The Effect of Attenuation and Scatter Correction in Rat Brain PET

Yu, A. R.,Jin Su Kim,Jisook Moon,Hee Joung Kim,Sang Moo Lim,Kyeong Min Kim IEEE 2013 IEEE transactions on nuclear science Vol.60 No.2

<P>Attenuation correction (AC) and scatter correction (SC) are problematic issues for animal positron emission tomography (PET). In this study, the effects of AC and SC were assessed using PET on a phantom and actual rat brain. Transmission (TX) was performed using <SUP>57</SUP>Co for 15 min. After a 15 min TX scan, emission (EM) PET was performed in list mode for 1 h. To assess the effects of AC and SC, the spillover ratio (SOR) was measured using a rat-sized NEMA NU4 image-quality phantom; statistical parametric mapping (SPM) was performed to assess the effects of AC and SC in the rat brain using 18<SUP>F</SUP>-FDG (FDG). In addition, the binding potential (BP) was compared for <SUP>18</SUP>F-FP-CIT (FP-CIT) PET. SPM was used to compare PET images to which AC and SC were applied, and BP was used for FP-CIT PET. The SORs of air and water decreased after AC and SC. SPM for FDG PET after AC showed a significant increase in FDG-measured activity in the cerebellum and occipital cortex. After AC/SC, a significant decrease in FDG-measured activity was observed in the frontal and temporal cortices. For FP-CIT PET of the rat brain, the BP decreased by 26% after AC because the FP-CIT uptake increased more in the cerebellum than in the striatum owing to AC. After AC and SC, the mean BP increased by 61%. AC and AC/SC were found to be necessary components of the artifact correction process for both FDG PET and FP-CIT PET of rat brains.</P>

Antinociceptive profiles and mechanisms of orally administered coumarin in mice.

Park, Soo-Hyun,Sim, Yun-Beom,Kang, Yu-Jung,Kim, Sung-Su,Kim, Chea-Ha,Kim, Su-Jin,Lim, Su-Min,Suh, Hong-Won Pharmaceutical Society of Japan 2013 BIOLOGICAL & PHARMACEUTICAL BULLETIN Vol.36 No.6

<P>In the present study, the antinociceptive profiles of coumarin were examined in ICR mice. Coumarin administered orally (from 1 to 10 mg/kg) showed an antinociceptive effect in a dose-dependent manner as measured in the acetic acid-induced writhing test. Duration of antinociceptive action of coumarin maintained at least for 60 min. But, the cumulative response time of nociceptive behaviors induced by a subcutaneous (s.c.) formalin injection, intrathecal (i.t.) substance P (0.7 ?g) or glutamate (20 ?g) injection was not affected by coumarin. In addition, intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) or intrathecal (i.t.) administration with coumarin (10-40 ?g) attenuated acetic acid-induced writhing response in a dose dependent manner. Intraperitoneal (i.p.) pretreatment with naloxone (an opioid receptor antagonist) attenuated antinociceptive effect induced by coumarin in the writhing test. Furthermore, i.c.v. or i.t. pretreatment with naloxone (5 ?g) reversed the decreased acetic acid-induced writhing response. However, methysergide (a 5-HT serotonergic receptor antagonist) or yohimbine (an α2-adrenergic receptor antagonist) did not affect antinociception induced by coumarin in the writhing test. Our results suggest that coumarin exerts a selective antinociceptive property in the acetic acid-induced visceral-derived pain model. Furthermore, the antinociceptive effect of coumarin may be mediated by activation of central opioid receptors, but not serotonergic and adrenergic receptors.</P>

Hop Extract Produces Antinociception by Acting on Opioid System in Mice

Park, Soo-Hyun,Sim, Yun-Beom,Kang, Yu-Jung,Kim, Sung-Su,Kim, Chea-Ha,Kim, Su-Jin,Seo, Jee-Young,Lim, Su-Min,Suh, Hong-Won The Korean Society of Pharmacology 2012 The Korean Journal of Physiology & Pharmacology Vol.16 No.3

In the present study, the antinociceptive profiles of hop extract were characterized in ICR mice. Hop extract administered orally (from 25 to 100 mg/kg) showed an antinociceptive effect in a dose-dependent manner as measured in the acetic acid-induced writhing test. Antinociceptive action of hop extract was maintained at least for 60 min. Moreover, cumulative response time of nociceptive behaviors induced with intraplantar formalin injection was reduced by hop extract treatment during the 2nd phases. Furthermore, the cumulative nociceptive response time for intrathecal injection of substance P ($0.7{\mu}g$) or glutamate ($20{\mu}g$) was diminished by hop extract. Intraperitoneal pretreatment with naloxone (an opioid receptor antagonist) attenuated antinociceptive effect induced by hop extract in the writhing test. However, methysergide (a 5-HT serotonergic receptor antagonist) or yohimbine (an ${\alpha}_2$-adrenergic receptor antagonist) did not affect antinociception induced by hop extract in the writhing test. Our results suggest that hop extract shows an antinociceptive property in various pain models. Furthermore, the antinociceptive effect of hop extract may be mediated by opioidergic receptors, but not serotonergic and ${\alpha}_2$-adrenergic receptors.

소동물 폐종양의 정량적 개선을 위한 내부 움직임 평가

유정우,우상근,이용진,김경민,김진수,이교철,박상준,유란지,강주현,지영훈,정용현,김병일,임상무,Yu, Jung-Woo,Woo, Sang-Keun,Lee, Yong-Jin,Kim, Kyeong-Min,Kim, Jin-Su,Lee, Kyo-Chul,Park, Sang-Jun,Yu, Ran-Ji,Kang, Joo-Hyun,Ji, Young-Hoon,Chung, Y 한국의학물리학회 2011 의학물리 Vol.22 No.3

이 연구에서는 폐종양의 정량적 개선을 위하여 분자체를 이용하여 내부 움직임을 측정하고 평가된 데이터를 기반으로 소동물 PET 영상내의 폐종양을 국소화하고자 하였다. 소동물 폐 영역의 내부 움직임은 방사성물질을 흡착한 분자체를 이용하여 소동물 폐 영역에 부착함으로써 구현하였다. 폐 영역의 내부 움직임 표적으로 사용된 분자체는 약 37 kBq의 Cu-64를 흡착시켜 폐종양을 모사하였다. 소동물 PET 영상은 Siemens Inveon 스캐너를 이용하여 획득하였으며 외부 움직임 데이터는 트리거 생성 장치인 BioVet을 이용하였다. SD-Rat PET 영상은 $^{18}F$-FDG 37 MBq/0.2 mL을 미정맥으로 주사하고 60분 후 20분간 데이터를 획득하였다. 리스트모드 데이터의 각 선응답은 외부 트리거 장치에 의해 획득된 트리거신호를 이용하여 2 bin에서 16 bin으로 사이노그램을 획득하였다. 획득된 사이노그램 데이터는 OSEM 2D 알고리즘을 이용하여 4회의 반복으로 재구성하였다. 종양의 정량적 분석을 위한 PET 영상은 종양을 묘사한 분자체 영역에 관심영역을 설정하고 계수와 SNR 그리고 FWHM을 이용하여 평가하였다. 움직임 표적으로 사용된 분자체의 크기는 $1.59{\times}2.50mm$이었으며, 기준 영상으로 획득한 체외 분자체 수직 및 수평 FWHM은 $2.91{\times}1.43mm$이었다. 정적영상과 4 bin 그리고 8 bin 영상에서의 수직 FWHM은 각각 3.90 mm, 3.74 mm, 3.16 mm이었으며 수평 FWHM은 각각 2.21 mm, 2.06 mm, 1.60 mm이었다. 정적영상, 4 bin, 8 bin, 12 bin 그리고 16 bin의 계수 값은 각각 4.10, 4.83, 5.59, 5.38, 5.31이었다. 정적영상, 4 bin, 8 bin, 12 bin 그리고 16 bin의 SNR은 4.18, 4.05, 4.22, 3.89, 3.58이었다. FWHM은 게이트 수의 증가에 따라 계속 향상됨을 확인하였다. 그러나 계수 값과 SNR은 게이트 수의 증가에 따라 계속 향상되지 않고 특정 bin 수에서 가장 높은 값을 보여 소동물 폐 영역에서의 종양 영상화시 SNR의 손실을 최소화하면서 향상된 계수 값을 얻을 수 있는 게이트 수를 획득하였다. 내부 움직임 측정은 최적화된 종양 국소화 영상을 획득할 수 있으며 외부 움직임 모니터링 시스템을 사용하지 않고 장기별 움직임 예측 모델링을 위한 유용한 방법이 될 것으로 기대된다. The purpose of this study was to estimate internal motion using molecular sieve for quantitative improvement of lung tumor and to localize lung tumor in the small animal PET image by evaluated data. Internal motion has been demonstrated in small animal lung region by molecular sieve contained radioactive substance. Molecular sieve for internal lung motion target was contained approximately 37 kBq Cu-64. The small animal PET images were obtained from Siemens Inveon scanner using external trigger system (BioVet). SD-Rat PET images were obtained at 60 min post injection of FDG 37 MBq/0.2 mL via tail vein for 20 min. Each line of response in the list-mode data was converted to sinogram gated frames (2~16 bin) by trigger signal obtained from BioVet. The sinogram data was reconstructed using OSEM 2D with 4 iterations. PET images were evaluated with count, SNR, FWHM from ROI drawn in the target region for quantitative tumor analysis. The size of molecular sieve motion target was $1.59{\times}2.50mm$. The reference motion target FWHM of vertical and horizontal was 2.91 mm and 1.43 mm, respectively. The vertical FWHM of static, 4 bin and 8 bin was 3.90 mm, 3.74 mm, and 3.16 mm, respectively. The horizontal FWHM of static, 4 bin and 8 bin was 2.21 mm, 2.06 mm, and 1.60 mm, respectively. Count of static, 4 bin, 8 bin, 12 bin and 16 bin was 4.10, 4.83, 5.59, 5.38, and 5.31, respectively. The SNR of static, 4 bin, 8 bin, 12 bin and 16 bin was 4.18, 4.05, 4.22, 3.89, and 3.58, respectively. The FWHM were improved in accordance with gate number increase. The count and SNR were not proportionately improve with gate number, but shown the highest value in specific bin number. We measured the optimal gate number what minimize the SNR loss and gain improved count when imaging lung tumor in small animal. The internal motion estimation provide localized tumor image and will be a useful method for organ motion prediction modeling without external motion monitoring system.

Factors Influencing the Acrylamide Content of Fried Potato Products

Jin, Yong-Ik,Park, Kyeong-Hun,Chang, Dong-Chil,Cho, Ji-Hong,Cho, Kwang-Su,Im, Ju-Sung,Hong, Su-Young,Kim, Su-Jeong,Nam, Jung-Hwan,Sohn, Hwang-Bae,Yu, Hong-Seob,Chung, Ill-Min The Korean Society of Environmental Agriculture 2016 한국환경농학회지 Vol.35 No.4

BACKGROUND: Acrylamide (CAS No. 79-06-1) is known to be a carcinogenic compound, and is classified as a Group 2A compound by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC, 1994). Acrylamide can be generated during the browning process via the non-enzymatic Maillard reaction of carbohydrates such as reducing sugars and of amino acids such as asparagine, both of which occur at a temperature above $120^{\circ}C$. Potato tubers contain reducing sugars, and thus, this will affect the safety of processed potato products such as potato chips and French fries. In order to reduce the level of acrylamide in potato processed products, it is therefore necessary to understand factors that affect the reducing sugar content of potatoes, such as environmental factors and potato storage conditions, as well as understanding factors affecting acrylamide formation during potato processing itself. METHODS AND RESULTS: Potatoes were cultivated in eight regions of Korea; For each of these different environments, soil physico-chemical characteristics such as pH, electrical conductivity, total nitrogen, available phosphate, and exchangeable cation content were measured and correlations with potato reducing sugar content and potato chip acrylamide levels were examined. The reducing sugar content in potato during storage for three months was determined and acrylamide level in potato chip was analyzed after processing. The storage temperature levels were $4^{\circ}C$, $8^{\circ}C$, or $10^{\circ}C$, respectively. The acrylamide content of chips prepared from potatoes stored at $10^{\circ}C$ or $20^{\circ}C$ for one month was analyzed and the different frying times were 2, 3, 5, and 7 min. CONCLUSION: This study showed that monitoring and controlling the phosphate content within a potato field should be sufficient to avoid producing brown or black potato chips. For potatoes stored at low temperatures, a reconditioning period ($20^{\circ}C$ for 20 days) is required in order to reduce the levels of reducing sugars in the potato and subsequently reduce the acrylamide and improve chip coloration and appearance.

퍼블리시티권 법제화 논의 : “인격표지영리권” 입법예고 검토를 중심으로

김수민,김유진 이화여자대학교 법학전문대학원 2022 Ewha Law Review Vol.12 No.-

퍼블리시티권은 사람이 성명, 초상 등으로 나타나는 자신의 동일성(identity)을 상업적으로 통제할 수 있는 권리를 말한다. 우리나라에서 퍼블리시티권에 대한 학설 및 판례상의 논의는 오래전부터 이루어져 왔으나 명문의 규정이 존재하지 않아서 다소 혼란이 있었고, 이에 퍼블리시티권의 법제화를 위한 논의가 진행되어왔다. 최근(2022. 12. 26.)에는 법무부가 민법에 인격권을 규정하고, 퍼블리시티권을 “인격표지영리권”이라 명명하여 민법 제2장 인(人) 부분에 규정하는 내용의 법률개정안을 입법예고하였다. 본고는 퍼블리시티권에 대한 기존의 학설, 판례와 해외의 논의에 비추어 이번 인격표지영리권 입법예고(2022. 12. 26. ~ 2023. 2. 6., 이하 “12월 입법예고”)의 각 규정을 검토하였다. 퍼블리시티권의 법적 성질과 관련하여, 학설은 독립한 재산권으로 보는 견해와 인격권의 한 내용으로 보는 견해가 대립한다. 12월 입법예고는 후자의 견해를 취하고 있는 것으로 보인다. 양도성 및 이용허락과 관련하여, 퍼블리시티권의 재산권적 성격을 강조하여 양도성을 인정해야 퍼블리시티권의 적절한 보호가 가능하다고 보는 견해도 있다. 그러나 12월 입법예고는 양도성을 부정하되 이용허락을 긍정하고 이용권에 대한 철회권을 규정한바, 이는 퍼블리시티권의 인격권적 성질과 재산권적 성질을 조화롭게 고려한 판단으로 보인다. 상속성 및 존속기간과 관련하여, 12월 입법예고는 퍼블리시티권을 인격권의 한 내용으로 보면서도 상속성을 긍정하되, 그 존속기간을 30년으로 제한하였다. 상속성을 인정한 것은 바람직해 보이나, 존속기간을 30년으로 규정한 근거가 불명확하다. 마지막으로 침해에 대한 구제수단과 관련하여, 12월 입법예고는 인격표지영리권의 침해에 대해 침해의 제거 및 침해의 예방을 청구할 수 있도록 규정하였으나, 표현이 다소 모호하여 추후 사회적 논의 및 판례법리를 통한 구체화가 필요할 것으로 보인다. Recently, the Ministry of Justice stipulated personal rights in Civil Act and preannounced amendment that requires the right of publicity to be prescribed in Chapter II of the civil law. This paper reviews each regulation of the preannouncement(22. 12. 26. ~ 2023. 2. 6.) based on existing academic theories, precedents, and the overseas discussion surrounding the right of publicity. Regarding the legal nature of the right of publicity, while some authorities view it as independent property right, the others consider it as a part of personal rights. The preannouncement appears to support the latter’s viewpoint. As to the transferability and the permission to use, the preannouncement is considering both characteristics by denying the transferability but allowing the permission to use. As to the inheritance and duration, the preannouncement sees the right of publicity as a part of personal rights. Further, the preannouncement recognizes the inheritance of the right of publicity, limiting its duration to 30 years without clear reasons. Lastly, the preannouncement expressly prescribed the removal and the prevention of the infringement, which needs to be clearly and specifically identified through the social discussion and case law.

[논문]보육실습에서 프로젝트접근법에 대한 예비보육교사의 관심수준 변화 연구

유병민,박수홍,강문숙,박철수,정경훈 교육혁신학술위원회 2011 교육혁신연구 Vol.21 No.1

본 연구는 예비보육교사가 보육실습이라는 과정에서 프로젝트 접근법에 대한 관심은 어떠하며, 관심변화 여부를 사례중심으로 살펴보는 것을 목적으로 하였다. 이를 위하여 예비보육교사를 대상으로 보육실습 사전과 사후검사를 실시하였으며, 자세하고 구체적인 사실과 연구의 질적인 부분을 찾아보고자 인터뷰하였다. 그 결과, 첫째, 프로젝트에 대한 예비보육교사들의 관심은 전반적으로 무관심으로 나타났다. 둘째, 사전․사후검사 결과, 프로젝트 접근법에 대한 관심수준의 변화가 있었던 사례에서는 관심변화의 패턴도 다양하게 나타났으며, 관심변화가 크게 없었던 사례에서는 개인, 정보관심이 높게 나타났다. 이러한 결과는 프로젝트에 대한 예비보육교사의 관심수준은 보육환경, 보육과정, 실습지도 교사, 예비보육교사의 지각력, 프로젝트에 대한 사전지식이나 교육정도에 따라 다양하게 변할 수 있음을 알게 되었다. The purpose of this study is to analyze the case in which we can identify how the SoC of prospective child care teachers about the project approach changes and why these change appears during the child care practice when we assumpt that for prospective child care teachers to implement the project approach is that they participate in change during child care practice. In Case K, the SoC of the prospective child care teacher moves from Stage 0 awareness to Stage 2, Stage 3, Stage 4, and In Case M, the SoC moves from Stage 0 to Stage 1. In Case P, the SoC moves from Stage 1 to Stage 2, Stage 3, and in Case S, the SoC isn't changed. Above this, we identify the SoC of prospective child care teachers. Case K, M, and P changes SoC after child care practice, but Case S doesn't change. the reason why there is a difference is the mindset of prospective child care teachers. Anyone who wants to accomplish specific purposes can deal with diverse changes with flexibility, but others can easily have an effect on the changes. We suggest that instructor in organization for prospective child care teachers’ education need to have a class for prospective child care teachers to put theory into practice, give direct facilitation and intervention in the field to prospective child care teachers, make a learning environment for prospective child care teachers to make good use of teaching materials and instrument, develop guidebook for project approach and give support to prospective child care teachers.

증례 보고 : TALON CUSP

민유진,김종수 大韓小兒齒科學會 2004 大韓小兒齒科學會誌 Vol.31 No.1

Talon cusp는 전치부의 치관부에 부가적으로 생성된 교두양 구조물로서 치과이상중 하나이다. Talon cusp는 비심미성, 교합 장애, 치아변위 발육부의 우식으로 인한 치수 괴사 및 치근단 병변 등을 야기할 수 있다. 그밖에 교모나 치주적인 문제, 혀에의 자극, 그리고 턱관절 동통등의 문제점을 야기할 수 있다. 따라서, Talon cusp의 정확한 조기 진단이 필요하며 각각의 증례에 맞는 처치를 통해 Talon cusp로 인한 문제점을 방지할 수 있다. 본 증례는 각각 영구전치와 유전치에 형성된 Talon cusp로서 이차 상아질을 유도하면서 점차적으로 교두를 삭제하는 치료와 근관 치료를 동반해 교두를 완전 절단하는 치료를 시행하였다. Talon cusp is cusp-like structure that develops additionally in crown of anterior tooth. And it is one of dental anomalies. Talon cusp can cause various diagnostic, functional, aesthetic problems depending on the size and configuration of cusp, there is a tendency for caries to occur in the developmental grooves, and advanced attrition, periodontal problems, irritation the tongue and temporomandibular pain, occlusal interference and displacement of affected tooth may result. Therefore, early diagnosis and appropriate treatment of each case is important so that it minimize local problems, such as caries, periodontal diseases, and malocclusion. These cases which are in permanent and primary anterior teeth are about gradual reduction forming reparative dentine and complete reduction of talon cusp and root canal therapy which is an alternative and effective form of treatment when gradual reduction of talon cusp may not be possible.

수확후 채소류에 발생하는 진균독소의 탐색과 방제(Ⅱ) 이병된 양념 채소류(양파, 마늘, 고추)에서 주요 진균독소 검출

정일민,주호종,심성철,백수봉,유승헌 충남대학교 생물공학연구소 1999 생물공학연구지 Vol.7 No.-

수확후 Alternaria, Penicillium 및 Fusarium에 이병된 고추, 양파, 마늘을 HPLC로 주요독소들을 검정한 결과 고추에서 Alternaria 독소의 AOH(alternariol)는 소량∼440㎍/g 및 ALT(altenuene)는 소량∼103㎍/g, TeA(tenuagonic acid)는 249∼342㎍/g 및 AME(alternariol monomethyl ether)는 206∼294㎍/g이 검출되었고 양파, 마늘에서 Penicillium 독소의 citrinin이 2.8∼18.4㎍/g, penicillin-G는 0∼439.0㎍/g, penicillic acid는 0∼10.2㎍/g 및 patulin은 0∼7.0㎍/g 검출되었다. 그리고 양파, 마늘에서 Fusarium 독소로는 fusaric acid가 0∼553.6㎍/g 검출되었을 뿐 deoxynivalenol과 nivalenol은 검출되지 않았다. The major mycotoxins were detected from peppers, onions and garlics infected postharvest pathogens, Alternaria, Penicillium and Fusarium. Analyses of the major mycotoxins were conducted using HPLC. Detected Alternaria mycotoxins per gram of infected postharvest peppers were alternariol (AOH) with amount ranged from small quantity to 440 ㎍/g, altenuene (ALT) with amount ranged from small quantity to 103 ㎍/g, tenuagonic acid (TeA) with amount ranged from 249 to 342 ㎍/g and alternariol monomethyl ether (AME) with amount ranged from 206 to 294 ㎍/g. Penicillium toxins per gram of infected postharvest onions and garlics were citrinin with amount ranged from 2.8 to 18.4 ㎍/g, penicillun-G with amount ranged from no detection to 439.0 ㎍/g, penicillic acid with amount ranged from no detection to small quantity and patulin with amount ranged from no detection to small quantity. Fusarium toxins per gram of infected postharvest onions and garlics were fusaric acid with amount ranged from no detection to 553.6 ㎍/g. However, deoxyrivalenol and nivalenol were not detected from onins and garlics infected by Fusarium.

수소화된 비정질 규소와 다결정 규소 박막의 반송자 이동도

최유신,정세민,안두수,이준신 成均館大學校 科學技術硏究所 1997 論文集 Vol.48 No.1

열처리는 규소 박막의 구조적, 광학적 성질뿐만 아니라 반송자 이동도 특성을 변화시킨다. 반송자 이동도는 주파수 응답 또는 시간 응답을 통해 소자의 동작에 영향을 끼친다. 본 논문은 수소화된 비정질 실리콘(a-Si:H)의 이동도 변화를 열처리 온도의 함수로써 살펴보았다. 이동도 측정에서 사용된 방법들에 대한 장단점들에 대해 검토하였다. 홀 효과와 Haynes-Shockley 방법은 a-Si:H 박막의 이동도 결정에 대한 오류를 나타내었다. TOF법은 a-Si:H에는 적용 가능하지만 높은 암전류때문에 다결정 실리콘(poly -Si)에는 적용할 수가 없다. 전도를 제한하는 공간전하, 박막 트랜지스터, 과도 전류 관찰방법등은 a-Si:H와 poly-Si의 이동도를 결정할 수 있었다. 규소 박막의 전계효과 이동도는 700℃이상의 고온처리와 RF 플라즈마 재수소화후에 20∼67㎠로 상승된 값을 얻었다. 우리는 박막 트랜지스터(TFT)와 과도 전류 관찰방법은 박막 실리콘 분석에 적당하다는 결론을 얻었다. The carrier mobility influences the device behavior through its frequency response or time response. This paper summarizes the mobility changes of the a-Si:H as a function of anneal temperature. The anneal treatment changes the carrier mobilities of thin film Si as well as optical and structural properties. The advantages and disadvantages were discussed for the employed methods in mobility measurement. Hall effect and Haynes-Shockley (HS) method exhibited some errors for a-Si:H mobility determination. A time of flight (TOF) method was attractive for the a-Si:H but not applicable for the poly-Si films because of high dark current. Space charge limited conduction (SCLC), thin film transistor (TFT), and transient current observation methods were able to determine the mobilities of a-Si:H and poly-Si films. A very high field effect mobility of 20-67㎠/V.s was observed after the high temperature anneal above 700℃, and grain boundary passivation using a RF plasma rehydrogenation. We learned that thin film transistor and transient current observation methods are suitable for the analysis of thin film Si.