제지폐수의 공정별 오염물 발생 및 처리에 관한 연구

공성호,김용수,이성호 漢陽大學校 環境工學硏究所 1998 環境科學論文集 Vol.19 No.-

생산지종의 특성에 따라 주원료, 부원료 및 사용량이 다르기 때문에 배출되는 폐수의 성상도 변하게 되므로 제지폐수를 운영하는데 여러 가지 문제점을 발생시키고 있다. 따라서 적정 약품 처리를 통해서 처리효율을 상승시키고자 한다. 그결과 1차 처리수 COD는 5%, 방류수 COD는 41.4%의 처리 효율 상승을 얻었으며 1차 처리수 SS는 8.1%, 방류수 SS는 51.9%의 처리 효율이 상승하였다. 또한 배출되는 폐수의 성상에 따른 적정한 처리방법의 적용으로 효율상승 및 원가절감의 효과도 얻을 수 있었다. The nature of wastewater generated from paper manufacturing process can vary significantly. Since difficult material can be used for producing various paper products. Variety in characteristic of wastewater is a major problem for treating wastewater produced in paper manufacturing process. In this study various chemical treatments were explored to enhance wastewater efficiency. Treatment efficiency for effluent COD and SS were increased by 41.1% and 51.9%, respectively. Enhancement in treatment efficiencies also introduced reducing operating costs of wastewater treatment.

저분자량 유기산을 이용한 Cu오염토양 복원에 관한 연구

공성호,유혜영,김용수,강순기 한양대학교 환경공학연구소 2000 環境科學論文集 Vol.21 No.-

Cu로 오염된 토양을 처리하기위해 중성 pH의 Citric acid와 Oxalic acid를 사용하여 농도와 유속의 변화두어서 실험실규모의 column test를 수행하였다. 안정화 상수가 높은 Citric acid (k=5.90)가 Oxalic acid (k=4.84)보다 높은 제거율을 보였다. 두 가지 유기산 모두 pH 4.5에 비해 pH 6에서 높은 제거율을 보였고 1mM에서 제거율은 상당히 낮았으며 10mM과 50mM은 처리 속도에 차이가 있었지만 최종제거율은 80.2%, 89.5%로 큰 차이가 없었다. 유속을 최저 7.34×10-3cm/min, 최고 7.34×10-2cm/min로 변화를 두었지만 10mM과 50mM의 경우 큰 차이가 없었다. column을 통과한 용액의 speciation을 GEOCHEM을 통해 예측해본 결과 10mM과 50mM의 유기산을 사용했을 경우 대부분의 Cu가 유기산과 복합체를 형성하고 있었으며, 유기산은 주로 free ion과 H+와 결합된 형태로 존재하고 있었다. Citric acid and Oxalic acid that have well known to form soluble complexes with Cu at near neutral pH of 5 to 7 as extracting agents. Lab scale column test was performed for optimizing operating parameter, changing pH, concentration and flow rate of organic acids. Citric Acid (k=5.90) which has high stability constant with Cu was higher removal efficiency than Oxalic Acid's (k=4.84). Both of two organic acids, removal efficiencies at pH 6 were higher than at pH 4.5. Concentration of 1mM organic acids did not provide effective removal efficiencies, but the removal efficiencies of 10mM and 50mM were significant high level. 10mM and 50mM were a little difference in removal rate but little difference in final efficiencies, respectively maximum 80.2%, 89.5%. Although we have performed column test, changing flow rate minimum 7.34×10-3cm/min to maximum 7.34×10-2cm/min, the removal efficiencies were little difference at 10mM and 50mM. Speciations of solution that passed through contaminated soil column were estimated by GEOCHEM simulation. For 10mM and 50mM organic acids, most of extracted copper existed as complexed forms with organic acids, and organic acids mostly existed as free ions and H-organic complex form.

오존을 이용한 고도 정수처리에 관한 연구

공성호,김용수,이만호,김호 漢陽大學校 環境工學硏究所 1998 環境科學論文集 Vol.19 No.-

오존은 강력한 산화력을 이용하여 원수중의 미량 유기물질의 성상을 변화시켜 제거시킴으로 해서 THM 전구물질이나 악취물질의 제거에 효과적이다. 그러나 오존은 오염물질을 분해 또는 변화시키는 기능을 갖고 있지만 오염물질을 완전히 제거하는 것이 주목적이 아니기 때문에 오존처리 후에는 활성탄 흡착을 거치도록 하는 것이 일반적이다. 또한 오존은 살균효과가 우수하면서도 THM 등의 미량 유기염소화합물을 생성하지 않는 장점이 있어 대체 살균제로 사용되나 전류성이 없어 대체 살균제로 사용할 경우 급수망에서의 살균을 위해 염소소독을 추가로 실시해 급수망에서 잔류염소를 유지하도록 해야 한다. Ozone is a powerful oxidizing agent that can change properties of trace organic compounds in source water. It can also remove THM precursor or control odor. Although ozone has an ability to degrade contaminants, main purpose of using ozone is not complete destruction of contaminants. After ozone treatment treated water is generally treated with activated carbon absorption process. When ozone is used as a disinfectant. chlorine should be added to water to maintain residual chlorine in distribution lines because ozone disappear very rapidly.

대명사와 문장의 인지

공영일 한국외국어대학교 외국어 종합연구센터 언어연구소 1981 언어와 언어학 Vol.7 No.-

Syntactic studies of ana phora in the past can be characterized as attempts to explain coreference in terms of syntactic notions of prominence and coreference domain. This syntactic approach to the study of pronominal reference seems to ne basically correct in view of the fact that in all the clear cases of coreferences between two NP's, the one with syntactic prominence bears the relation of antecedent to the other. However, syntactic studies of pronouns have been veset with a host of problems. Most typocally, no syntactic theories of anaphora can account for the peculiar coreference pattern found in some sentences with specific structural configurations. of which the following are examples: (1) In Mary's newly furnished apartment on 5th Ave., she was assaulted by a thief. (2) In the bed which Zelda stole form the Salvation army. she spent her sweetest bours. The pronoun data above require that each of the coreferent NP's be assigned to different coreference domains. The problem is that there is no principled syntactic ground for the required dishoint assignment of rule domain to these NP's. This paper argues that the problem is inherent in the static nature of syntactic theory. This is so because sentences (1-2) are the types of sentences where a dynamic perceptual segmentation is in operation during sentence perception. Thus, a claim is made that only when a dynamic perceptual unit is used as a coreference domain, can pronominal reference be provided with a general explanation. To substantiate the claim made. perceptual accounts are offered to problem data. including those in sentences(1-2).

비정형 XML 상품 문서의 적합한 접근을 위한 정보의 개념화

공용해,최인석 순천향대학교 부설 산업기술연구소 2001 순천향 산업기술연구소논문집 Vol.7 No.2

Internet e-commerce sites now tend to use XML in expressing their merchant information. But XML merchant documents do not have an identical structure even when they represent same merchants.Therefore, extracting meaningful information from various XML resources requires both semantic as well as structural analysis, For this purpose, we conceptualized mercant informarion of a small merchant domain by constructing a hierarchial concept, structure where the concepts are attribute-related. Then we generated an universal DTD based on the conceptualized merchant information. This way of information conceptualization and successive generation of an universal DTD will enable various XML merchant documents to be properly accessed.

탐촉자 시스템의 처짐과 응력해석

공용식,류봉조,정훈택,박홍원 한밭대학교 생산기반기술연구소 2001 생산기반기술연구소 논문집 Vol.1 No.1

This paper deals with stress analysis and deflections for probe stage systems connected to semi-conductor apparatus. Most of the real probe stage systems are composed of three mechanical parts such as slider, X-base and Y-base. In order to calculate the maximum stress and deflection for probe stage systems, three-dimensional finite element model is applied. Numerical results are obtained by changing various design parameters related to the above three parts. Through the numerical simulation, optimal design shape satisfying von Mises yield criterion is presented. The analysis was performed by using commercial COSMOS/M FEA code.

컴퓨터 비젼을 위한 동적 라이브러리의 설계 및 구현

공용해,이범석,오은숙 순천향대학교 부설 산업기술연구소 1999 순천향 산업기술연구소논문집 Vol.5 No.2

This study is to construct a general purpose library for a computer vision system development. The library includes many core algorithms required for computer vision systems such as image processing algorithms, feature extraction methods, neural networks and etc. We have experimented the efficiency of the library by building a medical image analysis system and the overall time and effort in the development was reduced to a certain extent.

참외의 PCR 최적 조건 구명

공현정,김용철,최인수 밀양대학교 농업기술개발연구소 2000 農業技術開發硏究所報 Vol.4 No.1

This study was conducted to identify the optimized PCR condition in cucumis melo. Factorial experiments for template DNA concentration, MgCl2 concentration, amount of taq polymerase, and reaction temperature(denature, annealing, extension) were conducted. The best template DNA concentration was 40ng(0.5unit taq polymerase and 4.5mM MgCl2, and 1unit taq polymerase and 2.5mM MgCl2), 60ng(0.5unit taq polymerase and 2.5mM MgCl2, 0.5unit taq polymerase and 4.5mM MgCl2, 1unit taq polymerase and 2.5mM MgCl2, 1unit taq polymerase and 4.5mM MgCl2, and 1unit taq polymerase and 7.0mM MgCl2). The best MgCl2 concentration was 2.5mM(40ng template DNA and 1unit taq polymerase, 60ng template DNA and 0.5unit taq polymerase, and 60ng template DNA and 1unit taq polymerase)와 4.5mM(40ng template DNA and 0.5unit taq polymerase, 60ng template DNA and 0.5unit taq polymerase, and 60ng template DNA and 1unit taq polymerase), and 7.0mM(60ng template DNA and 1unit taq polymerase). The best amount of taq polymerase was 0.5unit(40ng template DNA and 4.5mM MgCl2, 60ng template DNA and 2.5mM MgCl2, and 60ng template DNA and 4.5mM MgCl2) and 1unit(40ng template DNA and 2.5mM MgCl2, 40ng template DNA and 4.5mM MgCl2, 40ng template DNA and 7.0mM MgCl2, 60ng template DNA and 2.5mM MgCl2, 60ng template DNA and 4.5mM MgCl2, and 60ng template DNA and 7.0mM MgCl2). When we consider results from template DNA concentration, MgCl2 concentration, and amount of taq polymerase, 6 conditions(60ng template DNA, 7.0mM MgCl2, 1unit taq polymerase; 60ng template DNA, 4.5mM MgCl2, 1unit taq polymerase; 60ng template DNA, 2.5mM MgCl2, 1unit taq polymerase; 60ng template DNA, 4.5mM MgCl2, 0.5unit taq polymerase; 60ng template DNA, 2.5mM MgCl2, 0.5unit taq polymerase; and 40ng template DNA, 2.5mM MgCl2, 1unit taq polymerase) were best combinations for the optimal PCR condition. Reaction temperatures for the optimal PCR condition were 90℃, 40℃, 72℃ and 92℃, 36℃, 72℃.

문법교육론

공영일 慶熙大學校 1974 論文集 Vol.8 No.-

언어의 사용을 위해서는 학교문법에서 문형 및 문법사항이라 부르는 것의 이해와 운용능력의 습득이 필수적인 조건이다. 오늘날 각급 학교에서의 영어교육의 일반목표가 듣기 말하기 읽기 쓰기의 넷 기능 분야에 걸친 영어의 사용능력을 발전시키는 데 있다는 것을 생각할 때 문법교육이 언어교육에 있어 가장 중요한 자리를 차지해야 한다는 데에 대해서는 제언을 필요치 않을줄 안다. 학교 영어교육에 있어서의 문법교육이란 교재 속에 포함되어 주어지는 문형과 문법사항 등의 문법항목들을 실제 영어 사용 상황에서 사용될 수 있는 활용성 있는 운용 및 이해능력으로 전환시키는 과정이며^1) 따라서 문법교육 연구의 주요 관심사는 어떻게 하면 학생들의 학습노력을 가장 효과적으로 이러한 목적을 위해 유도할 것인가 하는 것이다. 이렇듯 문법교육의 중요성이나 성격은 뚜렷하게 인식되어 있으면서도 문법교육을 위해 사용할 문법재료의 선정이나 교육의 방법에 대해서는 영어 교육 관계자들 간에 의견의 일치 주석 1) Alasdair Macintyre, "Noam Chomsky's View of Language." Readings in Applied Trans-formational Grammar, ed. Mark Lester (New York, 1970), p. 101. Teaching grammar has been one of the most controversial issues of TESOL methodology and has been a prime source of motivation for the development of new teaching methods since the turn of this century. The current controversies on the teaching of grammar are characterized by their linguistic orientation and center mainly on whether grammar should be taught by the behavioral approach of pattern practice and memorization or by the rationalist approach of explaining the grammatical phenomenon. The tenets of the habit formation theory are being challenged by those who subscribe to the cognitive-centered views of language implicit in transformational generative grammar. Although both schools claim that their approach better solves the problems involved in teaching grammar, the current controversies failed to prove convincing because they are basically theoretical extension of linguistics and the factors that the teacher must confront in the classroom. are largely ignored, It is argued in this paper that the role of linguistics in TESOL methodology should to re-evaluated and the traditional assumption that linguistics completely determines TESOL methodology from the selection and ordering of the materials to the method of their presentation is not warranted, To support the argument advanced here, the nature of linguistic theory in general is considered in terms of its goals and underlying assumptions, and its contended and possible contributions to language teaching are examined. This examination reveals that linguistic science is not interested in the problems of foreign language learning, nor has it achieved theoretical understanding com-prehensive and powerful enough to dictate methodological details of the TESOL classroom. The present status of the research on TESOL methodology demands that the linguistics-oriented approach be supplanted by a classroom-oriented empirical research. Linguistic insights and implications are to be drawn with the constant realization of how fragile and tentative are the principles of linguistics. Classroom experience should play an important role for the selective application of theoretical implications to the classroom setting, and the resultant proposals for the refinement of the textbook and methodology should be tested in the classroom for ultimate justification. As a first step for the classroom-oriented research, the development of a new 'school grammar' is proposed. The proposed school grammar is a pedagogical gram-mar which combines classroom experience with the new insights and understanding of linguistics theories on the English grammatical structure. It will furnish the inventory of language materials to he used as a basis for the construction of the textbook and will serve as a source of reference to the teacher for the correct interpretation of the textbook materials. An attempt is made to characterize the nature and form of this grammar and to delineate its possible contribution to the improvement of teaching grammar.

水溶液에서 活性炭에 依한 페놀吸着特性에 관한 硏究

孔庸範,鄭在灌 成均館大學校 科學技術硏究所 1987 論文集 Vol.38 No.2

Adsorption on activated carbon on the basis of an effective and widely used process for removing phenol from municipal and industrial wastewaters has been studied. Although many adsorption studies have been reported concerning the removal of phenol from aqueous solution, there remains much to be solved. The liquid-solid reaction encountered in this study is usually complicated by the presence of resistances as a result of film diffusion across the external solid surface and particle diffusion through the pores of solid, it became necessary to establish the operating conditions that minimized the influences of film and particle diffusions. This study was an attempt to eliminate these diffusional effects and to determine the rates of removal of phenol by differential bed reactor approach. The results were as follows: 1) Under the conditions of flow rate of 214.29㎤/min, of average particle diameter of 0.385mm, and of reactor I.D. of 34mm, the diffusional resistances were minimized and the initial rate of phenol removal was maximized. 2) The reaction kinetics study in this experiment shows that r = 0.0938 C_e^(0.75) - 0.0269q_e^(0.69) 3) The equilibrium adsorption studies support the existence of the empirical Langmuir isotherm. The Langmuir isotherm could be expressed as follows: C_s/q = 1/(0.12)(103.45) = (1/103.45)C_s 4) The effect of pH on the removal of phenol was increased slightly at acidic range.