Celay/In-Ceram, Conventional In-Ceram, Empress 2 전부도재관의 변연적합도에 관한 비교 연구

양재호,여인성,이선형,한중석,이재봉,Yang, Jae-Ho,Yeo, In-Sung,Lee, Sun-Hyung,Han, Jung-Suk,Lee, Jai-Bong 대한치과보철학회 2002 대한치과보철학회지 Vol.40 No.2

There have been many studies about marginal discrepancy of single restorations made by various systems and materials. But many of statistical inferences are not definite because of sample size, measurement number, measuring instruments. etc. The purpose of this study was to compare the marginal adaptations of the anterior single restorations made by different systems and to consider more desirable statistical methods in analysing the marginal fit. The in vitro marginal discrepancies of three different all-ceramic crown systems (Celay In-Ceram. Conventional In-Ceram. IPS Empress 2 layering technique) and one control group (PFM) were evaluated and compared. The crowns were made from one extracted maxillary central incisor prepared with a 1mm shoulder margin and $6^{\circ}$ taper walls by milling machine. 10 crowns per each system were fabricated. Measurements or a crown were recorded at 50 points that were randomly selected for marginal gap evaluation. Non-parametric statistical analysis was performed for the results. Within the limits of this study, the following conclusions were drawn: 1 Mean gap dimensions and standard deviations at the marginal opening for the maxillary incisor crowns were $98.2{\pm}40.6{\mu}m$ for PFM, $83.5{\pm}18.7{\mu}m$ for Celay In-Ceram, $104.9{\pm}44.1{\mu}m$ for conventional In-Ceram, and $45.5{\pm}11.5{\mu}m$ for IPS Empress 2 layering technique. The IPS Empress 2 system showed the smallest marginal gap (P<0.05). The marginal openings of the other three groups were not significantly different (P<0.05). 2 The marginal discrepancies found in this study were all within clinically acceptable standards ($100\sim150{\mu}m$). 3. When the variable is so controlled that the system may be the only one, mean value is interpreted to be the marginal discrepancy of a restoration which is made by each system and standard deviation is to be technique-sensitivity of each one. 4. From the standard deviations. the copy-milling technique (Celay/In-Ceram) was not considered to be technique-sensitive in comparison with other methods. 5. Parametric analysis is more reliable than non-parametric one in interpretation of the mean and standard deviation. The sample size of each group has to be more than 30 to use parametric statistics. The level of clinically acceptable marginal fit has not been established. Further studies are needed.

베이커리 매장 내 구매촉진을 위한 사용자 경험 연구

김홍인(Kim, Hong In),양민혜(Yang, Min Hye),손상득(Son, Sang Deuk),김승인(Kim, Seung In) 한국디지털디자인협의회 2013 디지털디자인학연구 Vol.13 No.1

본 연구는 베이커리 매장 내 물리적 환경요소에 따른 감각 경험과 문화 체험 경험이 구매의사 및 브랜드 매력도에 미치는 영향 요인을 밝혀내어, 방문고객의 경험 만족 증진을 위한 개선점 도출 및 방향성 제시를 목적한다. 위 목적을 실현시키기 위한 문헌연구로서 구매의사에 영향을 미치는 매장 내 물리적 환경 요소와 사용자 및 브랜드 경험, 사용자 경험을 측정하는 방법론에 관한 이론적 토대를 마련하였으며, 이를 바탕으로 구매의사에 영향을 미치는 매장 내 물리적 환경소를 감각 경험 요소와 문화 체험 경험 요소로 구분 및 선정하였다. 연구의 객관적인 결과 도출을 위해 현재 업계 내 선두 브랜드인 파리바게트와 뚜레쥬르를 선정, 비교 평가를 실시하였다. 실증연구로서 물리적 환경요소를 기반으로 한 설문조사(questionnaire survey)와 포커스 그룹 인터뷰(focus group interview)를 병행하여 실시하였고, 섀도우 트랙킹(shadow tracking)을 통해 베이커리 매장 내에서의 고객 여정을 관찰하였다. 추가로 아이 트랙킹(eye tracking)을 통해 피 실험자의 실제 시선 산재도 및 집중도 등을 추적하여 인터뷰 응답내용에 따른 진위여부를 파악하는 등의 보완작업을 수행하였다. 위 실험을 통해 도출된 결론 및 제안 사항은 다음과 같다. 첫째, 고객 여정에 따른 경험요소, 즉 터치 포인트를 고려한 경험 스토리 구성이 필요하다. 둘째, 제품 자체의 매력도를 높이기 위해 물리적 환경요인이 종합적으로 고려되어야 한다. 셋째,사용자(고객) 시선에 따른 높이,각도 등이 고려된 효과적 디스플레이 진열방식이 이루어져야 한다. 넷째, 제품 정보와 관련된 시각물, 쟁반이나 집게, 의자, 테이블 등 고객의 편의성을 돕는 요소들의 사용성 관리가 중요하다. 본 연구의 궁극적 취지는 방문고객의 감각 경험에 근거한 구매요인 도출에 의의가 있으나, 매장 내 감각 경험 요소에만 주안점을 두었음에 연구의 한계점을 밝힌다. 따라서 향후 베이커리 매장의 물리적 환경 요소 중 문화 체험 경험 요소에 대한 추가적 보완연구가 이루어진다면 베이커리 업체의 충성고객을 확보하기 위한 전략 수립에 도움이 될 것이다. The objectives of this study are, to define in-store environment affects shoppers" sensory and cultural experiences can affect purchase decision making and brand preferences, and to develop to-be-direction of shoppers’ experience enhancement to increase their satisfaction in bakery industry. We divided the physical environment elements, influencing shoppers in their purchase decision making, into sensual elements and cultural experiences elements from the preliminary theory. And we validated those two category of elements by filed-validating Paris Baguette and Tous les Jour. For field research, we have tried to find shoppers insight through survey and focus group interview, observed shoppers" path in stores by shadow tracking, tracked down shoppers" eye-sight by eye tracking and validated research data by field visits. Based on implication from the research, we suggest the followings: To organize shoppers experience storyline considering touch points in shoppers’ path in stores. Physical environment should be strategically considered to increase product preference. Product display should be based on height and angle of shoppers" eye-sight. Usability maintenance of POP, plate, tongs, table and chair is also very important. However, it also shows some limits by focusing mainly in sensory experiences in stores. If it is followed by additional study of shoppers interactive and cultural experiences in stores, it will be more helpful to establish strategy of increasing loyal shoppers in bakery industry.

치은섬유아세포와 치은인대세포의 형태와 화학주성에 미치는 대조추출물의 효과에 관한 연구

양창호,류인철,최상묵,정종평,Yang, Chang-Ho,Ryu, In-Chul,Choi, Sang-Mook,Chung, Chong-Pyoung 대한치주과학회 1995 Journal of Periodontal & Implant Science Vol.25 No.2

The most important object of periodontal treatment is the perfect regeneration of destructed periodontal tissue. The healing of periodontal lesion is affected by several cells & factors, which result in formation of long juntional epithelium, root resorption, bony ankylosis or connective tissue attachment. And ideal healing is enhanced by epithilial exclusion or periodontal ligament cell activation. In this investigation, I studied the effect of Zizyphus Fructus extract which enhances biologic activity& collagen synthesis, on the chemotaxis & cell nature. The cells were obtained from interdental area & middle third area of the freshly extracted teeth for the orthodontic purpose. And they were fully incubated in${\alpha}-MEM$ solution containing $100{\mu]g/ml$ penicillin & $100{\mu]g/ml$ streptomycin followed by 6 generation incubation. The test cells were collected by trypsin-EDTA & centrifuge in the fully incubated cells, counted by Hernacyotmeter, incbated $5{\times}10^5/ml$ cells for 24 hours, re-incubated 24 hours in media containing natural extract and photographed. The cells were incubated for 4 hours in 48 well microchemotaxis chamber bisecting upper & lower chamber by 8ug/m pore polycarbonate membrane coating 5mg/ml gelatin solution. The migrated cells in microscope were counted, which meaned cell chemotaxis activity. The study had shown that the morphology of cell was spindle-shaped as the control group, and the subextract test groups were not significantly different. In gingival fibroblasts, the chemotaxis effect of PDGF was statistically significant compared to control group. The Zizyphus Fructus extract was more or less enhanced chemotaxis effect and in $1{\mu}g/ml$ concentration the chemotaxis effect was slightly elevated compared with $10{\mu}g/ml$ concentration. But, among the subextracts, it was not significantly defferent. In PDL cells, the chemotaxis effect of PDGF in statistically significant, and the zizyphus Fructus extract had shown the enhanced effect. The effect was slightly higher in $1{\mu}g/ml$ concentration than 10g/ml concentration,and no significance among the subextracts.

LETTER TO THE EDITOR : Adrenocorticotropic hormone-independent macronodular adrenal hyperplasia with abnormal cortisol secretion mediated by catecholamines

( Harin Rhee ),( Yun Kyung Jeon ),( Sang Soo Kim ),( Yang Ho Kang ),( Seok Man Son ),( Yong Ki Kim ),( In Joo Kim ) 대한내과학회 2014 The Korean Journal of Internal Medicine Vol.29 No.5

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)- independent macronodular adrenal hyperplasia (AIMAH) is a rare cause of Cushing syndrome. In AIMAH, cortisol secretion is independent of ACTH, and various hormones and/or cytokines have been thought to stimulate cortisol secretion via the aberrant expression of adrenal receptors or the increased activity of eutopic hormone receptors. Schorr and Ney [1] f irst proposed this concept, and subsequently the ectopic expression of gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP), V2 and V3-vasopressin, β -adrenergic, luteinizing hormone (LH)/human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), serotonin, and angiotensin receptors, as well as increased activity of a eutopic V1-vasopressin receptor, have been identified in the adrenal gland [1,2]. Several genetic factors, such as Gs α-subunit mutations associated with McCune-Albright syndrome and MC2R (ACTH receptor gene) mutations, have also been postulated as causes of AIMAH. A 50-year-old male was referred and admitted to our hospital due to uncontrolled hypertension. He had suffered from hypertension for 6 years. His blood pressure was originally well controlled for the first 5 years using a calcium channel blocker, but poorly controlled for 1 year before he visited our hospital, despite his regular use of antihypertensive agents. He was initially referred to the Cardiology Department and underwent cardiologic evaluation after complaining of paroxysmal palpitation and dizziness. His 24-hour Holter monitoring and coronary angiographic results were normal, except for several antigen- presenting cells and a minimal coronary arterial obstruction at the middle left anterior descending artery. He had a past history of major depression and had been prescribed an antidepressive agent 18 months before he visited our hospital. On physical examination, he had a moon face, marked central obesity (height, 167 cm; weight, 77.65 kg; body mass index, 27.84 kg/m2), and multiple bruises on his extremities. He also had prominent purple abdominal striae, and all of his morphological features were consistent with Cushing syndrome. Laboratory examinations revealed 145.7 mEq/L serum sodium and 2.86 mEq/L serum potassium. Arterial blood gas analysis revealed metabolic alkalosis (pH 7.519, HCO3, 37.4 mM/L). His hemoglobin A1c level was 5.9%, and his serum fasting blood glucose was 118 mg/dL. The results of basal endocrinological examinations are summarized in Table 1. The circadian variation in serum cortisol production was disrupted, and basal ACTH levels were suppressed. A 24-hour urinary free cortisol test and overnight dexamethasone suppression test (DMST) were both suggestive of Cushing syndrome. Low- and high-dose DMST revealed Cushing syndrome of primary adrenal origin. An abdominal computed tomography scan and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) revealed bilateral large macronodular adrenal tumors. His pituitary gland was normal on brain MRI scans. We thus diagnosed this patient with Cushing syndrome secondary to AIMAH. To identify aberrant receptors on the adrenal gland, we followed the investigative protocol described by Lacroix et al. [3]. Postural and various provocation tests, including ACTH (250 μg, intravascular), arginine vasopressin (AVP; 10 IU, intramuscular), 5-hydroxy triptamine (5-HT; 10 mg, intravascular), isoproterenol (20 ng/kg/min, intravascular for 30 minutes) and mixed meal tests, were performed. His serum cortisol level showed a positive response to ACTH, AVP, and isoproterenol provocation tests, but a negative response to the postural stimulation test. The results are summarized in Fig. 1A. If the patient had β-adrenergic or AVP receptors on his adrenal gland, then he would have responded to the postural stimulation test; but he did not. We repeated the postural stimulation test, and checked his endogenous antidiuretic hormone (ADH) level. He exhibited an increased ADH level on the postural test, but no cortisol secretion (Fig. 1B). A bilateral adrenalectomy was performed. The subsequent pathological examination of both adrenal glands showed hyperplasia with a multinodular growth pattern: the right and left adrenal glands were sized 14.0 × 5.0 × 3.0 cm and 9.0 × 5.0 × 3.0 cm, respectively, and multiple golden yellow nodules measuring up to 4 cm in diameter were present. Microscopic findings showed that the nodules consisted of variable- sized nests of lipid-laden clear cells similar to those of the normal fasiculata layer (Fig. 2). The final clinical and pathological diagnosis was Cushing syndrome secondary to β-adrenergic agonist-responding AIMAH. After the operation, he took physiological doses of prednisolone and f ludrocortisone. He then lost weight gradually and achieved optimal blood pressure with reduced doses of antihypertensive agents. Kirschner et al. [4] first described AIMAH in 1964. They demonstrated that hypercortisolism was ACTH-independent, and that the resected adrenal glands contained multiple nodules. Since then, a number of cases have been described, and the cause of AIMAH has been characterized more precisely. Previously, steroid production in AIMAH was believed to be autonomous. In the previous study that compared the adrenal glands of patients with AIMAH to those in patients with long-standing Cushing disease, and concluded that prolonged adrenal stimulation by ACTH resulted in adrenal bilateral nodular formation and varying ranges of adrenal autonomy [5]. There were also some cases in which autonomy of the adrenal gland was the result of chronic ACTH stimulation, which eventually resulted in ACTH suppression. However, the rarity of Nelson syndrome following bilateral adrenalectomy in patients with AIMAH strongly argued against the adrenal autonomy hypothesis. In 1971, Schorr and Ney [1] first introduced the concept of aberrant adrenal receptor expression in adrenocortical tissue. They performed in vitro studies, and found that cyclic adenosine monophosphate and corticosterone production in rat adrenocortical carcinoma cells were stimulated by non-ACTH hormones such as catecholamines, thyroid stimulating hormone, follicle stimulating hormone, LH, and prostaglandin E1. This hypothesis was later validated in humans by additional in vitro and in vivo studies. Several ectopic receptors such as GIP, β-adrenergic receptors, vasopressin (V2-V3-vasopressin receptor), serotonin (5-HT7 receptors), and angiotensin II receptors, and increased expression or altered activity of eutopic receptors in- cluding the V1-vasopressin receptors, LH/hCG receptors, serotonin (5-HT4 receptor), and leptin receptors was found [5]. In our patient, the serum cortisol level was increased by ACTH stimulation, exogenous AVP, and isoproterenol. Because exogenous AVP could naturally stimulate ACTH and increase serum cortisol levels, we checked serum ACTH levels during an AVP stimulation test. His serum cortisol level was increased by 82%, and serum ACTH level was increased by 11.5%. We were unable to confirm if AVP itself stimulated the adrenal cortex directly, or whether the induced ACTH caused cortisol secretion. A postural test was performed to screen for the aberrant expression of the AVP, β-adrenergic, or angiotensin II receptors. Interestingly, cortisol secretion was stimulated by exogenous AVP and a β-adrenergic agonist; however, a postural test failed to stimulate cortisol secretion. We repeated the postural test, and also checked the patient`s aldosterone level to verify if the test was accurate and determined serum ADH levels to confirm if endogenous ADH stimulated adrenal cortisol secretion. Because serum aldosterone levels increase in response to postural stimulation, the test itself was working; however, the cortisol response was negative. This suggests that the patient`s β-adrenergic receptor showed a blunted response to the test. Because we did not determine the serum catecholamine levels during postural stimulation, it was unclear whether the postural test induced sufficient endogenous catecholamine. Although a stronger stimulus (such as a treadmill test) would have induced endogenous catecholamine and increased serum cortisol levels, the patient refused because he had ischemic heart disease. In our case, exogenous AVP, but not endogenous ADH, stimulated adrenal cortisol secretion. This suggests that the cortisol response to exogenous pharmacological levels of vasopressin was mediated by AVP-induced catecholamine release [3]. We finally concluded that this patient had ectopic β-adrenergic receptors on the adrenal cortex, and recommended long-term propranolol therapy. However, because he strongly desired to undergo treatment with a rapid response, we consulted the Urological Department who recommended bilateral adrenalectomy. The identification of aberrant adrenal hormone receptors in AIMAH provides novel opportunities for specific pharmacological therapies as alternatives to adrenalectomy. In 1997, Lacroix et al. [3] reported the use of propranolol therapy for ectopic β-adrenergic receptors in adrenal Cushing syndrome in 1997. Some studies have revealed aberrant receptor expression in vitro using reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. However, a limitation of our study is that we did not confirm aberrant receptor expression using in vitro analyses. In conclusion, we report a rare case of an AIMAH patient. In vivo examinations suggested that altered cortisol regulation due to a β-adrenergic agonist was involved in the pathogenesis of the AIMAH patient.

Regulation of Hepatic Gluconeogenesis by an ER-Bound Transcription Factor, CREBH

Lee, Min-Woo,Chanda, Dipanjan,Yang, Jianqi,Oh, Hyunhee,Kim, Su Sung,Yoon, Young-Sil,Hong, Sungpyo,Park, Keun-Gyu,Lee, In-Kyu,Choi, Cheol Soo,Hanson, Richard W.,Choi, Hueng-Sik,Koo, Seung-Hoi Elsevier 2010 Cell metabolism Vol.11 No.4

<P><B>Summary</B></P><P>Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-bound transcription factor families are shown to be involved in the control of various metabolic pathways. Here, we report a critical function of ER-bound transcription factor, CREBH, in the regulation of hepatic gluconeogenesis. Expression of CREBH is markedly induced by fasting or in the insulin-resistant state in rodents in a dexamethasone- and PGC-1α-dependent manner, which results in the accumulation of active nuclear form of CREBH (CREBH-N). Overexpression of constitutively active CREBH activates transcription of <I>PEPCK-C</I> or <I>G6Pase</I> by binding to its enhancer site that is distinct from the well-characterized CREB/CRTC2 regulatory sequences in vivo. Of interest, knockdown of CREBH in liver significantly reduces blood glucose levels without altering expression of genes involved in the ER stress signaling cascades in mice. These data suggest a crucial role for CREBH in the regulation of hepatic glucose metabolism in mammals.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P><P>► PGC-1α/GR activates CREBH expression under fasting or insulin-resistant conditions ► CREBH enhances hepatic gluconeogenesis via a CRTC2-dependent manner ► Depletion of CREBH in the liver ameliorates fasting hyperglycemia in diabetic mice</P>

Poster Session : PS 1510 ; Rheumatology : Postoperative Infection Rates after Surgery with Prosthesis in Patients with Ankylosing Spondylitis Treated by TNF Alpha Blockade Compared to Conventional NSAIDs

( Ki Pyo Kim ),( Joon Young Hur ),( Ji Young Choi ),( Ran Song ),( Sang Wan Chung ),( Yeon Ah Lee ),( Seung Jae Hong ),( Hyung In Yang ),( Sang Hoon Lee ) 대한내과학회 2014 대한내과학회 추계학술대회 Vol.2014 No.1

Background: Some patients with severely advanced ankylosing spondylitis (AS) need to replace or correct destructed joints by surgical treatment. Among these patients, some patients who don’trespond sufficiently to conventional NSAIDs have to be treated by anti-TNF alpha blockades. We reviewed these patients to assess postoperative infection rate after surgery with prosthesis. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of the patients with AS who experienced the surgery with prosthesis in Kyung Hee university hospital at Gangdong in Seoul, South Korea from Mar 2006 to May 2014. Results: Total 307 patients underwent the surgeries such as total hip replacement (THR) or corrective osteotomy of spine. Among them, 25 patients have been treated by TNF alpha blockades after surgery. 9 patients had been treated by TNF alpha blockade before the surgery. Total follow-up period was 4.3±2.3 years per person. Their average ages for surgeries are 35.6± 10.7 years. Among them, 13 patients had THR and the others had corrective osteotomy in spine. 11 patients have been treated by adalimumab, 9 patients have been treated by etanercept and 5 patients have been treated by in. iximab. There was no wound complication associated with infection after the surgery during follow-up period in the group of patients treated by TNF alpha blockade. But in the group of patients who had been treated by conventional NSAIDs, one patient had wound infection after spine surgery. His age was 62 and he had uncontrolled DM. Conclusions: There is no increased risk of infection after the surgeries using prosthesis in patients with AS treated by TNF alpha blockade compared to the patients treated by conventional NSAIDs.

In-vitro Antioxidant and Rat small Intestinal α-glucosidases Inhibitory Activities of Bioactive ingredients isolated from Colored Rice Keun-nun-Jami (Oryza sativa L.) Germ Extracts

Tae-Yang Kim,Hanna Kang,Jin-a Yu,Sung-Gil Hong,Su-Noh Ryu,Young-In Kwon 한국식품영양과학회 2019 한국식품영양과학회 학술대회발표집 Vol.2019 No.10

Small Bowel Infarction by Mesenteric Venous Thrombosis due to Methylenetetrahydrofolate Reductase Gene Mutation

In Young Park,Byoung Joo Do,Jae Sung Ahn,Jae Hyuk Lee,Jun Ho Park,Jin Gu Kang,Bo Kyung Yang,Hyoung Su Kim 순천향대학교 순천향의학연구소 2014 Journal of Soonchunhyang Medical Science Vol.20 No.2

Acute mesenteric venous thrombosis (MVT) is an uncommon form of intestinal ischemia with high mortality and usually occurs in the setting of preexisting comorbidities including thrombophilia and abdominal inflammatory conditions. Hyperhomocysteinemia has been known to be a risk factor for thromboembolism, often located on an unusual site. Considering that homocysteine metabolism is determined genetically to a high degree, a mutant of methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) C677T causes hyperhomocysteinemia, leading to thrombophilia. Until now, there have been few reports of MVT associated with MTHFR gene mutation. We, herein, report a case of small bowel infarction associated with MVT by MTHFR gene mutation in an adult without any other risk factors of thrombophilia.

Development of Models for the Prediction of Electric Power Supply-Demand and the Optimal Operation of Power Plants at Iron and Steel Works

Dae Sung Lee,Dae Ryook Yang,In-Beum Lee,Kun Soo Chang 대한전자공학회 1992 대한전자공학회 학술대회 Vol.1992 No.10

In order to achieve stable and efficient use of energy at iron and steel works, a model for the prediction of supply and demand of electric power system is developed on the basis of the information on operation and particular patterns of electric power consumption. The optimal amount of electric power to be purchased and the optimal fuel allocation for the in-house electric power plants are also obtained by a mixed-integer linear programming(MILP) and a nonlinear programming(NLP) solutions, respectively. The validity and the effectiveness of the proposed model are investigated by several illustrative examples. The simulation results show the satisfactory energy saving by the optimal solution obtained through this reseach.

화학교사와 예비화학교사의 삼투압에 대한 분자적 이해 과정 분석

이인정 ( In Jeong Lee ),양성호 ( Sung Ho Yang ) 한국현장과학교육학회 2021 현장과학교육 Vol.15 No.5

인지 면담을 통해 화학교사 및 예비화학교사들이 삼투압을 설명하는 과정을 분자 수준에서 분석함으로써, 그에 필요한 요소들을 조사하였다. 입자의 존재와 입자의 운동은 기본적으로 이해하고 있는 지식이었으며, 입자 간 상호작용도 삼투압을 분자 수준에서 이해하기 위한 기본 지식에 속하였다. 삼투압을 분자 수준에서 설명할 수 없게 만드는 원인을 분석하여, 용질-용매 상호 작용 무시와 용매 입자의 무시가 삼투압을 분자 수준에서 이해하기 위한 필수적인 요소임을 확인하였다. 삼투압을 분자 수준에서 이해하는 데 어려움을 겪은 주된 이유는 현상에 대한 이상화가 이루어지지 않기 때문으로 해석하였다. 기체와 액체 용액이라는 확연히 달라 보이는 현상이 하나의 식으로 환원되는 과정을 학교 현장에 적용함으로써, 과학적 모델링을 쉽게 이해하게 할 수 있을 것으로 기대한다. Through cognitive interviews, in-service and pre-service chemistry teachers’ explaining process on osmotic pressure have been analyzed in the respect of molecular understanding. It was found that to know the presence of particles, their randomized motion, and interaction between particles were basic knowledges. Analysis of the reason that they did not explain the osmotic pressure in terms of a molecular level revealed that ignorance of solute-solvent interaction and subsequent ignorance of solvent molecule were essential factors for understanding of osmotic pressure in a molecular level. It is explained that a lack of teachers’ molecular understanding is caused by lack of scientific idealization. It is expected that school students can readily experience scientific modeling by learning the process reducing apparently different phenomena like gas and liquid solution into an identical equation.