外換 暗市場의 形成要因에 관한 硏究

金永春 제주대학교 1992 논문집 Vol.35 No.1

This paper develops the standard two goods trade theoretic model of the working of a black market for foreign exchange and considers such questions as: Can the black market exchange rate be a guiding instrument to exchange control authorities considering a change in the exchange rate? The assumption of the base model were relaxed to allow for capital flight unblanaced trade; foreign exchange control, tariff and quotas. It was found that increase in the exogenous demand for black foreign market exchange perhaps for purposes of capital flight, increase export smuggling and the black market premium and reduce import smuggling. If the smuggled imports are paid for with black market foreign exchange, then a tariff lower than the premium of the black market over the official rate will not induce any smuggling even if the probability of success is one. Alternatively, if the probability of detection in smuggling depends positively on the ratio of illegal to legal trade, then the domestic price of the import goods will be lower than the tariff inclusive of the Ivorld price. (section 2) With balanced legal and iAlegal trade, changes in the (long-run) black market premium are a weighted average of changes in trade taxes, whereas changes in the smuggling ratios depended on the ratio of trade taxes, thus an import tariff and an export subsidy rising at the same rate would keep smuggling ratios constant but imply arising black market premium. (section 3 and 4) Finally a choice-theoretic model of a small economy has been developed to study the impact of foreign exchange controls in settings where black markets are present. (section 5) It was found in such environments that the imposition of foreign exchange controls tends to raise the domestic relative price of imports above the world level in exactly the same manners as a tariff would. Specifically, the black market exchange rate is found to be higher than the equilibrium exchange rate in the absence of controls under certain specific assumptions. The wrlfare implication of a black market were found to be ambiguous and contingent upon the governements reaction to its presence. For instance, if the government ignors the existence of the black market then the private sector can partially evade the governements foreign exchange restrictions ana potentially improve its welfare.

平價切下의 收斂 效果에 관한 硏究

金永春 제주대학교 1990 논문집 Vol.30 No.1

Devaluations are usually an important component of orthodox stabilization programs. According to the traditional theory it is expected that a nominal devaluation will result in expenditure switching, increased production of tradables, higher exports, and in an imporvement of the external position of the countrIF in question. This paper presents a simple marco-economic model. A simple model has investigated a number of contractionary effects of devaluation. It is shown that devaluation can lead to a reduction in national output on real income if (1) imports initially exceed exports; (2) there are differences in consumption propensities from profits and wages; (3) government revenues are increased by devaluation, e.g. when there are significant export taxes. The purpose of this paper has been to argue that, in the short-run at least, devaluation may not work the way we usually assume; that taken by itself it is quite likely to have the presumably undesirable effects of shifting the income distribution against labor and reducing employment and output. There is a reasonable argument which starts from this point and continues as follows: (1) In the short-run the balance of payment deficit is structural that is, both imports and exports are not very sensitive to price charge for a given level of domestic output. (2) As a consequence, any favorable short-run effects of devaluation on the trade balauce come primarily through economic contraction rather than substitution. (3) Devaluation not only reduces output and employment, but redistributes income from labor to captial as well (4) Thus devaluation is a costly cure, and a devaluation big enough to reduce the balacnce of payments deficit substantially in short-run may be unacceptable. In such a case, the government should beg or borrow to meet the short-term deficit and work toward eliminating its structural difficalties by expansion of traded goods production in tHe medium run. In any case, it is not the purpose of this paper to give policy advice valid for all countries at all time. The important point that devalution may be deflationary and one should be on the alert for that possibility.

Propofol이 일측폐환기 마취시 동맥혈 산소화 및 기도압에 미치는 효과

전영훈,임동건 慶北大學校 醫科大學 1997 慶北醫大誌 Vol.38 No.1

목적 : 폐 수술을 위한 전신마취시 일측폐환기는 저산소혈증 및 기도압 증가를 유발시킬 수 있다. 본 연구는 일측폐환기시 동맥혈 산소분압 및 기도압에 대한 propofol과 enflurane의 효과를 비교 평가 하고자 한다. 대상 및 방법 : 측와위, 일측폐환기로 수술 예정된 환자 30명을 임의로 propofol군 및 enflurane군으로 나누었다. 심박수, 평균동맥압, 산소포화도를 측정후 thiopental로 마취유도 후 enflurane(2Vol%)-O_2(2.5㎖/min)-N_2O(1.5㎖/min)로 마취유지하였다. Enflurane 군은 일측폐환기 시에도 이를 유지하였으며, propofol 군은 일측폐환기 35분후 enflurane 흡입을 중지하고 propofol을 정주하였다. 일측폐환기 후 5분 간격으로 75분간 심박수, 평균동맥압, 최대흡기압, 휴지기압, 평균호흡기압을 측정하였고, 일측폐환기 시작전, 환기후 35분, 65분 후 동맥혈 가스분석을 시행하였다. 자료의 통계분석은 t-test, paired t-test 및 repeated measures of ANOVA를 이용하여 p값이 0.05이하일 때 유의한 것으로 판별하였다. 결과 : Propofol 군에서 일측폐환기 65분후 측정한 동맥혈 산소분압의 변화율이 35분후 측정치에 비하여 유의한 증가를 보였다. 최대흡기압과 평균기도압은 propofol 정주 20분후(일측폐환기 55분 후)에 일측폐환기 35분 후 측정치에 비하여 유의하게 감소하였다. 결론 : 이상의 실험으로 일측폐환기를 이용한 전신마취시 propofol은 동맥혈 산소화를 개선시키고 기도압을 감소시키며 부하용량의 점진적 주사시 급격한 혈역학적 변화를 나타내지 않는다고 하겠다. Hypoxemia and high airway pressure would be occured during one lung ventilation(OLV). The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of enflurane and propofol on oxygenation and airway pressure during OLV. 30 patients undergoing thoracic surgery were assigned randomly to two goups. After heart rate(HR), mean arterial pressure(MAP) and oxygen saturation(SpO_2) were checked, anesthesia was induced with thiopental sodium and was maintained with enflurane(2 vol%)-O_2-(2.5 ℓ/min)-N_2O(1.5 ℓ/min). Enflurane group was maintained with enflurane during OLV and propofol group was maintained with propofol from 35 min after OLV. After OLV, for 75 min at interval of 5 min, HR, MAP, peak inspiratory pressure (PIP), pause pressure(PP) and mean airway pressure(PM) were checked and aterial blood gas analysis was done before OLV, at 35min, 65min after OLV. The results were as follows In propofol-group after OLV, PaO_2 at 65min was increased significantly compared to PaO_2 at 35min and PIP and PM at 65 min were improved compared to PIP and PM at 35 min. In conclusion, these results suggest propofol may improve oxygenation and reduce airway pressure OLV.

無基準 豫算制度에 관한 硏究 : 豫算制度의 改革을 中心으로

朴英熙 건국대학교 행정대학원 1976 建國大學校 行政大學院 硏究論叢 Vol.4 No.-

간접 흡연

이영현,이동욱 東國大學校醫學硏究所 2004 東國醫學 Vol.11 No.1

간접흡연이란 담배를 피우지 않는 사람이 흡연자의 담배연기를 간접적으로 마시게 되며, 본인의 의사와는 상관없이 비흡연자가 담배연기에 노출되는 상태이다. 간접흡연의 피해는 모든 사람에게 눈과 코의 자극증상, 목의 통증, 두통, 기침 등을 일으킬 수 있으며, 간접흡연자는 흡연자와 동일한 질병을 앓게 된다고 한다. 우리나라 20세 이상의 성인의 흡연률이 미국이나 유럽보다 높다. 따라서 우리나라 국민들이 간접흡연에 노출될 기회가 더 많을 것으로 생각된다. 이에 간접흡연에 의한 건강문제를 알아보고 간접흡연자를 위한 대책과 흡연자들에게 금연의 중요성을 알리고자 한다. Passive smoking is the involuntary inhalation of tobacco smoke by a person, especially a non-smoker, who occupies an area with smokers or a smoker. Passive smoking may cause eye and nose irritation, sore throat, headache, cough to everyone, and it is known that non-smokers have the same kinds of illness with smokers. Smoking rate among the adults aged over 20 in Korea is higher than that of the US or European conturies. Therefore we suppose that Koreans may be exposured to passive smoking than the people of other countries. It is necessary that people have the knowledge on the heath problems caused by passive smoking and on prevention from the involuntary inhalation of tobacco smoke. I propose that the smokers should be informed the importance of smoking cessation.

창의적 인성 교육 프로그램이 아동의 창의성과 감정조망수용능력에 미치는 영향

박영태 東亞大學校 學生生活硏究所 2003 學生硏究 Vol.31 No.-

This study aims to examine the effects of program for creative personality development on the creativity and affective perspective-taking ability of children. The experiment was executed 19 children of full seven years old. The experimental tool was the program for creative personality development. Based on the result and discussion of this study, the conclusions are as follows : First, the program for creative personality development is effective for the improvement of total score creativity of children and fluency, elaboration, flexibility, and originality which are important ingredients of creativity. Second, the program for creative personality development is not effective for the improvement of affective perspective-taking ability of children. Third, the problems of applying the program for creative personality development to children appeared in this study are as follows : 1) Children feel that this program is somewhat difficult to them. 2) This program is needed to modify more easily and concisely. Fourth, since the program for creative personality development is new to children who is seven years old, the problems of applying the program to children appear. So it is important to train children to be of a creative personality repeatedly by this program.

컴퓨터를 이용한 영어 단어 반복학습 프로그램의 구성과 개발

박영태 東亞大學校 1996 東亞論叢 Vol.33 No.-

Computer is an efficient tool for making foaming process more exciting, self-motivating. Nevertheless, a computer's capacity was not fully utilized by current repetitive practice programs which are popularly used so far. It results from inappropriate application of the learning principles to development of programs. The purpose of this study is to develop a repetitive-practive program by incorporating principles of learning and the capacity of computer. This repetitive practice program helps learner to team English Vocabulary exactly by repeating the same context. It also leads to automatization for learning a lower level of study. To learn English vocabulary is a lower level and thus requires a practice for automatization For efficient learning process program development should include concentration, participation of the learners, teaming theories about encoding and recall. Several characteristics are included in developing this English leaning program. First, interface should be made for dynamic and instantly responsive interaction between learners and program. Second, the progress of learning is based on metacognitive thinking and consists of confirmation of content, anticipation, planning, learning practice, evaluation and confirmation of learning effectiveness. Third, this computer program is developed on the basis of the ability of learners. Fourth, the program should give the learners continuous motivations for leaning. Fifth, it leads learners to revealed learning practice. Sixth, English vocabulary is stored in different database for adding new vocabulary with ease. Seventh, it includes additional related information for meaningful learning of English vocabularies. Eighth, considering the memory capacity of learners, the indirect items such as help items, additional information, etc. are made optional. Finally, program gives continuous learning motivation to the learners by providing feedback.

현장 수문 데이터 측정장치의 개발 : 초음파 자기수위계

신영철,김기흥 진주산업대학교 산업과학기술연구소 2004 산업과학기술연구소보 Vol.- No.11

This study is the objective of a development of a measuring device of water level used ultrasonic waves enable to telemeter. The rapidly increasing demands on the practices and techniques of streamflow measurement. Future streamflow determinations will require a greatly expanded network of hydrometric stations and a high degree of efficency in their operation. This can be accomplished by techniques and a more intensive use of the high-speed computing devices which the space has made available. Stage indicators are classified according to the method by which they measure the stage and the manner in which they are read. The ultrasonic level meter of this study is a data logger/controller engine of a measuring device of water level ultrasonic waves. The ultrasonic level meter is the ideal choice for embedded data acquisition or control applications with one or more of multiple channels,low power,small size. This meter programmed with PICBASIC,enabale the user to quickly develop and implement custom solutions to the most challenging data acquisition or control tasks. Ultrasonic sensor is an economical sonar transmit output is 16 cycles ata frequency of 40 KHz.

寡占價格의 硬直性에 對한 理論的解明 : Krelle의 均衡領域解에 對한 硏究

李容旭 대구효성가톨릭대학교 1974 연구논문집 Vol.14 No.1

後케인즈學派의 短期分配理論에 관한 一考察

李容旭 嶺南大學校社會科學硏究所 1983 社會科學硏究 Vol.3 No.1

This article treats the problem arising from the relaxation of the assumption of full employment in Kaldor's income distribution model. The relaxation of that assumption brings about the incompleteness in the system of Kaldor's model. There are a few way to complete the system. We examine a few attempts to close the loophole resulted from the relaxation of the full employment assumption. In this context we recast Robinson's theory of distribution in short-run and examine the implication of the price policy of firm in the theory of short-run distribution.