after thefirst surgery. Methods: This retrospective single-center study included women with EEC preoperatively assessed at presumed low- orintermediate-risk who had surgery between 2006 and 2013. Two periods were defined the times before and after ESMOrecommendations. Demographics characteristics, surgical management, operative morbidity, and rate of understaging werecompared. The rate of second surgical procedure required for lymph node resection during the second period and its morbiditywere also studied. Results: Sixty-one and sixty-two patients were operated for EEC preoperatively assessed at presumed low-or intermediate-riskbefore and after ESMO recommendations, respectively. Although immediate pelvic lymphadenectomy was performed morefrequently during the first period than the second period (88.5% vs. 19.4%; p<0.001), the rate of postoperative risk-elevating orupstaging were comparable between the two periods (31.1% vs. 27.4%; p=0.71). Among the patients requiring second surgicalprocedure during the second period (21.0%), 30.8% did not undergo the second surgery due to their comorbidity or old age. For the patients who underwent second surgical procedure, mean operative time of the second procedure was 246.1±117.8minutes. Third operation was required in 33.3% of them because of postoperative complications. Conclusion: Since ESMO recommendations, second surgical procedure for lymph node resection is often required for womenwith EEC presumed at low- or intermediate-risk. This reoperation is not always performed due to age/comorbidity of thepatients, and presents a significant morbidity.

Response: In Situ Mobilization of Patients with Obesity as a Key Determinant of Weight Loss Interventions (J Obes Metab Syndr 2020;29:292-302)

David Thivel,Géraldine Rix-Lièvre,Michel Recope 대한비만학회 2022 The Korean journal of obesity Vol.31 No.1

None

Rapid Clinical Bacteriology and Its Future Impact

Alex van Belkum,Géraldine Durand,Michel Peyret,Sonia Chatellier,Gilles Zambardi,Jacques Schrenzel,Dee Shortridge,Anette Engelhardt,William Michael Dunne Jr 대한진단검사의학회 2013 Annals of Laboratory Medicine Vol.33 No.1

Clinical microbiology has always been a slowly evolving and conservative science. The sub-field of bacteriology has been and still is dominated for over a century by culturebased technologies. The integration of serological and molecular methodologies during the seventies and eighties of the previous century took place relatively slowly and in a cumbersome fashion. When nucleic acid amplification technologies became available in the early nineties, the predicted “revolution” was again slow but in the end a real paradigm shift did take place. Several of the culture-based technologies were successfully replaced by tests aimed at nucleic acid detection. More recently a second revolution occurred. Mass spectrometry was introduced and broadly accepted as a new diagnostic gold standard for microbial species identification. Apparently, the diagnostic landscape is changing, albeit slowly, and the combination of newly identified infectious etiologies and the availability of innovative technologies has now opened new avenues for modernizing clinical microbiology. However, the improvement of microbial antibiotic susceptibility testing is still lagging behind. In this review we aim to sketch the most recent developments in laboratory-based clinical bacteriology and to provide an overview of emerging novel diagnostic approaches.

Effectiveness and patient satisfaction of dental emergencies in Pitié Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, during the COVID 19 pandemic

Isabelle Rodriguez,Daniel Zaluski,Pierre Alain Jodelet,Géraldine Lescaille,Rafael Toledo,Yves Boucher 대한치과마취과학회 2022 Journal of Dental Anesthesia and Pain Medicine Vol.22 No.4

Background: A previous study reported the effectiveness and patient satisfaction in the dental emergency unit (DEU) of the Pitie Salpetrière Hospital in Paris before coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). The same methodology was used during the COVID-19 pandemic to compare pain, anxiety, and patient satisfaction during the two periods. Methods: This prospective study was conducted in 2020 (NCT04354272) on adult patients. Data were collected on day zero (D0) on site and then by phone during the daytime on day one (D1), day three (D3), and day seven (D7). The primary objective was to assess the pain intensity at D1. Secondary objectives were to assess pain intensity at D3 and D7, anxiety intensity at D1, D3, and D7, and patient satisfaction. Patients were evaluated on a 0-10 numeric scale on D1, D3, and D7; mean scores were compared with non-parametric statistics (ANOVA, Dunn’s). Results: A total of 445 patients were given the opportunity to participate in the study, and 370 patients consented. Seventy-one were lost during follow-up. Ultimately, 299 patients completed all the questionnaires and were included in the analysis. In the final sample (60% men, 40% women, aged 39 ± 14 years), 94% had health insurance. The mean pain scores were: D0, 6.1 ± 0.14; D1, 3.29 ± 0.16; D3, 2.08 ± 0.16; and D7, 1.07 ± 0.35. This indicates a significant decrease of 46%, 67%, and 82% at D1, D3, and D7, respectively, when compared to D0 (P < 0.0001). The mean anxiety scores were D0, 4.7 ± 0.19; D1, 2.6 ± 0.16; D3, 1.9 ± 0.61; and D7, 1.4 ± 0.15. This decrease was significant between D0 and D7 (ANOVA, P < 0.001). Perception of general health improved between D1 and D7. The overall satisfaction was 9.3 ± 0.06. Conclusion: DEU enabled a significant reduction in pain and anxiety with high overall satisfaction during COVID-19, which was very similar to levels observed pre-COVID-19 pandemic.