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Occurrence of ethyl carbamate in three types of Chinese wines and its possible reasons
Zhengfu Wang,Lili Yang,Liyan Ma,Xingzhi Liu,Jingming Li 한국식품과학회 2016 Food Science and Biotechnology Vol.25 No.4
A total of 75 wines including 30 white wines, 31 red wines, and 14 sparkling wines wereobtained from several regions in China (Sinkiang, Tonghua, Huailai, Yantai, Changli, Shanxi, Gansu, andNingxia). Ethyl carbamate (EC) was detected by gas chromatography mass spectrometry. The ECconcentration ranged from less than 1.16 to 38.56 μg/L, and the concentrations in 17 wines exceededthe U.S. limit for table wines (15 μg/L). The concentrations of EC increased in the order of white, red,and sparkling wines with the corresponding mean concentrations of 6.12, 9.22, and 14.03 μg/L. Therelationship between EC concentration and wine type suggested that EC concentrations in wines mightbe affected by vinification patterns, most likely due to the difference between EC precursors indifferent vinification processes. This work provides a novel clue for EC contamination in different wines.
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Rongrong Wang,Shenghua Ding,Dandan Zhao,Zhengfu Wang,Jihong Wu,Xiaosong Hu 한국식품과학회 2016 Food Science and Biotechnology Vol.25 No.1
Changes in antioxidant activities, phenolic contents, cyclic nucleotides, and volatiles of jujube after dehydration using freeze-drying (FD), air drying (AD), sun drying (SD), and microwave drying (MD) were investigated. All dehydration methods caused a decrease in antioxidant activities, aldehyde, acid, and alkane contents. Esters were increased by the dehydration. FD was superior to other dehydration methods for retention of total phenolics, total flavonoids, and antioxidant activities. MD caused an increase of catechin and epichtechin levels. Although AD, MD, and SD caused declines in cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) and cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) contents, AD at 50oC was a good choice to obtain jujubes with high levels of cAMP and cGMP. Theoretical fundamentals for selection of suitable drying techniques to minimize the negative effects caused by dehydration and for meeting production requirements are provided.
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( Jinhui Wang ),( Ye Tian ),( Zhengfu Zhou ),( Liwen Zhang ),( Wei Zhang ),( Min Lin ),( Ming Chen ) 한국미생물 · 생명공학회 2016 Journal of microbiology and biotechnology Vol.26 No.12
To identify the global effects of (p)ppGpp in the gram-positive bacterium Deinococcus radiodurans, which exhibits remarkable resistance to radiation and other stresses, RelA/SpoT homolog (RSHs) mutants were constructed by direct deletion mutagenesis. The results showed that RelA has both synthesis and hydrolysis domains of (p)ppGpp, whereas RelQ only synthesizes (p)ppGpp in D. radiodurans. The growth assay for mutants and complementation analysis revealed that deletion of relA and relQ sensitized the cells to H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>, heat shock, and amino acid limitation. Comparative proteomic analysis revealed that the bifunctional RelA is involved in DNA repair, molecular chaperone functions, transcription, the tricarboxylic acid cycle, and metabolism, suggesting that relA maintains the cellular (p)ppGpp levels and plays a crucial role in oxidative resistance in D. radiodurans. The D. radiodurans relA and relQ genes are responsible for (p)ppGpp synthesis/hydrolysis and (p)ppGpp hydrolysis, respectively. (p)ppGpp integrates a general stress response with a targeted re-programming of gene regulation to allow bacteria to respond appropriately towards heat shock, oxidative stress, and starvation. This is the first identification of RelA and RelQ involvement in response to oxidative, heat shock, and starvation stresses in D. radiodurans, which further elucidates the remarkable resistance of this bacterium to stresses.
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