Corrigendum: Dosimetric Evaluation of a Small Intraoral X-ray Tube for Dental Imaging

Ji, Yunseo,Kim, YeonWoo,Lee, Rena Korean Society of Medical Physics 2020 의학물리 Vol.31 No.1

Lysophosphatidylcholine Enhances Bactericidal Activity by Promoting Phagosome Maturation via the Activation of the NF-κB Pathway during Salmonella Infection in Mouse Macrophages

Lee, Hyo-Ji,Hong, Wan-Gi,Woo, Yunseo,Ahn, Jae-Hee,Ko, Hyun-Jeong,Kim, Hyeran,Moon, Sungjin,Hahn, Tae-Wook,Jung, Young Mee,Song, Dong-Keun,Jung, Yu-Jin Korean Society for Molecular and Cellular Biology 2020 Molecules and cells Vol.43 No.12

Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (S. Typhimurium) is a facultative intracellular pathogen that causes salmonellosis and mortality worldwide. S. Typhimurium infects macrophages and survives within phagosomes by avoiding the phagosome-lysosome fusion system. Phagosomes sequentially acquire different Rab GTPases during maturation and eventually fuse with acidic lysosomes. Lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC) is a bioactive lipid that is associated with the generation of chemoattractants and reactive oxygen species (ROS). In our previous study, LPC controlled the intracellular growth of Mycobacterium tuberculosis by promoting phagosome maturation. In this study, to verify whether LPC enhances phagosome maturation and regulates the intracellular growth of S. Typhimurium, macrophages were infected with S. Typhimurium. LPC decreased the intracellular bacterial burden, but it did not induce cytotoxicity in S. Typhimurium-infected cells. In addition, combined administration of LPC and antibiotic significantly reduced the bacterial burden in the spleen and the liver. The ratios of the colocalization of intracellular S. Typhimurium with phagosome maturation markers, such as early endosome antigen 1 (EEA1) and lysosome-associated membrane protein 1 (LAMP-1), were significantly increased in LPC-treated cells. The expression level of cleaved cathepsin D was rapidly increased in LPC-treated cells during S. Typhimurium infection. Treatment with LPC enhanced ROS production, but it did not affect nitric oxide production in S. Typhimurium-infected cells. LPC also rapidly triggered the phosphorylation of IκBα during S. Typhimurium infection. These results suggest that LPC can improve phagosome maturation via ROS-induced activation of NF-κB pathway and thus may be developed as a therapeutic agent to control S. Typhimurium growth.

Clinical Implications of High Definition Multileaf Collimator (HDMLC) Dosimetric Leaf Gap (DLG) Variations

Chang, Kyung Hwan,Ji, Yunseo,Kwak, Jungwon,Kim, Sung Woo,Jeong, Chiyoung,Cho, Byungchul,Park, Jin-hong,Yoon, Sang Min,Ahn, Seung Do,Lee, Sang-wook Korean Society of Medical Physics 2016 의학물리 Vol.27 No.3

This study is to evaluate the dosimetric impact of dosimetric leaf gap (DLG) and transmission factor (TF) at different measurement depths and field sizes for high definition multileaf collimator (HD MLC). Consequently, its clinical implication on dose calculation of treatment planning system was also investigated for pancreas stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT). The TF and DLG were measured at various depths (5, 8, 10, 12, and 15 cm) and field sizes ($6{\times}6$, $8{\times}8$, and $10{\times}10cm^2$) for various energies (6 MV, 6 MV FFF, 10 MV, 10 MV flattening filter free [FFF], and 15 MV). Fifteen pancreatic SBRT cases were enrolled in the study. For each case, the dose distribution was recomputed using a reconfigured beam model of which TF and DLG was the closest to the patient geometry, and then compared to the original plan using the results of dose-volume histograms (DVH). For 10 MV FFF photon beam, its maximum difference between 2 cm and 15 cm was within 0.9% and it is increased by 0.05% from $6{\times}6cm^2$ to $10{\times}10cm^2$ for depth of 15 cm. For 10 MV FFF photon beam, the difference in DLG between the depth of 5 cm and 15 cm is within 0.005 cm for all field sizes and its maximum difference between field size of $6{\times}6cm^2$ and $10{\times}10cm^2$ is 0.0025 cm at depth of 8 cm. TF and DLG values were dependent on the depth and field size. However, the dosimetric difference between the original and recomputed doses were found to be within an acceptable range (<0.5%). In conclusion, current beam modeling using single TF and DLG values is enough for accurate dose calculation.

치과용 초소형 X-선 튜브의 선량평가

지윤서,김연우,이레나,Ji, Yunseo,Kim, YeonWoo,Lee, Rena 한국의학물리학회 2015 의학물리 Vol.26 No.3

의료용 x선 촬영 장치에 있어서 환자에게 피폭되는 선량이 가장 중요한 관심사 중의 하나이다. 본 연구팀에서는 전 세계 최초로 입안에 삽입이 가능한 초소형 x-선 영상 장치가 개발되었는데 이러한 영상장치를 임상에서 사용하기 위해서는 피폭 선량의 평가가 필수적이다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 신개념 치과용 영상장치의 선량을 평가하기 위하여 1) 돼지 턱뼈 팬텀을 직접 제작하여 영상의 질을 평가 하였고, 2) 실제 임상에서 사용가능한 촬영 조건을 결정하였으며, 3) 결정된 촬영 조건에서의 선량을 평가 하였다. 한국 식약처에서 제시하는 치근단 촬영에 대한 환자 선량 권고량(DRLs) 기준에 근거하여 새 개발 장비의 입사표면선량(ESD)와 면적선량(DAP) 측정 방법을 고안하고 각각의 선량 값을 측정하였다. 관전압이 45~55 kV, 관전류가 300 mA 까지 사용 가능한 xoft 사의 초소형 x선 튜브를 사용하였다. 사용된 검출기는 active area가 $72{\times}72mm$ 이고 픽셀 사이즈는 $48{\mu}m$ 이다. 제작된 돼지턱뼈 팬텀은 1 frame/sec의 조건하에 영상을 획득 하였으며, 촬영 조건 최적화를 위하여 관전류를 $20{\sim}80{\mu}A$로 변화시키면서 50 frame씩 영상을 획득하였다. 또한, 상용화 치과용 영상시스템(모델명: CS 2100, 제조사: Carestream Dental LLC 및 모델명: EXARO, 제조사: HIOSSEN)을 이용하여 돼지턱뼈 팬텀의 비교영상 평가를 시행하였다. CS 2100는 60 kV, 7 mA (노출시간:0.125 s)로 하였으며, EXARO는 60 kV, 2 mA로 설정하였다. 선량 평가는 광자극 형광 선량계를 이용하여 입사표면선량을 측정하였으며, 팬텀은 PMMA 재질의 제작된 원통형 팬텀을 이용하였다. 선량계는 팬텀 표면상의 조사야 내부에 2개 및 소스와의 5 cm 거리상에 1개를 위치하여 측정하였다. 빔 조사 조건은 51, 101, 141, $196{\mu}As$로 설정하였다. 면적선량은 소스와 검출기간의 거리가 5 cm 위치에 배치하여 측정하였으며, 이 때 촬영조건은, 관전류 41, 99, 144, 207, $276{\mu}As$의 조건하에서 측정하였다. 임상에서 적용 가능한 관전압과 관전류는 X-선 세기 8000~9000인 지점에서의 관전류 값인 0.051 mAs 이다. 상용화 장비와 영상비교를 한 결과, 개발 장비의 조사야가 훨씬 작음에도 불구하고 치아 및 치아 주위 조직의 영상이 더 우수함을 확인하였다. 또한, 영상 최적화 조사조건인 $51{\mu}As$에서 입사표면선량(ESD)은 식약처 및 IAEA의 권고치보다 훨씬 낮은 1.369 mGy 이다. 조사야 내부의 선량 분포는 표준편차 5~10% 내외로 균일성이 우수 하였다. 측정된 면적선량(DAP)은 $82.4mGy*cm^2$으로 상용화 장비보다 조사야가 훨씬 작음에도 불구하고 식약처의 권고치보다 낮은 값을 보였다. 이러한 연구를 통해서 새 개발 장비의 영상의 우수성과 기존 장비 대비 방사선량에 대한 저감 효과를 확인 할 수 있었으며 치과 장비 개발에 있어서 X선 특성 연구에 대한 기술과 노하우를 축적할 수 있었다. Radiation exposure from medical diagnostic imaging procedures to patients is one of the most significant interests in diagnostic x-ray system. A miniature x-ray intraoral tube was developed for the first time in the world which can be inserted into the mouth for imaging. Dose evaluation should be carried out in order to utilize such an imaging device for clinical use. In this study, dose evaluation of the new x-ray unit was performed by 1) using a custom made in vivo Pig phantom, 2) determining exposure condition for the clinical use, and 3) measuring patient dose of the new system. On the basis of DRLs (Diagnostic Reference Level) recommended by KDFA (Korea Food & Drug Administration), the ESD (Entrance Skin Dose) and DAP (Dose Area Product) measurements for the new x-ray imaging device were designed and measured. The maximum voltage and current of the x-ray tubes used in this study were 55 kVp, and 300 mA. The active area of the detector was $72{\times}72mm$ with pixel size of $48{\mu}m$. To obtain the operating condition of the new system, pig jaw phantom images showing major tooth-associated tissues, such as clown, pulp cavity were acquired at 1 frame/sec. Changing the beam currents 20 to $80{\mu}A$, x-ray images of 50 frames were obtained for one beam current with optimum x-ray exposure setting. Pig jaw phantom images were acquired from two commercial x-ray imaging units and compared to the new x-ray device: CS 2100, Carestream Dental LLC and EXARO, HIOSSEN, Inc. Their exposure conditions were 60 kV, 7 mA, and 60 kV, 2 mA, respectively. Comparing the new x-ray device and conventional x-ray imaging units, images of the new x-ray device around teeth and their neighboring tissues turn out to be better in spite of its small x-ray field size. ESD of the new x-ray device was measured 1.369 mGy on the beam condition for the best image quality, 0.051 mAs, which is much less than DRLs recommended by IAEA (International Atomic Energy Agency) and KDFA, both. Its dose distribution in the x-ray field size was observed to be uniform with standard deviation of 5~10 %. DAP of the new x-ray device was $82.4mGy*cm^2$ less than DRL established by KDFA even though its x-ray field size was small. This study shows that the new x-ray imaging device offers better in image quality and lower radiation dose compared to the conventional intraoral units. In additions, methods and know-how for studies in x-ray features could be accumulated from this work.

Basic Radiological Characteristics of a Non-Scattering Gel Dosimeter for 3D Dosimetry

Kyung Hwan Chang,Yunseo Ji,Suk Lee,Kwang Hyeon Kim,Dae Sik Yang,Jung Ae Lee,Young Je Park,Won Sup Yoon,Chul Yong Kim,Yuanjie Cao,Samju Cho 한국물리학회 2016 THE JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN PHYSICAL SOCIETY Vol.69 No.11

We used a spectrophotometer to compare the dosimetric properties of two non-scattering (radiochromic) gel dosimeters: a non-scattering gel dosimeter developed in-house and a PRESAGETM gel dosimeter. We evaluated the dosimetric characteristics, including spectral absorption, dose linearity, reproducibility, and dose rate dependency of the two gel dosimeters. The non-scattering gel and the PRESAGETM gel dosimeters showed peak sensitivity at wavelengths of 600 nm and 630 nm, respectively. Over a range of doses the best dose linearities of the non-scattering and the PRESAGETM gel dosimeters resulted in R2 values of 0.99 at wavelengths of 600 nm and 630 nm, respectively. The reproducibility and dose-rate dependence of each of the two gel dosimeters were within the range of ±3 %. Our results revealed that the peak sensitivities of the two radiochromic gel dosimeters were significantly different; the in-house non-scattering gel dosimeter demonstrated peak sensitivity at a wavelength of 600 nm while the PRESAGETM gel dosimeter had peak sensitivity at a wavelength of 630 nm. We confirmed that for 3D gel dosimetry, the in-house non-scattering gel dosimeter had a more stable dose response compared with a commercial non-scattering gel dosimeter.

폐암 정위체부방사선치료 시 고정기구(frame) 사용 유무에 따른 셋업 정확성 평가

지윤서,장경환,조병철,곽정원,송시열,최은경,이상욱,Ji, Yunseo,Chang, Kyung Hwan,Cho, Byungchul,Kwak, Jungwon,Song, Si Yeol,Choi, Eun Kyung,Lee, Sang-wook 한국의학물리학회 2015 의학물리 Vol.26 No.4

본 연구의 목적은 폐암의 정위체부방사선 치료 환자에 대하여 정위체부고정기구 사용 유무에 따른 셋업 정확성을 비교 평가하고자 한다. 본원에서 정위체부방사선치료를 받은 총 40명의 환자를 대상으로, 정위체부고정기구를 기반으로 한셋업 방식의 환자군 20명과 고정기구 없이 Wing board를 사용한 환자군 20명으로 구분하여 각 셋업오차를 비교, 분석 하였다. 폐암의 정위체부방사선치료는 총 4~5회에 걸쳐 48~60 Gy 조사되었다. 매 치료 전, 먼저 레이저를 이용하여 환자를 치료중심점에 위치시킨 후 On-board kV 영상장치를 이용하여 2차원 직각영상을 얻어 척추를 기준으로 환자의 위치를 조정한 다음, 3차원 체적 영상을 획득 하여 종양의 위치를 치료중심점에 일치시키고, 마지막으로 호흡에 의한 종양의 위치 확인 및 조정을 위해 2차원 직각 투시영상을 이용하였다. 각 과정에서 얻은 테이블 이동 및 회전 값을 조사하여, 셋업 군별로 계통오차 및 랜덤오차를 구하였다. 고정기구 사용유무에 따른 통계적 유의성을 검증하기 위하여 계통오차에 대한 t-test 시행을 하였고, 셋업의 재현성의 차이를 보기위해 랜덤오차에 대한 F-test를 시행하였다. 나아가 이러한 셋업 방식의 차이가 셋업 여유분의 크기 결정에 영향이 있는지 여부를 평가하기위해 치료계획체적의 여유분을 계산하여 두 방식의 차이를 비교하였다. 정위체부 고정기구를 사용했을 때의 셋업 오차는 수직방향, 길이방향, 수평방향으로 각각 $0.05{\pm}0.25cm$, $0.20{\pm}0.38cm$, $0.02{\pm}0.30cm$이었다. 반면에, Frameless immobilizer을 사용한 단순 고정방법을 사용했을 때의 셋업 오차는 수직방향에서만 통계적으로 유의하게 $-0.24{\pm}0.25cm$으로 증가함을 보였으나, 길이방향, 수평방향에 대해서는 각각 $0.06{\pm}0.34cm$, $-0.02{\pm}0.25cm$의 작거나 비슷한 결과값을 보였다. 정위체부 고정기구를 사용했을 경우, 수직방향, 수직방향 및 길이방향으로의 여유분은 각각, 0.67 cm, 0.99 cm, 0.83 cm였고, Frameless immobilizer시 수직방향으로 0.75 cm, 길이방향으로 0.96 cm, 수평방향으로 0.72 cm로써 수평방향에서 최대 0.11 cm 차이가 남을 알 수 있었다. 결론적으로 정위체부고정기구를 사용하는 것이 환자 자세 재현성을 향상시켜 셋업 오차를 환자의 전후, 위아래 방향으로의 약 0.1~0.2 cm씩 줄일 수 있을 것으로 평가하였다. 다만 정위체부 고정기구 사용에 따른 시간 소요 및 치료절차의 복잡성에 비해 그 효과는 그리 크지 않았다. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the set up accuracy using stereotactic body frame and frameless immobilizer for lung stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT). For total 40 lung cancer patients treated by SBRT, 20 patients using stereotactic body frame and other 20 patients using frameless immobilizer were separately enrolled in each group. The setup errors of each group depending on the immobilization methods were compared and analyzed. All patients received the dose of 48~60 Gy for 4 or 5 fractions. Before each treatment, a patient was first localized to the treatment isocenter using room lasers, and further aligned with a series of image guidance procedures; orthogonal kV radiographs, cone-beam CT, orthogonal fluoroscopy. The couch shifts during these procedures were recorded and analyzed for systematic and random errors of each group. Student t-test was performed to evaluate significant difference depending on the immobilization methods. The setup reproducibility was further analyzed using F-test with the random errors excluding the systematic setup errors. In addition, the ITV-PTV margin for each group was calculated. The setup errors for SBF were $0.05{\pm}0.25cm$ in vertical direction, $0.20{\pm}0.38cm$ in longitudinal direction, and $0.02{\pm}0.30cm$ in lateral direction, respectively. However the setup errors for frameless immobilizer showed a significant increase of $-0.24{\pm}0.25cm$ in vertical direction while similar results of $0.06{\pm}0.34cm$, $-0.02{\pm}0.25cm$ in longitudinal and lateral directions. ITV-PTV margins for SBF were 0.67 cm (vertical), 0.99 cm (longitudinal), and 0.83 cm (lateral), respectively. On the other hand, ITV-PTV margins for Frameless immobilizer were 0.75 cm (vertical), 0.96 cm (longitudinal), and 0.72 cm (lateral), indicating less than 1 mm difference for all directions. In conclusion, stereotactic body frame improves reproducibility of patient setup, resulted in 0.1~0.2 cm in both vertical and longitudinal directions. However the improvements are not substantial in clinic considering the effort and time consumption required for SBF setup.

SSVEP/P300 기반 BCI 시스템을 위한 Speller설계 고려사항 분석

김도균(Do-Gyun Kim),손장재(JangJay Sohn),구윤서(Yunseo Ku),김지훈(Ji-Hoon Kim) 대한전자공학회 2016 대한전자공학회 학술대회 Vol.2016 No.11