從韓國大學生漢字問題思考韓國漢字敎學

孔艶(Kong Yan),朴炯春(Park, Hyeong-chun) 중국어문학연구회 2013 중국어문학논집 Vol.0 No.81

한국 대학에서 제2외국어로서의 중국어 교육에 사용하는 한자는 주로 간체자이다. 간체자는 기존 한자를 기초로 1960년대 이후 중국 대륙에서 사용되고 있다. 그러나 한국의 중고교 단계에서, 혹은 개별적으로라도 충분한 한자 학습 없이 대학에 진학해 중국어를 배우기 위해 처음 간체자를 접할 경우, 전공자든 비전공자든 많은 어려움에 직면하게 된다. 발음, 성조는 차치하더라도, 특히 쓰기 측면에서, 필획, 자형, 한자 구조 등에 대한 이해가 부족해 여러 문제점을 노출한다. 대표적인 문제점은 한자 필획 무시하고 쓰기, 내리 긋고 삐쳐 올리기 안 하기, 삐침정도 부족하게 쓰기 등이 있다. 이밖에 발음이 같은 글자를 혼용해서 쓰기도 하고, 전혀 없는 글자를 자의적으로 만들기도 하며, 획 부족하게 쓰기, 심지어 좌우 편방을 거꾸로 쓰는 등의 문제점이 나타난다. 이에 본 논문은 대학생이 중국어를 배움에 있어서 한자 사전 지식에 대한 미비로 나타나는 한자 쓰기상의 문제점을 지적하고, 그 원인을 분석한 다음 교수법, 교재 선택, 학습자 태도 측면에서 각각에 해결 방법을 제안하였다.

Increase in Hypotonic Stress-Induced Endocytic Activity in Macrophages via ClC-3

Yan, Yutao,Ding, Yu,Ming, Bingxia,Du, Wenjiao,Kong, Xiaoling,Tian, Li,Zheng, Fang,Fang, Min,Tan, Zheng,Gong, Feili Korean Society for Molecular and Cellular Biology 2014 Molecules and cells Vol.37 No.5

Extracellular hypotonic stress can affect cellular function. Whether and how hypotonicity affects immune cell function remains to be elucidated. Macrophages are immune cells that play key roles in adaptive and innate in immune reactions. The purpose of this study was to investigate the role and underlying mechanism of hypotonic stress in the function of bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs). Hypotonic stress increased endocytic activity in BMDMs, but there was no significant change in the expression of CD80, CD86, and MHC class II molecules, nor in the secretion of TNF-${\alpha}$ or IL-10 by BMDMs. Furthermore, the enhanced endocytic activity of BMDMs triggered by hypotonic stress was significantly inhibited by chloride channel-3 (ClC-3) siRNA. Our findings suggest that hypotonic stress can induce endocytosis in BMDMs and that ClC-3 plays a central role in the endocytic process.

Modification of Fe/Cu Multilayers under 2-MeV Xe20+ Irradiation

Kong-Fang Wei,Zhi-Guang Wang,Jie Gou,Yan-Bin Sheng,Gen-Ming Jin,Hang Zang,Cun-Feng Yao,Yi-Zhun Ma,Tie-Long Shen 한국물리학회 2009 THE JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN PHYSICAL SOCIETY Vol.55 No.6

Multilayers with a structure of Si/[Fe(10 nm)/Cu(10 nm)]5 were deposited on Si(100) substrates and then irradiated at room temperature by using 2-MeV Xe20+. The modifications of the multilayers were characterized using a depth profile analysis of the Auger electron spectroscopy (AES) data and the evolution of crystallite structures of the multilayers were analyzed by using X-ray diffraction (XRD). The AES depth profiles indicated that de-mixing of the Fe and the Cu layers was observed at low ion fluences, but inter-mixing of the Fe and the Cu layers was found at high ion fluences and destroyed the layered structure of the multilayers. The obtained XRD patterns showed that, after irradiation by 2-MeV Xe20+ at 2 × 1016 ions/cm2, the peaks of the multilayers related to a Cu-based fcc solid solution and an Fe-based bcc solid solution phase became visible, which implied that the inter-mixing at the Fe/Cu interface resulted in the formation of new phases. A possible mechanism of modification in the Fe/Cu multilayers induced by ion irradiation is briefly discussed. Multilayers with a structure of Si/[Fe(10 nm)/Cu(10 nm)]5 were deposited on Si(100) substrates and then irradiated at room temperature by using 2-MeV Xe20+. The modifications of the multilayers were characterized using a depth profile analysis of the Auger electron spectroscopy (AES) data and the evolution of crystallite structures of the multilayers were analyzed by using X-ray diffraction (XRD). The AES depth profiles indicated that de-mixing of the Fe and the Cu layers was observed at low ion fluences, but inter-mixing of the Fe and the Cu layers was found at high ion fluences and destroyed the layered structure of the multilayers. The obtained XRD patterns showed that, after irradiation by 2-MeV Xe20+ at 2 × 1016 ions/cm2, the peaks of the multilayers related to a Cu-based fcc solid solution and an Fe-based bcc solid solution phase became visible, which implied that the inter-mixing at the Fe/Cu interface resulted in the formation of new phases. A possible mechanism of modification in the Fe/Cu multilayers induced by ion irradiation is briefly discussed.

Capacitation-associated Changes in Protein-tyrosine-phosphorylation, Hyperactivation and Acrosome Reaction in Guinea Pig Sperm

Kong, Li-Juan,Shao, Bo,Wang, Gen-Lin,Dai, Ting-Ting,Xu, Lu,Huang, Jing-Yan Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 2008 Animal Bioscience Vol.21 No.2

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of $Ca^{2+}$, $HCO_3{^-}$ and BSA on the in vitro capacitation-associated protein tyrosine phosphorylation, hyperactivation and acrosome reaction in guinea pig sperm. Caudal epididymal sperm were incubated in four different groups: modified TALP (Tyrode's albumin lactate pyruvate) or TALP without one of the medium constituents ($Ca^{2+}$, $HCO_3{^-}$ and BSA). After incubation for the required time (0 h, 0.5 h, 1 h, 3 h, 5 h, and 7 h), sperm were removed for further experiment. The capacitation effect was assessed by CTC (Chlortetracycline) staining. Western blotting and indirect immunofluorescence were used to analyze the level and localization of tyrosine phosphorylation. The results showed that guinea pig sperm underwent a time-dependent increase in protein tyrosine phosphorylation during the in vitro capacitation and the percentage of protein tyrosine phosphorylated sperm increased from 36% to 92% from the beginning of incubation to 7 h incubation. Also, there was a shift in the site of phosphotyrosine-specific fluorescence from the head of sperm to both the head and the flagellum. Moreover, an absence of $Ca^{2+}$ or $HCO_3{^-}$ inhibited in vitro hyperactivation and acrosome reaction and decreased the phosphorylation of the proteins throughout the period of in vitro capacitation. However, an absence of BSA could not influence these processes if substituted by polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) in the medium.

Inhibition of Growth and Induction of Differentiation of SMMC-7721 Human Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cells by Oncostatin M

Kong, N.,Zhang, X.M.,Wang, H.T.,Mu, X.P.,Han, H.Z.,Yan, W.Q. Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention 2013 Asian Pacific journal of cancer prevention Vol.14 No.2

Oncostatin M (OSM) is a multifunctional cellular regulator acting on a wide variety of cells, which has potential roles in the regulation of gene activation, cell survival, proliferation and differentiation. Previous studies have shown that OSM can induce morphological and/or functional differentiation and maturation of many tumor cells. However, the action of OSM on the induction of differentiation of human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) has not been reported. Here, we investigated the effects of different concentrations of OSM on human HCC cell line SMMC-7721 growth, proliferation, cell cycling, apoptosis and differentiation in vitro. Cell growth was determined via MTT assay, proliferation by cell cycle analysis, apoptosis by flow cytometry, morphology by transmission electronic microscopy, and cell function by detection of biochemical markers. Our results demonstrated that OSM strongly inhibited the growth of SMMC-7721 cells in a dose-dependent manner, associated with decreased clonogenicity. Cell cycle analysis revealed a decreased proportion of cells in S phase, with arrest at G0/G1. The apotosis rate was increased after OSM treatment compared to the control. These changes were associated with striking changes in cellular morphology, toward a more mature hepatic phenotype, accompanied by significant reduction of the expression of AFP and specific activity of ${\gamma}$-GT, with remarkable increase in secretion of albumin and ALP activity. Taken together, our findings indicate that OSM could induce the differentiation and reduce cell viability of SMMC-7721 cells, suggesting that differentiation therapy with OSM offers the opportunity for therapeutic intervention in HCC.

Task - based Spectrum Sharing for Cognitive Radio

Kong Hai Xiang,Yan Jiao,Inwhee Joe 한국통신학회 2018 한국통신학회 학술대회논문집 Vol.2018 No.11

[Keynotes] Development of Solar Energy in China

Kong Li,Yan Luguang 한국태양에너지학회 2004 한국태양에너지학회 학술대회논문집 Vol.- No.-

Two New Bithiophenes Derivatives Multielectrochromic Copolymer Based on Triphenylamine Unit and Their Application for Electrochromic Devices

Yan Zhang,Lingqian Kong,Xuezhong Liu,Chunlei Wang,Jinsheng Zhao 대한화학회 2016 Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society Vol.37 No.8

Two monomers including 4,4′,4″-tris(3-methoxythiophene-2-yl)triphenylamine (M1) and 4,4′,4″-tris(3,4-dimethoxythiophene-2-yl)triphenylamine (M2) with triphenylamine as their core were synthesized and the corresponding polymers were obtained by electrochemical polymerization. Their electrochemical properties were investigated using scanning electron microscopy, UV–Vis, and cyclic voltammetry. It was found that the two polymers had reversible redox behavior with the different color change under the applied potentials. Both the polymers displayed high switching efficiency and optical contrast. Moreover, the corresponding electrochromic devices (ECDs) employing the synthesized polymers and poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) were constructed. The spectroelectrochemical experiments illustrated that the ECDs exhibited fast response time, reasonable optical contrast, favorable optical memories, and redox stability.

Sulforaphane Ameliorates Diabetes-Induced Renal Fibrosis through Epigenetic Up-Regulation of BMP-7

Lili Kong,Hongyue Wang,Chenhao Li,Huiyan Cheng,Yan Cui,Li Liu,Ying Zhao 대한당뇨병학회 2021 Diabetes and Metabolism Journal Vol.45 No.6

Background: The dietary agent sulforaphane (SFN) has been reported to reduce diabetes-induced renal fibrosis, as well as inhibit histone deacetylase (HDAC) activity. Bone morphologic protein 7 (BMP-7) has been shown to reduce renal fibrosis induced by transforming growth factor-beta1. The aim of this study was to investigate the epigenetic effect of SFN on BMP-7 expression in diabetes-induced renal fibrosis.Methods: Streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic mice and age-matched controls were subcutaneously injected with SFN or vehicle for 4 months to measure the in vivo effects of SFN on the kidneys. The human renal proximal tubular (HK11) cell line was used to mimic diabetic conditions in vitro. HK11 cells were transfected to over-express HDAC2 and treated with high glucose/palmitate (HG/Pal) to explore the epigenetic modulation of BMP-7 in SFN-mediated protection against HG/Pal-induced renal fibrosis.Results: SFN significantly attenuated diabetes-induced renal fibrosis in vivo. Among all of the HDACs we detected, HDAC2 activity was markedly elevated in the STZ-induced diabetic kidneys and HG/Pal-treated HK11 cells. SFN inhibited the diabetes-induced increase in HDAC2 activity which was associated with histone acetylation and transcriptional activation of the BMP-7 promoter. HDAC2 over-expression reduced BMP-7 expression and abolished the SFN-mediated protection against HG/Pal-induced fibrosis in vitro.Conclusion: Our study demonstrates that the HDAC inhibitor SFN protects against diabetes-induced renal fibrosis through epigenetic up-regulation of BMP-7.

Purification and Biochemical Characterization of a Novel Fibrinolytic Enzyme from Streptomyces sp. P3

( Guang Yan Cheng ),( Li Ying He ),( Zhi Bin Sun ),( Zhong Li Cui ),( Ying Xiang Du ),( Yi Kong ) 한국미생물 · 생명공학회 2015 Journal of microbiology and biotechnology Vol.25 No.9

A novel proteolytic enzyme with fibrinolytic activity, FSP3, was purified from the recently isolated Streptomyces sp. P3, which is a novel bacterial strain isolated from soil. FSP3 was purified to electrophoretic homogeneity by ammonium sulfate precipitation, anion exchange, and gel filtration. FSP3 is considered to be a single peptide chain with a molecular mass of 44 kDa. The maximum activity of the enzyme was observed at 50°C and pH 6.5, and the enzyme was stable between pH 6 and 8 and below 40°C. In a fibrin plate assay, FSP3 showed more potent fibrinolytic activity than urokinase, which is a clinical thrombolytic agent acting as a plasminogen activitor. The activity was strongly inhibited by the serine protease inhibitor PMSF, indicating that it is a serine protease. Additionally, metal ions showed different effects on the activity. It was significantly suppressed by Mg2+ and Ca2+ and completely inhibited by Cu2+, but slightly enhanced by Fe2+. According to LC-MS/MS results, its partial amino acid sequences are significantly dissimilar from those of previously reported fibrinolytic enzymes. The sequence of a DNA fragment encoding FSP3 contained an open reading frame of 1287 base pairs encoding 428 amino acids. FSP3 is a bifunctional enzyme in nature. It hydrolyzes the fibrin directly and activates plasminogen, which may reduce the occurrence of side effects. These results suggest that FSP3 is a novel serine protease with potential applications in thrombolytic therapy.