Oligosaccharides are a key factor in prediction of amino acid digestibility in soybean meal of different origins when fed to growing pigs

Zhongchao Li,Qiuyun Wang,Fei Xie,Dewen Liu,Yakui Li,Zhiqian Lyu,Changhua Lai 아세아·태평양축산학회 2017 Animal Bioscience Vol.30 No.12

Objective: The objective of this experiment was to determine apparent ileal digestibility (AID) and standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of crude protein (CP) and amino acid (AA) in 15 sources of soybean meal (SBM) produced from soybeans from different countries and subsequently to establish equations for predicting the AID and SID in SBM based on their chemical composition. Methods: Eighteen barrows (57.9±6.1 kg) fitted with a simple T-cannula were allotted into three 6×6 Latin square designs. Each period comprised a 6-d adaption period followed by a 2-d collection of ileal digesta. The 15 test diets included SBM as a sole source of AA in the diet. Another nitrogen-free diet was used to measure basal endogenous losses of CP and AA. Chromic oxide (0.3%) was used as an inert marker in each diet. Results: The AID of lysine in SBM from China and USA tended to be greater than in SBM from Brazil (p<0.10). The SID of valine and proline in SBM from China was greater than in SBM from Brazil (p<0.05). The SID of lysine, threonine, cysteine and glycine in SBM from China tended to be greater than in SBM from Brazil (p<0.10). From a stepwise regression analysis, a series of AID and SID prediction equations were generated. The best fit equations for lysine in SBM were: AID lysine = 1.16 sucrose–1.81 raffinose+82.10 (R2 = 0.69, p<0.01) and SID lysine = 1.14 sucrose–1.93 raffinose–0.99 ether extract (EE)+85.26 (R2 = 0.77, p<0.01). Conclusion: It was concluded that under the conditions of this experiment, the oligosaccharides (such as sucrose and raffinose) can be used to predict the AID and SID of AA in SBM with reasonable accuracy.

Real-time Parameter Updating and Path-following Control for Autonomous Vehicles on Slope Roads

Zhongchao Liang,Yidi Chen,Jing Zhao 제어·로봇·시스템학회 2022 International Journal of Control, Automation, and Vol.20 No.7

This paper proposes a path-following controller and a torque allocation strategy for a four-wheelindependent-drive (FWID) electric autonomous ground vehicle (EAGV) on the slope roads. To improve the realtime accuracy of the controller, a model-predictive-control (MPC) controller with a linear-parameter-varying (LPV) model is proposed to maintain the vehicle dynamic stability and follow the given path for the EAGV. By updating the parameters of the states, the proposed controller can minimize the effects of the unequal normal tire forces and the gravity components of the vehicle on the slope road. As a result, the desired trajectory of the lateral position, longitudinal position, yaw angle, and velocity can be tracked by controlling the front-wheel-steering angle and the driving torque of each wheel. Finally, the high-fidelity simulations have been implemented on the CarSim-Matlab platform, and the results show that the proposed LPV-MPC controller with the torque allocation strategy is effective to achieve the control targets.

Prediction of net energy values in expeller-pressed and solvent-extracted rapeseed meal for growing pigs

Li, Zhongchao,Lyu, Zhiqian,Liu, Hu,Liu, Dewen,Jaworski, Neil,Li, Yakui,Lai, Changhua Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 2021 Animal Bioscience Vol.34 No.1

Objective: The objective of this study was to determine net energy (NE) of expeller-press (EP-RSM) and solvent-extracted rapeseed meal (SE-RSM) and to establish equations for predicting the NE in rapeseed meal (RSM) fed to growing pigs. Methods: Thirty-six barrows (initial body weight [BW], 41.1±2.2 kg) were allotted into 6 diets comprising a corn-soybean meal basal diet and 5 diets containing 19.50% RSM added at the expense of corn and soybean meal. The experiment had 6 periods and 6 replicate pigs per diet. During each period, the pigs were individually housed in metabolism crates for 16 days which included 7 days for adaption to diets. On day 8, pigs were transferred to respiration chambers and fed their respective diet at 2,000 kJ metabolizable energy (ME)/kg BW0.6/d. Feces and urine were collected, and daily heat production was measured from day 9 to 13. On days 14 and 15, the pigs were fed at 890 kJ ME/kg BW0.6/d and fasted on day 16 for evaluation of fasting heat production (FHP). Results: The FHP of pigs averaged 790 kJ/kg BW0.6/d and was not affected by the diet composition. The NE values were 10.80 and 8.45 MJ/kg DM for EP-RSM and SE-RSM, respectively. The NE value was positively correlated with gross energy (GE), digestible energy (DE), ME, and ether extract (EE). The best fit equation for NE of RSM was NE (MJ/kg DM) = 1.14×DE (MJ/kg DM)+0.46×crude protein (% of DM)-25.24 (n = 8, R2 = 0.96, p<0.01). The equation NE (MJ/kg DM) = 0.22×EE (% of DM)-0.79×ash (% of DM)+14.36 (n = 8, R2 = 0.77, p = 0.018) may be utilized to quickly determine the NE in RSM when DE or ME values are unavailable. Conclusion: The NE values of EP-RSM and SE-RSM were 10.80 and 8.45 MJ/kg DM. The NE value of RSM can be well predicted based on energy content (GE, DE, and ME) and proximate analysis.

Nonlinear dynamic analysis of cutting head-rotor-bearing system of the roadheader

Zhilong Huang,Zhongchao Zhang,Yiming Li,Guiqiu Song,Yang He 대한기계학회 2019 JOURNAL OF MECHANICAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Vol.33 No.3

In order to study the dynamic characteristics of cutting head and cantilever system, a nonlinear dynamic model with a 13 degrees of freedom (13-DOF) lateral torsional coupled cutting head-rotor-bearing system (CHRBS) is established. The nonlinear coupled factors of spline clearance and bearing contact force are mainly considered, the dynamic analysis of CHRBS under time-varying load is carried out. The results show that there is no positive correlation between the cutting rock thickness and the states of chaotic motion and quasiperiodic motion. The system is in the two states mentioned above when in low speed region. With the increase of rotational speed, the chaotic motion becomes periodic motion. When the hardness of rock is lower, increasing rotational speed can reduce the vibration of the system, and the cutting thickness can be increased to improve the productivity and lump rock rate. As the hardness of rocks increases, the coupled system shows complex dynamic characteristics when the rotational speed changes from low to high, and the vibration increased. When cutting hard rock, the cutting speed should be increased. However, when the speed is too high, the cutting torque of system becomes smaller. In the case of cutting hard rock, reasonable rotational speed should be chosen between improving stability and increasing cutting force. The dynamic analysis results provide strong support for the vibration reduction and dynamic design of roadheader.

Evaluation of available energy and total tract digestibility of acid-hydrolyzed ether extract of cottonseed oil for growing pigs by the difference and regression methods

Jinbiao Zhao,Zhongchao Li,Mingbin Lyu,Ling Liu,Xiangshu Piao,Defa Li 아세아·태평양축산학회 2017 Animal Bioscience Vol.30 No.5

Objective: The objective of this study was to determine the effect of inclusion level on the digestible energy (DE), metabolizable energy (ME), and total tract digestibility of acid-hydrolyzed ether extract (AEE) of cottonseed oil when fed to growing pigs. Methods: Forty-two barrows (initial body weight = 35.51±2.01 kg) were randomly allotted to a completely randomized design with a corn-soybean meal basal diet, five levels of cottonseed oil (2%, 4%, 6%, 8%, and 10%) and a 10% soybean oil diet. Each diet was replicated six times with one pig per replicate. The experiment lasted 19 days, 7 d for cage adaptation, 7 d for diets adaptation and last 5 d for feces and urine collection. The energy values and apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of cottonseed oil and soybean oil were calculated by the difference method, and regression equations were established to predict the energy values of cottonseed oil. The apparent digested fat of the entire intestinal tract was also regressed against dietary fat intake to determine the true total tract digestibility (TTTD) and endogenous loss of fat for cottonseed oil. Results: The results showed that the DE and ME contents of cottonseed oil were not different as the inclusion level increased. The DE and ME values determined by the regression equation were 36.28 MJ/kg and 34.96 MJ/kg, respectively, and the values were similar to the mean DE and ME values calculated by the difference method (36.18 and 35.56 MJ/kg, respectively). The ATTD of cottonseed oil was also not affected by the inclusion level of cottonseed oil, and the TTTD and EFL determined by the regression method were 92.40% and 13.83 g/kg of dry matter intake for corn-soybean basal diet. The DE, ME, and ATTD of AEE in soybean oil determined by the difference method were 35.70 MJ/kg, 35.20 MJ/kg and 92.31%, respectively. There were no differences in the DE, ME, and ATTD between cottonseed oil and soybean oil, although the ratio of unsaturated to saturated fatty acids for soybean oil was higher than for cottonseed oil. Conclusion: The DE, ME, and ATTD values of cottonseed oil were not affected by its dietary inclusion level. The energy values of cottonseed oil determined by the difference and regression methods were similar. Furthermore, the ratio of unsaturated to saturated fatty acid for oils was not the decisive factor to influence the energy values and ATTD of oils.

Net energy content of rice bran, corn germ meal, corn gluten feed, peanut meal, and sunflower meal in growing pigs

Li, Yakui,Li, Zhongchao,Liu, Hu,Noblet, Jean,Liu, Ling,Li, Defa,Wang, Fenglai,Lai, Changhua Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 2018 Animal Bioscience Vol.31 No.9

Objective: The objective of this experiment was to determine the net energy (NE) content of full-fat rice bran (FFRB), corn germ meal (CGM), corn gluten feed (CGF), solvent-extracted peanut meal (PNM), and dehulled sunflower meal (SFM) fed to growing pigs using indirect calorimetry or published prediction equations. Methods: Twelve growing barrows with an average initial body weight (BW) of $32.4{\pm}3.3kg$ were allotted to a replicated $3{\times}6$ Youden square design with 3 successive periods and 6 diets. During each period, pigs were individually housed in metabolism crates for 16 d, which included 7 days for adaptation. On d 8, the pigs were transferred to the respiration chambers and fed one of the 6 diets at 2.0 MJ metabolizable energy (ME)/$kg\;BW^{0.6}/d$. Total feces and urine were collected and daily heat production was measured from d 9 to d 13. On d 14 and d15, pigs were fed at their maintenance energy requirement level. On the last day pigs were fasted and fasting heat production was measured. Results: The NE of FFRB, CGM, CGF, PNM, and SFM measured by indirect calorimetry method was 12.33, 8.75, 7.51, 10.79, and 6.49 MJ/kg dry matter (DM), respectively. The NE/ME ratios ranged from 67.2% (SFM) to 78.5% (CGF). The NE values for the 5 ingredients calculated according to the prediction equations were 12.22, 8.55, 6.79, 10.51, and 6.17 MJ/kg DM, respectively. Conclusion: The NE values were the highest for FFRB and PNM and the lowest in the corn co-products and SFM. The average NE of the 5 ingredients measured by indirect calorimetry method in the current study was greater than values predicted from NE prediction equations (0.32 MJ/kg DM).

Physicochemical properties and energy content of yellow dent corn from different climatic origins in growing pigs

Wenxuan Dong,Juntao Li,Zhongchao Li,Shuo Zhang,Xiaozhen Li,Chundi Yang,Ling Liu,Shuai Zhang 아세아·태평양축산학회 2020 Animal Bioscience Vol.33 No.11

Objective: The objective of this study was to determine the digestible energy (DE) and metabolizable energy (ME) of yellow dent corn sourced from different meteorological origins fed to growing pigs and develop equations to predict the DE and ME of yellow dent corn from southwestern China. Methods: Sixty crossbred barrows were allotted to 20 treatments in a triplicate 20×2 incomplete Latin square design with 3 replicated pigs per dietary treatment during 2 consecutive periods. Each period lasted for 12 days, and total feces and urine during the last 5 days of each period were collected to calculate the energy contents. Results: On dry matter (DM) basis, the DE and ME in 20 corn grain samples ranged from 15.38 to 16.78 MJ/kg and from 14.93 to 16.16 MJ/kg, respectively. Selected best-fit prediction equations for DE and ME (MJ/kg DM basis) for yellow dent corn (n = 16) sourced from southwestern China were as follows: DE = 28.58–(0.12×% hemicellulose)+(0.35×% ether extract)–(0.83×MJ/kg gross energy)+(0.20×% crude protein)+(0.49×% ash); ME = 30.42–(0.11×% hemicellulose)+(0.31×% ether extract)–(0.81×MJ/kg gross energy). Conclusion: Our results indicated that the chemical compositions, but not the meteorological conditions or physical characteristics could explain the variation of energy contents in yellow dent corn sourced from southwestern China fed to growing pigs.

Metabolizable energy requirement for maintenance estimated by regression analysis of body weight gain or metabolizable energy intake in growing pigs

Hu Liu,Yifan Chen,Zhongchao Li,Yakui Li,Changhua Lai,Xiang Shu Piao,Jaap van Milgen,Fenglai Wang 아세아·태평양축산학회 2019 Animal Bioscience Vol.32 No.9

Objective: Feed energy required for pigs is first prioritized to meet maintenance costs. Additional energy intake in excess of the energy requirement for maintenance is retained as protein and fat in the body, leading to weight gain. The objective of this study was to estimate the metabolizable energy requirements for maintenance (MEm) by regressing body weight (BW) gain against metabolizable energy intake (MEI) in growing pigs. Methods: Thirty-six growing pigs (26.3±1.7 kg) were allotted to 1 of 6 treatments with 6 replicates per treatment in a randomized complete block design. Treatments were 6 feeding levels which were calculated as 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, or 100% of the estimated ad libitum MEI (2,400 kJ/kg BW0.60 d). All pigs were individually housed in metabolism crates for 30 d and weighed every 5 d. Moreover, each pig from each treatment was placed in the open-circuit respiration chambers to measure heat production (HP) and energy retained as protein (REp) and fat (REf) every 5 d. Serum biochemical parameters of pigs were analyzed at the end of the experiment. Results: The average daily gain (ADG) and HP as well as the REp and REf linearly increased with increasing feed intake (p<0.010). β-hydroxybutyrate concentration of serum tended to increase with increasing feed intake (p = 0.080). The regression equations of MEI on ADG were MEI, kJ/kg BW0.60 d = 1.88×ADG, g/d+782 (R2 = 0.86) and MEm was estimated at 782 kJ/kg BW0.60 d. Protein retention of growing pigs would be positive while REf would be negative at this feeding level via regression equations of REp and REf on MEI. Conclusion: The MEm was estimated at 782 kJ/kg BW0.60 d in current experiment. Furthermore, growing pigs will deposit protein and oxidize fat if provided feed at the estimated maintenance level.

The Effect of Inclusion Level of Soybean Oil and Palm Oil on Their Digestible and Metabolizable Energy Content Determined with the Difference and Regression Method When Fed to Growing Pigs

Su, Yongbo,She, Yue,Huang, Qiang,Shi, Chuanxin,Li, Zhongchao,Huang, Chengfei,Piao, Xiangshu,Li, Defa Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 2015 Animal Bioscience Vol.28 No.12

This experiment was conducted to determine the effects of inclusion level of soybean oil (SO) and palm oil (PO) on their digestible and metabolism energy (DE and ME) contents when fed to growing pigs by difference and regression method. Sixty-six crossbred growing barrows (Duroc${\times}$Landrace${\times}$Yorkshire and weighing $38.1{\pm}2.4kg$) were randomly allotted to a $2{\times}5$ factorial arrangement involving 2 lipid sources (SO and PO), and 5 levels of lipid (2%, 4%, 6%, 8%, and 10%) as well as a basal diet composed of corn and soybean meal. The barrows were housed in individual metabolism crates to facilitate separate collection of feces and urine, and were fed the assigned test diets at 4% of initial body weight per day. A 5-d total collection of feces and urine followed a 7-d diet adaptation period. The results showed that the DE and ME contents of SO and PO determined by the difference method were not affected by inclusion level. The DE and ME determined by the regression method for SO were greater compared with the corresponding respective values for PO (DE: 37.07, ME: 36.79 MJ/kg for SO; DE: 34.11, ME: 33.84 MJ/kg for PO, respectively). These values were close to the DE and ME values determined by the difference method at the 10% inclusion level (DE: 37.31, ME: 36.83 MJ/kg for SO; DE: 34.62, ME: 33.47 MJ/kg for PO, respectively). A similar response for the apparent total tract digestibility of acid-hydrolyzed ether extract (AEE) in lipids was observed. The true total tract digestibility of AEE in SO was significantly (p<0.05) greater than that for PO (97.5% and 91.1%, respectively). In conclusion, the DE and ME contents of lipid was not affected by its inclusion level. The difference method can substitute the regression method to determine the DE and ME contents in lipids when the inclusion level is 10%.

Catalytic dehydration of glucose to 5-HMF using heterogeneous solid catalysts in a biphasic continuous-flow tubular reactor

Sadra Souzanchi,Laleh Nazari,Kasanneni Tirumala Venkateswara Rao,Zhongshun Yuan,Zhongchao Tan,Chunbao Charles Xu 한국공업화학회 2021 Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Vol.101 No.-

This work aimed to produce 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (5-HMF) from glucose in a biphasic continuousflowtubular reactor with various heterogeneous solid acid catalysts or combined solid acid-base catalysts. Among the catalysts tested, niobium phosphate (NbP) was found to be the most active catalystfor glucose dehydration with a maximum 5-HMF yield of 45% at 150 C. The higher activity of NbPwas attributed to its higher total number of acid sites and BET surface area, as well as the presence of bothLewis acid and Brønsted acid sites. The effects of different operating conditions such as aqueous toorganic (A/O) phase ratio, reaction temperature and feeding flow rate on the activity of some selected catalystswere studied. Reducing A/O ratio by increasing the extracting organic phase flow rate and increasingthe reaction temperature (up to 150 C) were found to positively affect 5-HMF production fromglucose in the presence of NbP. Kinetics study demonstrated that the overall reaction of glucose dehydrationto 5-HMF over the NbP catalyst is a first-order reaction with the reaction rate constants (k) determinedas 0.06, 0.21 and 0.6 min 1 at 110, 130 and 150 C, respectively, and the apparent activationenergy (Ea) calculated to be 77 kJ/mol.