나트륨 아지드와 금속산화물과의 혼합물에 대한 열분해 특성

설수덕,최재욱,이내우,박광수,왕석주 한국산업안전학회 1997 한국안전학회지 Vol.12 No.3

The thermal characteristics of two binary mixtures by sodium azide/manganese dioxide and ferric oxide, two ternary mixtures by sodium azide/silicon dioxide/manganese dioxide and ferric oxide were studied to obtain the basic data of gas-generating agents for air bags. The thermal reaction for all mixtures started at about 420℃, but the temperature at which the reaction rate reached a maximum was different with the states of samples. According to reaction results, nitrogen, nitrogen oxide and nitrogen dioxide were detected by GC-MS and so many kinds of new chemicals from sodium azide and metal oxide mixtures by XRD. NMS is considered as most stable and reasonable mixture for this types of gas-generating agents.

DEXTROSE 첨가수준이 반추위박테리아에 의한 OLEIC ACID 의 HYDROGENATION 및 INCORPORATION 에 미치는 효과

송만강,왕제휘 한국영양사료학회 1999 韓國營養飼料學會誌 Vol.23 No.4

본 시험은 dextrose의 첨가수준이 반추위박테리아에 의한 발효특성, 박테리아 성장 및 oleic acid(C_(l8:1))의 hydrogenation과 박테리아 lipid로의 incorporation을 조사하고자 in vitro 방법으로 실시되었다. 200㎖ non-selective basal broth medium에 dextrose를 각각 0.05, 0.20 또는 0.35% 수준으로(w/v) 첨가하였으며, dextrose가 첨가되지 않은 control을 포함한 4처리 각각에 nylon 천(2×3㎝)을 이용하여 80.9∼87.5㎎의 C_(18:1)과 1.95∼2.14uCi 1^-(14)C_(18:1)를 첨가하였다. Oleic acid와 dextrose가 첨가된 broth medium에 8겹의 cheese cloth로 여과시킨 반추위액 3㎖를 첨가하여 혐기적인 방법으로 39℃의 진탕배양기에서 24시간 배양하였다. 이와는 별도로 반추위액만이 포함되거나 (blank) 동시에 C_(18:1)도 첨가된(control) browth medium을 앞과 동일한 조건에서 배양하였다. 24시간의 배양이 종료된 후 broth medium의 pH는 blank와 control 및 dextrose를 0.05% 첨가한 처리구에 비하여 0.2% 및 0.35% 첨가구에서 현저히(P<0.001∼0.0001) 낮았다. 서로 비슷한 blanlk와 control에 비하여 dextrose를 첨가한 량이 많을수록 암모니아 농도가 감소되었다(P<0.0004∼0.0001). 배양 12시간에서는 다른 처리구에 비하여 dextrose를 0.35% 첨가한 구에서 VFA 농도가 낮은(P<0.003) 반면 배양이 종료된 시점(24h)에서의 VFA 농도는 blank와 control의 경우에 비하여 dextose 첨가수준이 높을수록 증가된(P<0.0001) 것으로 나타났다. 배양 12시간까지의 경우와는 반대로 24시간의 배양시 dextrose의 첨가량이 많을수록 acetate의 조성비율은 감소되었다(P<0.0001). 그러나 배양 12시간까지의 경우와 반대로 24시간의 배양시 dextrose의 첨가량이 많을수록 propionate의 조성비율은 증가되었다(P<0.0001). Butyate의 조성 비율은 12시간 이후에는 dextrose의 첨가량이 많을수록 점차 증가되었다(P<0.067∼0.033). Dextrose 첨가량이 많을수록 박테리아의 성장이 감소된(P<0.047) 반면 C_(18:1)이 C_(18:0)로 hydrogenation된 량은 현저히(P<0.0003) 증가되었다. 그러나 in vitro percent hydrogenation은 dextrose 첨가수준이 증가함에 따라 역시 다소 중가된 경향을 보였다. Oleic acid나 C_(18:0) 형태로서 박테리아 lipid로 직접 incorporation된 량은 control에 비하여 dextrose를 0.2% 이상 첨가한 처리구에서 증가된 경향을 보인 반면 percent incorporation의 경우 dextrose 첨가수준이 증가할수록 오히려 감소되는 경향을 보였다. An in vitro study was conducted to examine the effect of addition levels of dextrose on fermentation characteristics, bacterial growth, hydrogenation and direct incorporation of oleic acid(C_(18:1)) by mixed ruminal bacteria in vitro. Dextrose was added to broth medium at the levels of 0.05, 0.20 or 0.35% in 200ml non-selective basal broth medium(w/v). Oleic acid(80.9∼87.5㎎) and 1-^(14)C_(18:1)(1.98∼2.14uCi) were added to 200ml broth media of 4 treatments including control without dextrose using nylon cloth (2 × 3㎝). Three mls of rumen fluid strained through 8 layers of cheese cloth was added to each broth medium containing C_(18:1) and dextrose, and was incubated anaerobically in the shaking incubator of 39℃ for 24 hour. The broth media containing rumen fluid only(blank) and C_(18:1) as well(control) were also incubated. Addition of dextrose to the broth medium at the levels of 0.2 and 0.35% decreased(P<0.001∼0.0001) pH after 24h incubation. Ammonia concentration in the broth medium after 24h incubation reduced (P<0.0004∼0.0001) with addition of dextrose compared to those of blank and control which were similar. Volatile fatty acid(VFA) concentration in the broth medium of dextrose 0.35% after 12h incubation was lower(P<0.003) than those of the other treatment, while VFA concentration increased(P<0.0001) with addition level of dextrose compared to those of blank and control at the 24h incubation. Molar percent of acetate in broth medium, on the contrary to those up to 12h incubation, decreased(P<0.0001) with the level of dextrose at 24h incubation while molar percent of propionate, on the contrary to those up to 12h incubation, increased(P<0.0001) with the level of dextrose at 24h incubation. Molar percent of butyrate gradually increased(P<0.067∼0.033) thereafter 12h incubation. Growth of mixed bacteria in the broth medium after 24h incubation reduced(P<0.047) but hydrogenation of C_(18:1) to stearic acid(C_(18:0)) increased (P<0.0003) with the level of dextrose. In vitro percent hydrogenation also tended to increase with the level of dextrose. Incorporation(㎎) of C_(18:1) or C_(18:0) into the bacterial lipids from the 0.2% and 0.35% dextrose added treatments tended to increase compared to that from control while percent incorporation tended to decrease with the level of dextrose.

탄수화물의 종류가 IN VITRO 반추위박테리아에 의한 OLEIC ACID 의 HYDROGENATION 및 INCORPORATION 에 미치는 효과

송만강,왕제휘,최향순 한국영양사료학회 1999 韓國營養飼料學會誌 Vol.23 No.6

본 시험은 첨가하는 탄수화물의 종류가 반추위 박테리아에 의한 발효특성, 박테리아 성장 및 oleic acid(C_(18:1))의 hydrogenation과 박테리아 lipid로의 incorporation을 조사하고자 in vitro 방법으로 실시 되었다. 200㎖ non-selective basal broth medium에 dextrose, starch 또는 cellulose powder를 0.20%로(w/v) 첨가하였으며, 탄수화물이 첨가되지 않은 control을 포함한 4처리 각각을 위해 nylon 천(2×3㎝)을 이용하여 평균 87.4㎎의 C_(18:1) 과 I^-(14)C_(18:1) 2.09uCi를 흡착시켰다. Oleic acid와 각각의 탄수화물이 첨가된 broth medium에 8겹의 cheese cloth로 여과시킨 반추위액 3㎖를 첨가하여 혐기적인 방법으로 39℃의 진탕배양기에서 24시간 배양하였다. 이와는 별도로 반추위액만이 포함된 broth medium(blank)을 동일한 조건에서 배양하였다. 탄수화물의 첨가는 blank와 control에 비하여 배양 12시간 이후 배양액(broth medium)의 pH를 낮추었으며 배양 6시간에서는 dextrose 첨가구에서 가장 낮았다(p<0.0001). 배양액 암모니아 농도의 경우 12시간의 배양 이후 탄수화물 첨가구의 pH보다 blank와 control에서 더 증가되었으나(p<0.0111) 첨가한 탄수화물 종류에 따른 뚜렷한 차이는 없었다. 배양 종료시 배양액의 총 VFA 농도는 blank 및 control에 비하여 3종류의 탄수화물 첨가구 모두에서 현저히(p<0.0002) 증가되었다. 또한 배양시간이 경과함에 따라 acetate(C₂)의 조성 비율이 점차 감소되었던 반면 propionate(C₃)의 조성 비율은 점차 증가되었다. 배양 12시간에서는 starch와 cellulose 첨가구에서 C₂의 조성비율이 낮았으나(p<0.0002), 종료시점인 24시간에서는 blank와 control의 경우에 비하여 모든 탄수화물 첨가구에서 더 낮은 것으로 나타났다 (p<0.0001). Propionate의 경우 C₂와는 반대의 경향을 보였다. Butyrate 조성 비율은 24시간에 dextrose와 staph 첨가구에서(p<0.0001) 더 높았다. 한편, 24시간의 배양 후 박테리아 수는 dextrose 첨가구에서 가장 높았으나(p<0.0001) 다른 처리구 간에는 차이가 없었다. Nylon 천에서 배양액으로 유출된 C_(18:1)의 bydrogenation 율(%)은 배양 6시간 및 12시간에서 상대적으로 pH가 낮은 dextrose나 starch 첨가구에서 높았던 반면 cellulose 첨가구에서 낮은 경향을 보였다. 또한 C_(18:1)이나 stearic acid의 형태로 박테리아 lipid로의 incorporation된 율은 탄수화물 첨가구 중 pH가 가장 높았던 cellulose 첨가구에서 11.1%로 가장 증가된 경향이었다. 그러나 hydrogenation 및 incorporation 모두 탄수화물 첨가여부 또는 탄수화물의 종류에 따른 현저한 차이는 없었다. An in vitro study was conducted to examine the effect of carbohydrate sources(dextrose, starch or cellulose) added to the broth medium on fermentation characteristics, bacterial growth, hydrogenation of oleic acid(C_(18:1)) and direct incorporation of C_(18) fatty acids by mined ruminal bacteria in vitro. Carbohydrates were added to 200㎖ non-selective basal broth medium at the level of 0.2%(w/v). Oleic acid(87.4㎎) and 1-^(14)C_(18:1)(2.09uCi) were absorbed into the nylon cloth(2 × 3㎝), and the two pieces of nylon cloth were placed to 200㎖ broth medium for each treatment. Three mls of rumen fluid strained through 8 layers of cheese cloth were added to each broth medium, then was incubated anaerobically in the shaking incubator of 39℃ for 24 hour. The broth media of control which do not contain the carbohydrates and blank which contain rumen fluid only were also incubated. Addition of carbohydrates to the broth medium tended to decrease the pH of broth media after 12h and 24h incubations compared to those of blank and control, and the lowest(p<0.0001) pH was observed from the dextrose addition at the 6h incubation. Ammonia concentrations in the broth media of blank and control after 12h incubation slightly increased(p<0.0111) compared to those in the carbohydrates added media, but there were no differences in pH among carbohydrate sources. Volatile fatty acid concentration in the carbohydrates added broth media increased(p<0.0002) compared to those in blank and control after 24h incubation. As incubation time passed molar proportion of acetate(C₂) decreased gradually but propionate(C₃) proportion increased. Proportions of C₂ were lower (p<0.0002) for the starch and cellulose added media at 12h incubation while increased C₂ proportions were observed from all the carbohydrate added media compared to those from blank and control when the incubation was terminated(24h). Opposite results to the C₂ were observed from C₃. Increased(p<0.0001) molar proportions of butyrate were found from the dextrose and starch added media after 24h incubation. Highest number of viable bacteria was observed from the dextrose added medium after 24h incubation. Percent hydrogenation of C_(18:10) tended to increase for the dextrose and starch added media which were relatively low in pH after 6h and 12h incubation while incorporation(%) of C_(18:1) or C_(18:0) into the bacterial lipids tended to increase for the celluiose addod medium which was high in pH.

유한 요소 모형을 이용한 어린이의 머리 충격 부상에 관한 연구

김영은,남대훈,왕규창 한국산업안전학회 1997 한국안전학회지 Vol.12 No.4

The dynamic response of the human brain to direct impact was studied by three-dimensional finite element modeling. The model includes a layered shell closely representing the cranial bones with the interior contents occupied by an incompressible continuum to simulate the brain. Falx and tentorium modeled with 4 node membrane element were also incorporated. The computed pressure-time histories at 4 locations within the brain element compared quite favorably with previously published experimental data from cadaver experiments. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to determine the effects of the impact direction on the dynamic response of the brain in children. A parametric study was subsequently conducted to identify the model response when the age and impact site were varied.

중국의 세계무역 가입과 외국상인에 대한 중국투자의 영향

왕태전 국제거래법학회 2000 國際去來法硏究 Vol.9 No.1

《紅樓夢評論》中王國維對叔本華學說之接受與疏

WANG FEIYAN 중국인문학회 2017 中國人文科學 Vol.0 No.67

Wang Kuo-wei’s〈A Critique of Dream of the Red Chamber〉set out to use German philosopher Arthur Schopenhauer’s ascetic vision to analyze and evaluate the Chinese classic《Dream of the Red Chamber》. Wang intended to use Chinese classical literature to reveal the essence of Schopenhauer's original insights. However, Wang did not, in fact, fully agree with Schopenhauer's conclusions. This paper examined the limits of Wang’s acceptance, as well as his divergence from Schopenhauer. Schopenhauer's comment that “life is full of suffering” found great favor with Wang. He quoted 〈Lao zi〉and 〈Zhuang zi〉to show the similarities of Chinese philosophy with this gloomy viewpoint. Regarding the relationship between men and women, Wang focused on the harm rather than the benefits of this eternal relationship. Schopenhauer insisted on its vital importance to propagate the race. Because Schopenhauer's view could not sustain Wang’s, the latter deliberately omitted it from his paper, and devised his own proposition. Schopenhauer investigated the question of “Liberation(해탈)” through Buddhist and Christian theology. Wang, on the other hand, was not religious. He could not accept Schopenhauer's position, and, furthermore, doubted people could even gain true “Liberation”. Wang aspired to elucidate Schopenhauer for the traditional Chinese literati. His paper, however, displayed certain misunderstandings of some of Schopenhauer's ideas. I attributed these misinterpretations to cultural variances between Chinese and Western literature.

<紅樓夢評論>에 나타난 王國維의 쇼펜하우어의 미학사상에 대한 수용과 변용

WANG FEIYAN 한국중국소설학회 2018 中國小說論叢 Vol.55 No.-

Wang Kuo-wei’s A Critique of Hong Lou Meng sets out to use German philosopher Arthur Schopenhauer’s ascetic vision to analyze and evaluate the Chinese classic Hongloumeng. This paper, a second study of this thesis, debates Wang’s assimilation of Schopenhauer's aestheticism and the limits of his perception. Acquiring most of Schopenhauer's original aesthetic ideas, Wang seeks to use Chinese classical literature to explain the great philosopher’s sense of ‘Beauty’. To accommodate these examples, however, Wang’s interpretations diverge more and more from Schopenhauer's authentic concept. By the end, Wang fully substitutes his own take on Hongloumeng Wang views dimly the passion between men and women. At times, his assessment seems medieval. For example, he agrees that “women are the seeds of evil” to explain why some Chinese kings were deposed; i.e, they loved their women too much. These anachronisms are predictable, self-centered and patriarchal. Given Wang’s deep mastery of his subject, the presumptions are most unfortunate from such a maestro. 王國維는 <紅樓夢評論>에서 쇼펜하우어의 철학이론을 《紅樓夢》에 적용시켜 《홍루몽》의 문학적인 가치와 예술적인 의미를 논의하였다. 본고에서는 왕국유의 쇼펜하우어 미학사상에 대한 수용과 그의 논의가 가진 문제점에 대해 구체적으로 검토하였다. 왕국유는 <홍루몽평론> 중 아름다움에 대해 설명한 부분에서는 대체로 쇼펜하우어의 미학적 관점을 그대로 수용하였는데 이는 쇼펜하우어의 미학사상에 대한 왕국유 나름의 수용과 소화의 과정이라 할 수 있다. 왕국유가 서양 철학이론을 《홍루몽》에 적용시켜 논의할 때 적지 않은 문제점이 노출되었다. 칸트와 쇼펜하우어의 철학체계와 <홍루몽평론>에 한정된 왕국유의 관점 사이에 상당한 격차가 있음은 사실이고, 이런 격차로 인해 왕국유의 주장에는 설득력이 떨어지는 부분이 있다는 점도 부인할 수 없다. 이런 점을 고려하면 왕국유의 주장을 과연 쇼펜하우어의 학설에서 귀속시킬 수 있는 것인지, 아니면 어떤 관점이 이미 쇼펜하우어의 학설에서 벗어나 있는 것인지를 검토하는 일이 연구의 중점이 되어야 한다. 왕국유는 쇼펜하우어의 미학사상을 수용하면서도 자기 나름의 설명이나 해석을 덧붙였다. 왕국유의 해석은 쇼펜하우어의 주장과 일치한 것도 있지만, 쇼펜하우어의 의도와 다르거나 개념 및 술어의 의미를 변화시킨 것도 있었다. 왕국유는 쇼펜하우어의 미학사상에서 출발하였지만 논의를 전개하면서 점점 쇼펜하우어의 학설에서 벗어나 자신이 지향하는 방향으로 나아가는 경향을 보였다. 왕국유가 <홍루몽평론>을 쓴 의도를 살피면 주로 쇼펜하우어의 이론을 소개하는 일에 방점이 찍혀 있다. 이런 의도 때문에 왕국유의 논의전개는 상관 개념이나 이론소개에 치우쳐 있고, 《홍루몽》에 적용시켜 구체적으로 설명할 때에는 오히려 서술이 소홀한 경향이 있다. 《홍루몽》의 미학적인 가치를 논의한 부분에서도 이런 문제점이 고스란히 드러났다.

<홍루몽평론(紅樓夢評論)>에 나타난 왕국유(王國維)의 논의전개 방식과 쇼펜하우어의 비극설(悲劇說)에 대한 수용

왕비연 ( Wang Feiyan ) 중국어문연구회 2017 中國語文論叢 Vol.0 No.84

Wang Kuo-wei’s “A Critique of Dream of the Red Chamber” sets out to use German philosopher Arthur Schopenhauer’s ascetic vision to analyze and evaluate the Chinese classic Dream of the Red Chamber. Wang’s true purpose, however, seems to be more to illustrate or prove Schopenhauer's doctrines than to shed light on Dream of the Red Chamber. Wang Kuo-wei’s paper begins by quoting the opinions of Lao zi (老子) and Zhuang zi (莊子) on life as full of suffering. Their despair matches Schopenhauer's. Wang uses this common ideological bent to elucidate and reinforce Schopenhauer's bleak outlook. Readers are left in confusion about Schopenhauer's ascetic principles and theory of release through mortification. Wang Kuo-wei clearly endorses Schopenhauer's view of life as a struggle. Wang’s critique, however, never lays out the reasons for such total agreement. He employs varying Chinese terms to explain the Schopenhauerian sense of the word “will” (as thing-in-itself). His critique yet presumes readers’ prior understanding. If readers know nothing of Schopenhauer's theories, then grasping Wang Kuo-wei's paper will be difficult too. In conformance with Schopenhauer's gloominess, Wang Kuo-wei considers Dream of the Red Chamber a tragedy from beginning to end. Schopenhauer's pessimistic vision both informs and limits Wang Kuo-wei’s methodology, reasoning and conclusions.

On the Hyers-Ulam-Rassias stability of Jensen's equation

Dongyan Zhang,Jian Wang 대한수학회 2009 대한수학회보 Vol.46 No.4

J. Wang [21] proposed a problem: whether the Hyers-Ulam- Rassias stability of Jensen’'s equation for the case p, q, r, s ∈(β,1/β)\{1} holds or not under the assumption that G and E are β-homogeneous F-space (0<β<1). The main purpose of this paper is to give an answer to Wang’'s problem. Furthermore, we proved that the stability property of Jensen’'s equation is not true as long as p or q is equal to β,1/β, or ¯β_(2)/β_(1) (0<β_(1),β_(2)≤1). J. Wang [21] proposed a problem: whether the Hyers-Ulam- Rassias stability of Jensen’'s equation for the case p, q, r, s ∈(β,1/β)\{1} holds or not under the assumption that G and E are β-homogeneous F-space (0<β<1). The main purpose of this paper is to give an answer to Wang’'s problem. Furthermore, we proved that the stability property of Jensen’'s equation is not true as long as p or q is equal to β,1/β, or ¯β_(2)/β_(1) (0<β_(1),β_(2)≤1).

Two New Species of Placolecis (Lichenized Ascomycota) from China

( An Cheng Yin ),( Xin Yu Wang ),( Dong Liu ),( Yan Yun Zhang ),( Mei Xia Yang ),( Li Juan Li ),( Li Song Wang ) 한국균학회 2019 Mycobiology Vol.47 No.4

Two new species of the lichen genus Placolecis are discovered in China, namely P. kunmingensis An. C. Yin & Li S. Wang and P. sublaevis An. C. Yin & Li S. Wang. The new combination P. loekoesiana (S.Y. Kondr., Farkas, J.J. Woo & Hur) An. C. Yin is proposed. Placolecis kunmingensis is characterized by having simple, spherical or ellipsoid, hyaline spores, and pear-shaped pycnidia; while P. sublaevis can be distinguished by its thallus forming larger aggregations with slightly flattened lobes at the thallus margin, and urn-shaped pycnidia. Descriptions, a phylogenetic tree and a key are provided for all the known Placolecis species in China.