DASHIELL HAMMETT'S RED HARVEST : FROM AMERICA TO JAPAN TO ITALY AND BACK TO AMERICA

Kim, Young-Kul 이화여자대학교 사범대학 교과교육연구소 2004 East west education Vol.21 No.-

Dashiell Hammett was the creator of the hardboiled hero who was to emerge in the pages of popular twentieth century literature. With his roots in the archetypal strong, silent and solitary American cowboy hero who, living according to a personal code of honor, did his job for the forces of good, typically involving the necessity of violence, and then moved on with his essential morality intact, the hardboiled hero came along at a time when there was no longer a west to be won, finding himself instead in an urban setting of increasing complexity and ambiguity, daily confronting the corruption arising from a capitalistic society in an era during which technological advances had created more sophisticated and effective weapons of destruction. Remaining strong, silent and solitary, the hardboiled hero adapted to modern ambiguity and violence by covering his persona in a hardboiled veneer, a man without a past or future, to do his job and to survive in society with his essential morality remaining intact. Hammett's first novel, Red Harvest (1929), shows the author's view of the world at its bleakest. The anonymous Continental Op, about whom nothing personal is revealed, except that he is an operative for the Continental Detective Agency, finds himself in environment called "Poisonville," a town representing the whole of American society, in which every side is so irredeemably corrupt that in order to cleanse society the Op has no choice but to play each faction against the other until they systematically, inevitably, and completely annihilate each other. This plot was later borrowed in the production of three films: Yojimbo (1961), a samurai film made in Japan; A Fistful of Dollars (1966), an Italian western made in Spain; and Last Man Standing (1996), an American gangster movie set during in the Prohibition era of the 1920s. This study analyzes Red Harvest to establish the world view of Dashiell Hammett, and, in chronological order of the films, examines how the modifications in both Hammett's vision and hardboiled hero, as they travelled around the world, reflected the changes in society as it moved from the beginning to the end of the twentieth century. The study concludes with a re-evaluation of the relevance of the Hammett vision and what it informs us about the nightmare reality of the postmodern world of the twenty-first century.

내시경으로 진단된 소화성 궤양의 임상적 고찰

김영건,육은주,김성걸,임의혁,성자원,김병호,허승식,이기천,정현용,이헌영 충남대학교 의과대학 지역사회의학연구소 1993 충남의대잡지 Vol.20 No.2

A clinical analysis was performed of 3055 pateints with peptic ulcer who were diagnosed with gastroduodenoscopy, in Hospital of Chungnam National University College of Medicine from July 1988 to May 1993. 1) During the period 1988-1993, The proportion of gastric ulcer among peptic ulcer decreased from 47.8% to 42.8%, but that of duodenal ulcer increased from 36.8% to 39.6%. 2) Of the 3055 cases, the number of patients with esophageal ulcer was 98(3.2%), with gastric ulcer 1407(41.6%), with. duodenal ulcer 1104(36.1%), with channel ulcer 149(4.9%), and with combind ulcer 297(9.7%). 3) We observed a peak incidence of peptic ulcer in the 50-69age group, gastric ulcer in the 5069age, duodenal ulcer in the 40-59age group. The ratio of male to female was 3.6 : 1 in peptic ulcer, 4.4 : 1 in gastric ulcer, 3.0 : 1 in duodenal ulcer. 4) The common site was angle in gastric ulcer, and bulb in duodenal ulcer. 5) The active stage was 39.4% of gastric ulcer, and 37.4% of duodenal ulcer, the healing stage was 34.2% of gastric ulcer, and 17.9% of duodenal ulcer, and the scar stage of gastric ulcer was 26.4%, and duodenal ulcer was 44.7%. 6) The size of ulcer was less than 1Cm in 66.7% of gastric ulcer, and in 75.5% of duodenal ulcer, the size of ulcer was greater than 2Cm in 13.2% of gastric ulcer, and in 6.5% of duodenal ulcer. 7) The frequency of multiple ulcer was 29.9% in gastric ulcer, and 16.5% in duodenal ulcer.

HCV, Alcoholic : PE-096 ; Clinical and histopathological features of acute onset autoimmune hepatitis

( Min Young Rim ),( Soo Yong Park ),( In Ku Yo ),( Min Su Ha ),( Ju Seung Kim ),( Ju Won Lee ),( Young Kul Jung ),( Dong Hae Chung ),( Oh Sang Kwon ),( Yun Soo Kim ),( Duck Joo Choi ),( Ju Hyun Kim1 ) 대한간학회 2012 춘·추계 학술대회 (KASL) Vol.2012 No.-

Background: Autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) is a progressive inflammatory liver disease of unknown etiology that is reported to be a consequence of aberrant autoreactivity. Several studies which reported the acute presentation of AIH have different clinical course and histologic features. In this study, we compared acute presentation of AIH and chronic presentation of AIH. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of patients with autoimmune hepatitis from January 2003 to June 2011 at Gachon University, Gil Hospital. A total of 29 patients were enrolled, 7 patients were diagnosed with acute presentation of AIH. Results: There was no difference between two group in age, gender, and score system of AIH. Patients with acute presentation had higher serum levels of total bilirubin, lower serum levels of albumin in clinical feature (p<0.05), and higher frequency of zone 3 necrosis in histologic feature. The cumulative incidental rate of the normalization of serum AST and ALT levels with prednisolone treatment was similar between patients with acute presentation and chronic presentation in clinical course. Conclusions: Higher AST, ALT and, bilirubin were clinical specific feature, and zone 3 necrosis is a histological characteristic of autoimmune hepatitis with acute presentation.

향나무와 그 變種들의 類綠關係에 關한 核學的 硏究

鄭宇珪,孫玲杰,成敏雄,金鼎錫 慶尙大學校 기초과학연구소 1992 基礎科學硏究所報 Vol.8 No.-

In this study the relationship among Juniperus chinensis and its seven varieties-J. chinensis var. procumbens, J. chinensis var. horizontalis, J. chinensis var sargentii, J. chinensis var, kaizuka, J. chinensis var. aureo-variegata, J. chinensis var. globosa, J. chinensis var. aureo-globosa-and J. rigida was studied by using the karyological methods. The results obtained from this study were as follows : In the karyotype analysis, J. chinensis, J. chinensis var. horizontalis, J. chinensis var. sargentii, J. chinensis var. globosa, J. chinensis var. aureo-globosa, and J. rigida were diploid with 2n=22, although J. chinensis var. procumbens, J. chinensis var. kaizuka and J. chinensis var. aureo-variegata were tetraploid with 2n=44. According to descending order of the total length of the chromosomes and the length of short and long arms, from the arrangement order of chromosomes and the position of centromeres, J. chinensis var. procumbens and J. chinensis var. horizontalis were categorized into the first group J. chinensis var. kaizuka and J. chinensis var. aureo-variegata were into the second group, and J. chinensis var, globosa and J. chinensis var. aureo-globosa were into the third group, respectively. Aneuploid(2n=26) in the C-band staining of J. chinensis var. aureo-variegata was identified, although it normally showed 2n=44 as karyotype. Because light was emitted from all chromatids of the samples by fluorescent light staining with DAPI, A-T rich regions would be located all over the chromatids.

Virologic Response at 12 Months of Treatment Predicts Sustained Antiviral Efficacy in Patients with Adefovir-Treated Lamivudine-Resistant Chronic Hepatitis B

( Young Kul Jung ),( Jong Eun Yeon ),( Woo Sik Han ),( Ji Hoon Kim ),( Jeong Han Kim ),( Jong Jae Park ),( Jae Seon Kim ),( Young Tae Bak ),( Wang Don Yoo ),( Sun Pyo Hong ),( Soo Ok Kim ),( So Young 대한소화기기능성질환·운동학회 2010 Gut and Liver Vol.4 No.2

Background/Aims: The aim of our study was to define the potential role of virologic response at 12 months of treatment (VR12) in predicting subsequent virologic and clinical outcomes in adefovir (ADV)-treated lamivudine-resistant chronic hepatitis B. Methods: Two hundred and four patients with lamivudine-resistant chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) treated with ADV monotherapy were included. Serum HBV DNA was quantified by real-time polymerase chain reactions. VR12 was defined as a HBV DNA level of less than 4 log10 copies/mL after 12 months of ADV treatment. Results: VR12 was observed in 110 of the 204 patients (54%). The mean HBV DNA reductions from baseline after 12 months of ADV treatment were 3.8 and 1.9 log10 copies/mL in patients with and without VR12, respectively (p<0.001). The hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg) seroconversion rates in patients with and without VR12 were 32% and 14% at 12 months treatment, respectively (p=0.018), and 40% and 27% at 24 months of treatment (p=0.032). The genotypic mutation rates to ADV in patients with and without VR12 were 0% and 6% at 12 months of treatment, respectively (p=0.033), and 21% and 42% at 24 months (p=0.012). The rates of viral breakthrough in patients with and without VR12 were 0% and 7% at 12 months of treatment, respectively (p=0.072), and 9% and 25% at 24 months (p=0.006). Conclusions: Patients without VR12 may need to switch to or add on other potent antiviral drugs in their medical regimens. (Gut Liver 2010;4:212-218)

ORIGINALARTICLE : Survey of perinatal hepatitis B virus transmission after Korean National Prevention Program in a tertiary hospital paAmlodipine

( Jae Hoon Kim ),( Ju Seung Kim ),( Jong Joon Lee ),( Jung Ho Kim ),( Suk Young Kim ),( Young Kul Jung ),( Oh Sang Kwon ),( Yun Soo Kim ),( Duck Joo Choi ),( Ju Hyun Kim ) 대한내과학회 2014 The Korean Journal of Internal Medicine Vol.29 No.3

Background/Aims: The Ministry of Health and Welfare and the Korea Centersfor Disease Control and Prevention in South Korea have been organizing hepatitisB virus (HBV) vertical infection prevention projects since July 2002. In thissingle-institute study, the results of surveys conducted in target mothers who deliveredbabies in a tertiary hospital were investigated and analyzed. Methods: Of the 9,281 mothers and their 9,824 neonates born between July 2002and December 2012, 308 hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg)-positive mothersand their 319 neonates were selected for this study, and their records were analyzedretrospectively. Results: A total of 308 mothers were HBsAg-positive, with an HBV prevalence of3.32% (308/9,281). There were 319 neonates born to these HBsAg-positive mothers,and 252 were confirmed to as either HBsAg-positive or -negative. Four were confirmedas HBsAg-positive, with a 1.59% (4/252) HBV vertical infection rate. All themothers of neonates who had an HBV vertical infection were hepatitis B e antigen(HBeAg)-positive. Among the HBsAg-positive neonates, three were HBeAg-positiveand had an HBV DNA titer of 1.0 × 108 copies/mL. Conclusions: The HBV prevalence of mothers was 3.32% (308/9,281), and their verticalinfection rate was 1.59% (4/252). Thus, the South Korean HBV vertical infectionprevention projects are effective, and, accordingly, HBV prevalence in SouthKorea is expected to decrease continuously.

LC : Real Clinical Practice on Transjugular Intrahepatic Portosystemic Shunt for the Management of the Refractory Ascites in Korea

( Hyung Ki Kim ),( Young Seok Kim ),( Young Kul Jung ),( Woo Jin Chung ),( Hyun Young Woo ),( Sung Jae Park ),( Do Young Kim ),( Jae Jun Shim ),( Soo Young Park ),( Jae Myung Lee ) 대한간학회 2013 춘·추계 학술대회 (KASL) Vol.2013 No.1

Background and Aim: Refractory ascites indicates advanced chronic liver disease and represents a therapeutic challenge. While liver transplantation is the ultimate treatment, for the relief of ascites transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS) are well established. We report our experience with TIPS in Korea based on a multicenter retrospective study. Methods: The authors retrospectively reviewed the medical records of 59 patients who underwent TIPS for refractory ascites with liver cirrhosis from 2000 to 2012 in Korea. Results: TIPS was successfully in all 59 patients. Of these, we review medical records of the 55 patients. Complication of the procedure is bleeding (2 patients), hypotension of the unknown origin (1 patient), aggravated heart failure (1 patient). Stent dysfunction happened 5 patients due to stent stenosis (4 patients), stent thrombosis (1 patient) during follow up. Mean follow up period was 326 days. During follow up, 50 (90.9%) patients died and only 2 patients had liver transplantation. 5 (9.1%) patients had shunt revision due to stent dysfunction. The probability of survival without liver transplantation was 26.5% at 1 year. 1-month mortality was 29.1%. The response was assessed in patients who were alive, without transplanstation, at each time point. Either complete or partial response of the ascites was obtained in 68.6%, 75.0 %, 76.4% and 69.2% at 1, 3, 6, 12 months, respectively. Mortality was 29.1%, 48.3%, 58.2% and 70.9% at 1, 3, 6, 12 months, respectively. In 15 patients (30%), a new episode of encephalopathy developed or aggravated and 12 patients (80%) were grade III or IV but most of them (9 patients, 75%) responded quickly to treatment. Conclusions: TIPS is a reliable option or bridge therapy prior to liver transplantation for the management of refractory ascites in patients with liver cirrhosis.

Development of Hand Foot Skin Reaction Is Associated with Good Prognosis for HCC Patients Treated with Sorafenib: A Prospective Cohort Study

( Yoonseok Lee ),( Young-sun Lee ),( Ji Hoon Kim ),( Young Kul Jung ),( Sung Bum Cho ),( Do Young Kim ),( Moon Young Kim ),( Hyung Joon Kim ),( Yeon Seok Seo ),( Ki Tae Yoon ),( Young Mi Hong ),( Jeon 대한간학회 2020 춘·추계 학술대회 (KASL) Vol.2020 No.1

Aims: Sorafenib is a standard first-line systemic therapy of advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). However there are few studies that have examined prognostic factors of sorafenib therapy in prospective cohort. We analyze prognostic factors of HCC patients who were treated with sorafenib. Methods: Between May 2016 and May 2018, 288 advanced HCC patients treated with sorafenib were prospectively enrolled at 13 hospitals. Originally, this study has been performed to investigated the efficacy of Urea cream. We analyzed various prognostic factors of sorafenib for overall survival (OS) and progression free survival (PFS) by Univariate and Multivariate analyses using Cox proportional hazards regression model. Results: We included 288 patients in the present analysis. The median age was 61 years. Among the 288 patients, 241 (83.7%) were male. Chronic hepatitis B (68.4%) was main etiologic factor in development of HCC. Most of the patients (85.4%) were in the advanced Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer Stage. Hand-foot skin reactions (HFSR) were observed in 142 patients (49.2%). The univariate analysis identified presence of HFSR, serum albumin level as potential prognostic factor for PFS. In multivariate analysis for PFS, presence of HFSR (HR 0.212; 95% CI: 0.091-0.495, P<0.001) and serum albumin level (HR 0.30, 95% CI: 0.158-0.568, P<0.001) were significant factors of PFS. Prognostic factors for OS were analyzed in the same method. In univariate analysis, presence of ascites, serum albumin level and creatinine level, presence of HFSR were potential prognostic factors for OS. In multivariate analysis for OS, presence of HFSR (HR 0.144; 95% CI: 0.063-0.330, p 0.002), albumin level (HR ratio 0.283; 95% CI: 0.148-0.544, P<0.001), creatinine level (HR 1.395; 95% CI 1.133-1.717, p 0.002) were significant factors of OS. BCLC stage, presence of portal vein invasion, presence of distant metastasis were not statistically significant in the present analysis. Conclusions: Developing HFSR from sorafenib therapy and high serum albumin level were independently associated with good OS and PFS. Developing HFSR have been suggested as valuable indicator of good sorafenib prognosis.

Free Paper Session : HCC ; Anti-hepatitis B core positivity as a risk factor for hepatocellular carcinoma in alcoholic cirrhosis: a case-control study (초)

( Oh Sang Kwon ),( Young Kul Jung ),( Yun Soo Kim ),( Sang Gyune Kim ),( Young Seok Kim ),( Jung Il Lee ),( Jin Woo Lee ),( Young Soo Kim ),( Byung Chul Chun ),( Ju Hyun Kim ) 대한간학회 2011 Clinical and Molecular Hepatology(대한간학회지) Vol.17 No.3(S)

Original Article : Effect of alcohol on the development of hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with hepatitis B virus-related cirrhosis: a cross-sectional case-control study

( Oh Sang Kwon ),( Young Kul Jung ),( Yun Soo Kim ),( Sang Gyune Kim ),( Young Seok Kim ),( Jung Il Lee ),( Jin Woo Lee ),( Young Soo Kim ),( Byung Chul Chun ),( Ju Hyun Kim ) 대한간학회 2010 Clinical and Molecular Hepatology(대한간학회지) Vol.16 No.3

Background/Aims: Whether alcohol intake increases the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in patients with chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection remains controversial. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of alcohol intake on the development of HCC. Methods: Between January 2006 and August 2008, 146 patients with an initial diagnosis of HCC who were hospitalized in 3 major hospitals in the Incheon area were enrolled as cases. Another 146 cirrhotic patients, who matched the cases by age and sex, were enrolled as controls. All cases and controls were HBsAg positive, and had a history of lifetime alcohol intake. Results: The cases and controls were aged 53±8 and 53±9 years (mean±SD), respectively, with each group comprising 118 males and 28 females. The basal laboratory data, distribution of Child-Pugh class, HBeAg positivity (31.5% vs. 37.7%), HBV DNA level (5.74±2.35 vs. 5.98±2.29 log10 copies/mL), and proportion with a lifetime alcohol intake of more than 292 kg (30.8% vs. 34.9%) did not differ between cases and controls. The cumulative alcohol intake and the proportion of heavy drinkers did not differ between the two groups in male patients. Conclusions: Alcohol intake might not increase the risk of HCC in patients with HBV infection. (Korean J Hepatol 2010;16:308-314)