Benford’s law and first letter of words

Yan, Xiaoyong,Yang, Seong-Gyu,Kim, Beom Jun,Minnhagen, Petter Elsevier 2018 PHYSICA A-STATISTICAL MECHANICS AND ITS APPLICATIO Vol.512 No.-

<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>A universal First-Letter Law (FLL) is derived and described. It predicts the percentages of first letters for words in novels. The FLL is akin to Benford’s law (BL) of first digits, which predicts the percentages of first digits in a data collection of numbers. Both are universal in the sense that FLL only depends on the numbers of letters in the alphabet, whereas BL only depends on the number of digits in the base of the number system. The existence of these types of universal laws appears counter-intuitive. Nonetheless both describe data very well. Relations to some earlier works are given. FLL predicts that an English author on the average starts about 16 out of 100 words with the English letter ‘<I>t</I>’. This is corroborated by data, yet an author can freely write anything. Fuller implications and the applicability of FLL remain for the future.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> Show that the first letters in many English novels follow a universal frequency ladder. </LI> <LI> Show that the universal frequency ladder only depends on the number of letters in the alphabet. </LI> <LI> Point out the similarity to Benford’s law and the number of digits. </LI> </UL> </P>

Multi-hop Range-Free Localization Algorithm For Wireless Sensor Network Using Principal Component Regression

Xianghong Tian,Wei Zhao,Xiaoyong Yan 보안공학연구지원센터 2015 International Journal of Grid and Distributed Comp Vol.8 No.1

In this paper, a novel approach to multi-hop range-free localization algorithm in wireless sensor network is proposed using principal component regression. The localization problem in the wireless sensor network is formulated as a multiple regression problem, which is resolved by principal component regression. The proposed methods are simple and efficient that no additional hardware is required for the measurements, and only hop-counts information and location information of the beacons are used for the localization. The proposed method consists of two phases: the offline training phase and the online localization phase. In offline training phase, the real distances and the hop-counts among sensor nodes are collected to build localization model. In online localization phase, each unknown sensor node finds its own location using the localization model. The experimental results show that compared with previous localization methods, the proposed method exhibits excellent and robust performances not only in the isotropic sensor networks but also in the anisotropic sensor networks.

Rehmannioside D mitigates disease progression in rats with experimental-induced diminished ovarian reserve via Forkhead Box O1/KLOTHO axis

Yan Liang,Huimin Wang,Jin Chen,Lingyan Chen,Xiaoyong Chen 대한약리학회 2023 The Korean Journal of Physiology & Pharmacology Vol.27 No.2

This study aims to explore the impact of Rehmannioside D (RD) on ovarian functions of rats with diminished ovarian reserve (DOR) and its underlying mechanisms of action. A single injection of cyclophosphamide was performed to establish a DOR rat model, and fourteen days after the injection, the rats were intragastrically administrated with RD for two weeks. Rat estrus cycles were tested using vaginal smears. Ovarian tissues were histologically evaluated, the number of primordial, mature, and atretic follicles was calculated, and the apoptotic rate of granulosa cells. Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), and estradiol (E2) levels were determined by ELISA assays. Protein levels of Forkhead Box O1 (FOXO1), KLOTHO, Bcl-2, and Bax were investigated in ovarian tissues of DOR rats. The binding between FOXO1 and KLOTHO was verified by ChIP assay. High-dose administration of RD into DOR rats improved their estrus cycles, increased ovarian index, enhanced the number of primordial and mature follicles, reduced the number of atretic follicle number, and ovarian granulosa cell apoptosis in addition to inhibiting FSH and LH levels and upregulating E2 expression. FOXO1 and KLOTHO were significantly suppressed in DOR rats. FOXO1 knockdown partially suppressed the protective effects of RD on DOR rats, and KLOTHO overexpression could restore RD-induced blockade of DOR development despite knocking down FOXO1. FOXO1 antibody enriched KLOTHO promoter, and the binding between them was reduced in DOR group compared to that in sham group. RD improved ovarian functions in DOR rats and diminished granulosa cell apoptosis via the FOXO1/KLOTHO axis

Analysis of Free Amino Acids during Fermentation by Bacillus subtilis Using Capillary Electrophoresis

Yanli Ren,Jinyan Zhou,Xiaoyong Zhang,Zhidong Li,Juan Zhong,Jie Yang,Tan Xu,Hong Tan 한국생물공학회 2012 Biotechnology and Bioprocess Engineering Vol.17 No.6

A high performance capillary electrophoresis (HPCE) method was presented to identify and quantitate free amino acids during fermentation by Bacillus subtilis. Amino acids, pre-column derivatized with phenylisothicyanate,were separated and characterized by HPCE. In order to optimize separation conditions, the assay was developed by varying the β-cyclodextrin concentration and pH of the background electrolyte. A buffer system comprising 30 mM phosphate and 3 mM β-cyclodextrin at pH 7.0, voltage of 20 kV and detection wavelength of 254 nm showed the best results, with 17 out of 20phenylthioncarbamyl amino acids in a solution adequately separated. For quantification, p-aminobenzoic acid was added as an internal standard. Analysis of free amino acids in Bacillus subtilis culture medium using this method revealed good consistency with the values obtained using conventional ninhydrin-based amino acid analyzer. Four free amino acids (aspartic acid, glutamic acid, proline, and tyrosine) concentration in an extracellular matrix during fermentation by Bacillus subtilis were mainly monitored using this method.

Study on Mud-Water Separation Test Technology for Shield Slurry in Underground Tunnel

( Changhong Yan ),( Shulan Guo ),( Liang Wen ),( Liangwei Li ),( Xiaoyong Yang ),( Zhiwei Jin ),( Xuyang Fan ) 대한지질공학회 2019 대한지질공학회 학술발표회논문집 Vol.2019 No.2

The construction of urban subway produced a large amount of slurry with hign moisture content. In order to ensure the stability of the excavation face during the construction of the tunnel shield, prevent the spoil from adhering to the shield cutter, a large amount of additives such as water, bentonite, foaming agent are added to the spoil. Therefore, the slurry has the characteristics of uneven particle composition, high moisture content, low permeability and remarkable plastic flow, and its shear strength is almost zero. The transportation and stacking of slurry can cause environmental pollution and damage the ecological environment. To solve this problem, our research team developed a set of mud-water separation test device to carry out research on mud-water separation technology. The Optimal treatment plan for mud-water separation is given by a large number of laboratory tests: when the moisture content of slurry is relatively high, the vacuum negative pressur is firstly used to discharge the free water. When the moisture content drops below the liquid limit, the electroosmosis and the vacuum negative pressure are combined to discharge the bound water, at which time the moisture content in the slurry is close to the plastic limit, thereby achieving slurry hardening. This method has a fast drainage speed and low cost, and has been successfully applied to the Suzhou Metro. It is not only conducive to the resource utilization of slurry, but more importantly, it can effectively protect the ecological environment.

An Improved Dv-Hop Localization Algorithm Based On Machine Learning For Wireless Sensor Network

Rulin Dou,Xiaoyong YAN 보안공학연구지원센터 2014 International Journal of Future Generation Communi Vol.7 No.5

Evolution Behavior of M23C6 Carbides Under Different Hot Deformation Conditions in Alloy 602 CA

Xiaoyu Qin,Xiaojun Yan,Dawei Huang,Xiaoyong Zhang,Mingjing Qi,Stephen Yue 대한금속·재료학회 2019 METALS AND MATERIALS International Vol.25 No.6

Alloy 602 CA is a M23C6carbides strengthened Nickel-based superalloy. In this alloy, M23C6is different from that found inother superalloys because of its high volume fraction, wide size distribution and distinct precipitation locations. To investigateM23C6evolution behaviors during hot deformation in Alloy 602 CA, a series of tests are carried out in this study. Thetest temperature ranges from 900 to 1100 °C and strain rate ranges from 0.001 to 0.1 s−1, with a true strain of 0.7. It is foundthat hot deformation of the material decreases the distance between carbides which leads merging happening to changethe morphology of primary M23C6. Secondary carbides mainly come from the dissolution of large primary carbides andprecipitate along grain boundaries and twin boundaries which impede dynamic recrystallization (DRX) from happening. Volume fractions of M23C6decrease from 900 to 1100 °C. At 900 °C and 1100 °C, the precipitation equilibrium is reachedin the preheating period before hot deformation and deformation only change the size distribution of carbides. 1000 °C isa transition temperature where the volume fraction decreases as strain rate increases. The temperature rise initiated by adiabaticheating has a great influence on this precipitation behavior.

Construction of Phenol/O2 Fuel Cell with CuO/MWCNTs Modified Electrode as Anode

Shuhui Liu,Yuan Wu,Yonglei Xing,Yan Hai,Juan Peng,Gang Ni,Xiaoyong Jin 성균관대학교(자연과학캠퍼스) 성균나노과학기술원 2019 NANO Vol.14 No.10

Traditional biofuel cells (BFCs) are devices that use biological catalysts to catalyze the oxidation of organic materials and in the meantime convert chemical energy into electrical energy. In this work, a nonenzymatic catalyst that integrated copper oxide with multi-walled carbon nanotubes (CuO/MWCNTs) was synthesized by a simple solvothermal method, and the composites show an outstanding electrocatalytic activity for oxidation of phenol due to the synergistical contribution of CuO nanoparticles and MWCNTs. The effects of the pH, concentration of electrolyte and phenol and scan rate on the phenol oxidation are investigated. Benefitting from the excellent performance toward phenol oxidation, a H-type phenol fuel cell was fabricated with CuO/MWCNTs as anode material and electro-deposited platinum film as cathode material. The results show that the phenol fuel cell has an open-circuit potential (OCP) of 0.69 V and can produce a maximum power density of 0.25 mW · cm -2 at 0.44 V with 500 mg · L -1 phenol and 0.1 mol · L -1 PBS. The stability test revealed that the fuel cell could still deliver about 0.24 mW · cm -2 after repeating the test for five times, indicating that the fuel cell has good stability.

Compressive Properties of Electron Beam Melted Ti–6Al–4V Porous Meshes with Different Struts Distributions

Zhiwei Liu,Mingjing Qi,Xiaoyu Qin,Dawei Huang,Xiaoyong Zhang,Xiaojun Yan 대한금속·재료학회 2020 METALS AND MATERIALS International Vol.26 No.7

Structural collapse caused by uneven stress distribution is one of the main failure modes of Electron Beam Melted (EBM)Ti–6Al–4V porous meshes for medical bone implantation. In this paper, two types of porous meshes with different strutsdistributions are fabricated by EBM methods and experimentally studied through uniaxial compression tests. The first type(mesh 1) with simplified struts distribution consists of horizontal, vertical and diagonal struts, which are connected by onenode. The second type (mesh 2) has relatively complicated struts distribution with four structural nodes connected by vertical,horizontal and diagonal struts, and the inclined struts with an angle of 15° to the vertical or horizontal direction. Themechanical properties of solid Ti–6Al–4V alloy are also tested as reference for model-fitting analysis and the test resultsshow that the EBM specimen can achieve comparable tensile strength (1186.5 MPa) and elastic modulus (106.4 GPa) asthat of forging specimen. For the porous meshes, the deformation behavior of the struts along the load orientation is dominatedby buckling mechanism and the deformation behavior of the struts inclined to the load orientation is governed byboth buckling and bending mechanisms. The test results indicate that mesh 1 with relatively less inclined struts can achievebetter compressive resistance than mesh 2 when taking the factor of mesh density into consideration. Such results indicate asimple yet meaningful view that struts distributions of the porous meshes should be designed and optimized based on theirstress distribution conditions.