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Improved Analytical Validation and Pharmacokinetics of Valsartan Using HPLC with UV Detection
Piao, Zong-Zhu,Lee, Eung-Seok,Tran, Huyen Thi Thanh,Lee, Beom-Jin 대한약학회 2008 Archives of Pharmacal Research Vol.31 No.8
The primary objective of the study was to validate a simple and sensitive method of determining valsartan concentration in human plasma samples using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) combined with ultraviolet (UV) detection. Methanol appeared to be the best with a high recovery efficiency compared to other solvents such as acetonitrile, ethylacetate and methyl-tert-butyl ether. After a simple protein precipitation using methanol, the analytes were separated on a $Phenomenex^{(R)}$ Luna $C_{18}$ column using 42% acetonitrile with 15 mM potassium dihydrogenphosphate in water (pH 2.0; adjusted with phosphoric acid) as the mobile phase at a flow rate of 1.2 mL/min. The standard calibration curve constructed in the concentration range of 50-2000 ng/mL showed good linearity ($r^2$>0.9997). Spironolactone was used as an internal standard (IS). Valsartan and IS eluted at 10.25 and 12.17 min, respectively. The intra-day and inter-day precision and accuracy were satisfactory with relative standard deviations of less than 15%. No interference peaks or matrix effects were observed in human plasma. Valsartan concentration in human plasma was well established following a single 80 mg oral dose ($Diovan^{(R)}$ capsule) to eight healthy volunteers. The current determination of valsartan concentration by protein precipitation using methanol followed by analysis using HPLC with UV detection was rapid and sensitive, and provide an alternative to the analysis of valsartan by studying its clinical applications.
박종근 ( Zong Gen Piao ),부숙균 ( Zhu Jun Fu ) 아세아여성법학연구소 2009 아세아여성법학 Vol.12 No.-
As society progresses, more and more women participate in social life, fe-male criminality also shows a trend of rising and spreading. Female criminality not only brings tragedies to their families, but also increases levels of serious harm to society. In recent years, Chinese society and economy keep growing with the deepening of reform and opening up, female crime rate rises, which seriously disrupts social stability and harmony. It becomes a problem that can-not be ignored, so our government, academia and people pay much attention to female criminality. To study female criminality can improve the awarenessof women themselves and can reduce women`s crime, and keep social order stable, and strengthen the building of democracy and the rule of law, and promote economic and social development of all undertakings. This article takes the contemporary Chinese female crime as the object of study, and explores the contemporary status, causes and countermeasures of Chinese female crime from the following four parts. Based on female crime-related information and data of recent years, the first part analysis the status of the contemporary Chinese fe-male crime and briefly describes the characteristics of the contemporary women crime. The second part tells the main reasons of women crime from the sub-jective and objective factors. It not only contains woman1s unique physiological factors and psychological factors, but also includes social factors such as the transformation of social institutions, cultural conflict, marriage and family. The Part three is targeted at the contemporary Chinese women`s status and causes of crime, from the women1s self-prevention, social prevention, legal prevention of three areas of prevention, a few strategies to reduce women`s crime. The fourth part is conclusion, greater emphasis on attention to study the significance of fe- male criminality.
Heo, Min-Young,Piao, Zong-Zhu,Kim, Tae-Wan,Cao, Qing-Ri,Kim, Ae-Ra,Lee, Beom-Jin The Pharmaceutical Society of Korea 2005 Archives of Pharmacal Research Vol.28 No.5
Polyethylene glycol (PEG) 6000-based solid dispersions (SDs), by incorporating various pharmaceutical excipients or microemulsion systems, were prepared using a fusion method, t o compare the dissolution rates and bioavailabilities in rats. The amorphous structure of the drug in SDs was also characterized by powder X-ray diffractometry (XRD) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The ketoconazole (KT), as an antifungal agent, was selected as a model drug. The dissolution rate of KT increased when solubilizing excipients were incorporated into the PEG-based SDs. When hydrophilic and lipophilic excipients were combined and incorporated into PEG-based SDs, a remarkable enhancement of the dissolution rate was observed. The PEG-based SDs, incorporating a self microemulsifying drug delivery system (SMEDDS) or microemulsion (ME), were also useful at improving the dissolution rate by forming a microemulsion or dispersible particles within the aqueous medium. However, due to the limited solubilization capacity, these PEG-based SDs showed dissolution rates, below 50% in this study, under sink conditions. The PEG-based SD, with no pharmaceutical excipients incorporated, increased the maximum plasma concentration (C$_{max}$) and area under the plasma concentration curve (AUC$_{0-6h}$) two-fold compared to the drug only. The bioavailability was more pronounced in the cases of solubilizing and microemulsifying PEG-based SDs. The thermograms of the PEG-based SDs showed the characteristic peak of the carrier matrix around 60$^{\circ}C$, without a drug peak, indicating that the drug had changed into an amorphous structure. The diffraction pattern of the pure drug showed the drug to be highly crystalline in nature, as indicated by numerous distinctive peaks. The lack of the numerous distinctive peaks of the drug in the PEG-based SDs demonstrated that a high concentration of the drug molecules was dissolved in the solid-state carrier matrix of the amorphous structure. The utilization of oils, fatty acid and surfactant, or their mixtures, in PEG-based SD could be a useful tool to enhance the dissolution and bioavailability of poorly water-soluble drugs by forming solubilizing and microemulsifying systems when exposed to gastrointestinal fluid.