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The Determinants of Non-Farm Income Diversification in Rural Ethiopia
Zerihun Berhane WELDEGEBRIEL,Giuseppe FOLLONI,Martin PROWSE 연세대학교 빈곤문제국제개발연구원 2015 Journal of Poverty Alleviation and International D Vol.6 No.1
Diversification has long been viewed as a risk minimization strategy in the face of increasing climatic and economic risks in developing countries. This paper examines the determinants of non-farm income diversification in rural Ethiopia for a four-wave panel of 1240 households from the Ethiopian Rural Household Survey over the period 1994–2009. The paper makes a conceptual distinction between non-farm and off-farm income and uses fixed and random-effects models to control for unobserved characteristics. The results suggest that the variables that determine non-farm diversification—consumption per capita and livestock holdings—belong to pull factors and reflect a strategy by wealthier households. Coupled with instrumental variable estimations to ascertain the direction of causality, these findings lend support to the argument that the main motivation for increasing non-farm diversification is likely to be accumulation.
Hyper-parameter Optimization of Reinforcement Learning in Wireless Access Point Selection Problem
Yared Zerihun,Young-June Choi 한국통신학회 2021 한국통신학회 학술대회논문집 Vol.2021 No.2
Beyond 5G (B5G) mobile nodes have several access options to choose from when they perform random access for the purpose of cell attachment. They can receive a pilot signal, (Received Signal Received Power (RSRP)) from several cells because of the proximal small and macro cell deployment scenarios in B5G networks. The available cells have varying levels of congestion. A reinforcement learning method allows the nodes to estimate the congestion level according to the delay experience in previous time slots, and select the appropriate access point. In this paper we propose an optimized algorithm for the reinforcement learning method, and compare its performance against the baseline approach.
Dielectric relaxation and ferroelectric phase transition in Sr4BiRTi4Nb6O30 (R ¼Sm, Eu) ceramics
Gebru Zerihun,Gaoshang Gong,Shuai Huang,Songliu Yuan 한국물리학회 2016 Current Applied Physics Vol.16 No.8
Sr4BiRTi4Nb6O30 (R ¼ Sm, Eu) ceramics with tetragonal tungsten bronze structure were prepared by the conventional solid state reaction method. The crystalline structure, microstructure, dielectric and ferroelectric properties of the ceramics were investigated. Structural analysis using the powder x-ray diffraction patterns revealed the formation of tetragonal tungsten bronze structure in space group P4bm. Columnar grains with a homogeneous distribution were formed in Sr4BiEuTi4Nb6O30 ceramics, while in Sr4BiSmTi4Nb6O30 ceramics the microstructure became inhomogeneous and some abnormal grains were also formed. The dielectric properties of the ceramics exhibited relaxor type phase transition which can be attributed to the random distribution of Bi and Sm/Eu ions at A1-sites and Ti and Nb ions at the B-sites of the TTB structure. The peak temperature shifted towards the higher temperatures and the magnitude of the dielectric constant decreased with increasing frequency. Moreover, the temperature of the dielectric maximum Tm increased as the radius of the R ion getting decreased. From the P-E hysteresis loops, remnant polarization of 0.83 mC/cm2 and 0.6 mC/cm2 were obtained for Sr4BiEuTi4Nb6O30 and Sr4BiSmTi4Nb6O30, respectively.
Effect of 60Co g-ray irradiation on electrical properties of Ti/Au/ GaAs1xNx Schottky diodes
Gebru Zerihun,Gaoshang Gong,Shuai Huang,Songliu Yuan,N. Al Saqri,J.F. Felix,M. Henini 한국물리학회 2016 Current Applied Physics Vol.16 No.8
Current-voltage (I-V), capacitance-voltage-frequency (C-V-f) and conductance-voltage-frequency (G/u-V-f) measurements at room temperature are used to study 50 kGy 60Co g-ray electrical properties irradiation dependence of Ti/Au/GaAs1xNx Schottky diodes with 0.2%; 0.4%; 0.8% and 1.2% nitrogen dilution. This g-ray irradiation induces a permanent damage that has increased ideality factor and series resistance for all samples. It was accompanied by a decrease in Schottky barrier height with nitrogen content up to 0.4%N and remained constant thereafter. Radiation was also found to degrade the reverse leakage current. At high frequency (1 MHz), capacitance and conductance decreased after radiation due to a decrease in net doping concentration. Interface state density and series resistance were determined from C-V-f and G/u-V-f characteristics using Hill-Coleman methods. Interface states density exponentially decreased with increasing frequency confirming the behavior of interface traps response to ac signal. Series resistance increases after irradiation is attributed to carrier's removal effect andmobility degradation. It has two peaks in the accumulation and inversion region for some diodes (0.4%N, 0.8%N). g-ray irradiation produced traps levels and recombination centers that reduce relaxation time. An increase in %N content can impede irradiation damagewith even some compensationwhen the percent of diluted nitrogen is high (1.2%N).
Adverbial Clause Construction in Dobbi
Netsuhe Zerihun Hassen,Desalaegn Hagos Asfawwesen 세종대학교 언어연구소 2024 Journal of Universal Language Vol.25 No.1
This article focuses on adverbial clause construction in Dobbi language. Dobbi is a member of the Ethio-Semitic subgroup within the Gurage language family which is mostly spoken in the Southern Nations, Nationalities, and People’s Region (SNNPR). Dobbi is one of the least researched and documented languages in the Gurage language family, which is why this study is being done. It is important to note that this study lacks any theoretical foundation, and its data analysis strictly adheres to a descriptive approach. The study relies on the participation of native speakers who were consulted for the collection of data through elicitation techniques. Adverbial clauses can also contribute to the modification of main clauses. Subordinators, acting as logical connectors, generally establish a link with a preceding clause. In the case of Dobbi, there exist two types of subordinators: (1) grammatical morphemes devoid of any lexical meaning and (2) grammatical morphemes carrying lexical content. The usage of a dependent clause verb entails attaching subordinate prefixes and suffixes, along with an agreement marker. Consequently, this research aims to provide an in-depth elaboration on the construction of temporal, spatial, comparative, concessive, and conditional adverbial clauses.
Strategies towards Orthopaedic Tissue Engineered Graft Generation: Current Scenario and Application
SaradaPrasanna Mallick,Zerihun Beyene,Dheerendra Kumar Suman,Abhimanyu Madhual,Bhisham Narayan Singh,Pradeep Srivastava 한국생물공학회 2019 Biotechnology and Bioprocess Engineering Vol.24 No.6
Even though degradation and damage to bone and cartilage tissue can be resolved naturally, but there is a great challenge to regenerate functional tissue due to multiple pathological conditions. To treat the diseased/ damaged bone and cartilage tissue as well as to improve or maintain its natural functions and structure, there are different strategies being developed for repair and regeneration of these tissues. Various innovative researches lead to remarkable improvement in clinical outcome of defective bone and cartilage treatments. Biomaterial based scaffolds which are capable of supporting cell growth and applied for replacement of tissue in vivo for both bone and cartilage. The review also delineates about the tissue engineering bioreactors for the recreation of frameworks to recellularise the graft in vitro by presenting them to physiologically significant mechanical or potentially hydrodynamic stimulation condition. This review summarizes and discusses the strategies for regeneration and repair of bone and cartilage tissue, current scenario and application.
Brikti Ferede,Firew Mekbib,Kebebew Assefa,Solomon Chanyalew,Eyasu Abraha,Zerihun Tadele 한국작물학회 2020 Journal of crop science and biotechnology Vol.23 No.2
A field experiment was conducted to identify drought tolerant, high yielding and stable tef genotypes using drought tolerance indices. Sixty-four tef genotypes were evaluated under drought and non-stress conditions using “8 x 8 simple lattice design” with two replications at Debre-Zeit Agricultural Research Center. Drought tolerance indices including drought susceptibility index (SSI), drought tolerance index (STI), geometric mean productivity (GMP), mean productivity (MP), yield index (YI), yield stability index (YSI), drought resistance index (DRI), abiotic tolerance index (ATI), stress susceptibility percentage index (SSPI), harmonic mean (HM) were estimated from grain yield under drought (Ys) and non-stress (Yp) conditions. Highest grain yields in both drought and normal watering conditions were recorded for genotype Melko. Based on drought tolerant indices the highest values of STI, GMP, and MP were related to genotypes Melko, Etsub, and Ziquala. Correlation analysis revealed that grain yield was positively and significantly correlated with STI, GMP, MP, YI, DRI, and HM, indicating that these indices were more important for screening stress-tolerant tef genotypes. Principal component analysis indicated that the first two components accounted for more than 98% of the total variations. The first PC contributed for 67.9% of the variation with strong presence of STI, GMP, MP, YI, DRI, HM, Ys, and Yp. Biplot analysis also indicated the STI, GMP, MP, YI, DRI, and HM were more reliable indices to identify drought tolerant tef genotypes. Cluster analysis grouped the 64 tef genotypes into seven clusters. The study showed that selection based on indices which exhibited significant and positive coordination with Ys and Yp are more reliable parameters for breeders to use in the tef improvement program.