The Treatment of Electronic Commerce under International Instruments and Chinese Law

Shi Xiaoli 전북대학교 동북아법연구소 2009 동북아법연구 Vol.3 No.2

전자통신 기술의 응용에 따라서 전자상거래는 전세계적으로 유례를 찾아볼 수 없는 속도로 급격히 발전하고 있다. 국제 전자 상거래의 순조로운 발전을 위하여 UNCITRAL은 일련의 법률을 제정하였다. 대표적으로 전자상거래모델법, 전자서명모델법 및 전자통신사용에 관한 국제조약 등을 예로 들 수 있다. 주목해야 할 것은, 전자상거래모델법이나 전자서명모델법 등은 법적 구속력을 갖고 있지 않은 단순한 권고적 성격이 강하다. 또한 전자통신사용에 관한 국제조약은 공약 형식으로 제정한 것이긴 한데, 현재까지 이 조약에 서명한 18개 국가(중국과 한국 포함하여)중 이 조약을 비준한 국가는 단 한 국가도 없다. 그러므로 이 조약은 여전히 효력을 발휘하지 못하고 있다. 이 밖에 중국 전자상거래 발전을 촉진시키기 위해 제정된 중국합동법은 전자 합동 계약 체결의 문제에 대해 원칙적 규정을 만들어 내었을 뿐만 아니라 전자상거래와 관련하여 문제가 되는 전자서명법의 구체적인 모범 규칙을 공포하였다. 이에 본 논문은 전자상거래에 관한 국제적인 입법의 진행과 함께 중국의 진행상황을 정리한 후 몇가지 문제점들을 분석하고자 한다. 첫째는 전자상거래모델법과 전자서명모델법이 국제관례의 성질을 가지고 있는지, 전자적 방법으로 거래하는 당사자가 위에서 상술한 모델법으로 전자상거래에 관한 분쟁을 해결하는 법률로서 이용될 수 있는가 하는 점이다. 두번째는 국제계약에서 전자적 통신의 사용에 관한 UN협약에 국제물품매매계약에 관한 UN협약이 그 초안으로 간주될 수 있는가도 문제된다. 국제계약에서 전자적 통신의 사용에 관한 UN협약이 서로 다른 국가의 거래당사자 간의 서명과 실행을 통한 계약체결의 범위를 그 영업지위에 따라 제한하는 것이 지나치게 좁은 것이 아닌가 하는점이다. 또 이러한 규정의 적용이 동조약 제20조와 상호 모순된다는 비판도 제기된다. 마지막으로 중국 전자상거래법이 가지는 특징을 국제조약과 비교하여 검토하고자 한다. 이를 통하여 국제적·국내적 전자상거래의 입법의 발전 방향을 도모하고자 하는 것이다.

Decomposition and Reconstruction of Protein Sequences: The Problem of Uniqueness and Factorizable Langauge

Xiaoli Shi,Bailin Hao,Huimin Xie,Shuyu Zhang 한국물리학회 2007 THE JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN PHYSICAL SOCIETY Vol.50 No.1I

In our attempt to justify the CVTree approach of inferring phylogenetic relationship among bacteria from their complete genomes without using sequence alignment, we encountered the problem of the uniqueness of the reconstruction of a protein sequence from its constituent K-peptides, which has a natural relation to a well-understood problem in graph theory, namely, the number of Eulerian loops in a graph. The existence of finite state automata to recognize the uniqueness of a sequence reconstruction provides us with yet another application of factorizable language, which was elucidated at a previous Dynamics Days Asia Pacific meeting (DDAP1).

PRECURSORS-DECOMPOSITED SYNTHESIS AND VISIBLE-LIGHT-RESPONSE PHOTOCATALYSTIC PROPERTIES OF UNIFORM POROUS Bi 2 O 3 NANOSPHERES

XIAOLI SUN,JIANGGUO GUAN,WEIDONG SHI,HAO TU,LEILEI XU,YAN YAN 성균관대학교(자연과학캠퍼스) 성균나노과학기술원 2014 NANO Vol.9 No.6

The Bi 2 O 3 sphere-like precursors were ¯rst synthesized through a simple hydrothermal reactionin the mixture of sodium cholate (SC) and hydrogen peroxide. Thermal decomposition of theseprecursors would result in the formation of the uniform porous Bi 2 O 3 nanospheres with diametersof ca. 80 nm in air at 500?C. The amount of added H 2 O 2 and the reaction time were found to playimportant roles in the formation of Bi 2 O 3 sphere-like precursors. The as-prepared porous Bi 2 O 3nanospheres exhibited a very excellent photocatalytic activity for the degradation of rhodamineB (RB) and methyl blue (MB) dyes under visible-light irradiation, which could be attributed totheir narrow band gap and high surface area.

Photoelectrocatalytic Degradation of Phenol Using a TiO₂/Ni Thin-film Electrode

Xiaoli, Yan,Huixiang, Shi,Dahui, Wang 한국화학공학회 2003 Korean Journal of Chemical Engineering Vol.20 No.4

As a new type of photoelectrode, TiO₂/Ni thin-film electrode was prepared by dip-coating technique. The structural and surface morphology of electrode was examined by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscope (SEM). Effects of initial phenol concentration, pH value, number of film layers, voltage of electrical bias applied, variation of inorganic salt type and types of dissolved gas on the photoelectrocatalytic (PEC) degradation of phenol using ultraviolet (UV) illuminated TiO₂/Ni thin-film electrode were investigated. The mechanism of PEC degradation of phenol was also studied by analyzing reaction intermediates.

Cryptotanshinone inhibits TNF-α-induced LOX-1 expression by suppressing reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation in endothelial cells

Xiaoli Ran,Wenwen Zhao,Wenping Li,Jingshan Shi,Xiuping Chen 대한생리학회-대한약리학회 2016 The Korean Journal of Physiology & Pharmacology Vol.20 No.4

Cryptotanshinone (CPT) is a natural compound isolated from traditional Chinese medicine Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge. In the present study, the regulatory effect and potential mechanisms of CPT on tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) induced lectin-like receptor for oxidized low density lipoprotein (LOX-1) were investigated. Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) were cultured and the effect of TNF-α on LOX-1 expression at mRNA and protein levels was determined by Real-time PCR and Western blotting respectively. The formation of intracellular ROS was determined with fluorescence probe CM-DCFH2-DA. The endothelial ox-LDL uptake was evaluated with DiI-ox-LDL. The effect of CPT on LOX-1 expression was also evaluated with SD rats. TNF-α induced LOX-1 expression in a dose- and time- dependent manner in endothelial cells. TNF-α induced ROS formation, phosphorylation of NF-κB p65 and ERK, and LOX-1 expression, which were suppressed by rotenone, DPI, NAC, and CPT. NF-κB inhibitor BAY11-7082 and ERK inhibitor PD98059 inhibited TNF-α-induced LOX-1 expression. CPT and NAC suppressed TNF-α-induced LOX-1 expression and phosphorylation of NF-κB p65 and ERK in rat aorta. These data suggested that TNF-α induced LOX-1 expression via ROS activated NF-κB/ERK pathway, which could be inhibited by CPT. This study provides new insights for the anti-atherosclerotic effect of CPT.

Aero-optical effects in the hypersonic flow field

Shi, Ketian,Miao, Wenbo,Li, Pengfei,Chen, Xiaoli The Society for Aerospace System Engineering 2015 International Journal of Aerospace System Engineer Vol.2 No.1

Aero-optical effects induced by the flow around the optical window degrade the performance of the IR seeker, especially for the hypersonic flow. For the thermochemical non-equilibrium flow, index of refraction model and optical transmission calculation method are developed to predict the aero-optical effects. The optical distortion is discussed for the typical optical widow shape and flow condition. The influence on aero-optical effects is analyzed.

Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy-Guided Bladder-Sparing Treatment for Muscle-Invasive Bladder Cancer: Results of a Pilot Phase II Study

Hongzhe Shi,Wen Zhang,Xingang Bi,Dong Wang,Zejun Xiao,Youyan Guan,Kaopeng Guan,Jun Tian,Hongsong Bai,Linjun Hu,Chuanzhen Cao,Weixing Jiang,Zhilong Hu,Jin Zhang,Yan Chen,Shan Zheng,Xiaoli Feng,Changlin 대한암학회 2021 Cancer Research and Treatment Vol.53 No.4

Purpose Reduced quality of life after cystectomy has made bladder preservation a popular research topic for muscle-invasive bladder cancer (MIBC). Previous research has indicated significant tumor downstaging after neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC). However, maximal transurethral resection of bladder tumor (TURBT) was performed before NAC to define the pathology, impacting the real evaluation of NAC. This research aimed to assess real NAC efficacy without interference from TURBT and apply combined modality therapies guided by NAC efficacy. Materials and Methods Patients with cT2-4aN0M0 MIBC were confirmed by cystoscopic biopsy and imaging. NAC efficacy was assessed by imaging, urine cytology, and cystoscopy with multidisciplinary team discussion. Definite responders (≤ T1) underwent TURBT plus concurrent chemoradiotherapy. Incomplete responders underwent radical cystectomy or partial cystectomy if feasible. The primary endpoint was the bladder preservation rate. Results Fifty-nine patients were enrolled, and the median age was 63 years. Patients with cT3-4 accounted for 75%. The median number of NAC cycles was three. Definite responders were 52.5%. The complete response (CR) was 10.2%, and 59.3% of patients received bladder-sparing treatments. With a median follow-up of 44.6 months, the 3-year overall survival (OS) was 72.8%. Three-year OS and relapse-free survival were 88.4% and 60.0% in the bladder-sparing group but only 74.3% and 37.5% in the cystectomy group. The evaluations of preserved bladder function were satisfactory. Conclusion After stratifying MIBC patients by NAC efficacy, definite responders achieved a satisfactory bladder-sparing rate, prognosis, and bladder function. The CR rate reflected the real NAC efficacy for MIBC. This therapy is worth verifying through multicenter research.

Cryptotanshinone inhibits TNF-α-induced LOX-1 expression by suppressing reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation in endothelial cells

Ran, Xiaoli,Zhao, Wenwen,Li, Wenping,Shi, Jingshan,Chen, Xiuping The Korean Society of Pharmacology 2016 The Korean Journal of Physiology & Pharmacology Vol.20 No.4

Cryptotanshinone (CPT) is a natural compound isolated from traditional Chinese medicine Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge. In the present study, the regulatory effect and potential mechanisms of CPT on tumor necrosis factor alpha ($TNF-{\alpha}$) induced lectin-like receptor for oxidized low density lipoprotein (LOX-1) were investigated. Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) were cultured and the effect of $TNF-{\alpha}$ on LOX-1 expression at mRNA and protein levels was determined by Real-time PCR and Western blotting respectively. The formation of intracellular ROS was determined with fluorescence probe $CM-DCFH_2-DA$. The endothelial ox-LDL uptake was evaluated with DiI-ox-LDL. The effect of CPT on LOX-1 expression was also evaluated with SD rats. $TNF-{\alpha}$ induced LOX-1 expression in a dose- and time- dependent manner in endothelial cells. $TNF-{\alpha}$ induced ROS formation, phosphorylation of $NF-{\kappa}B$ p65 and ERK, and LOX-1 expression, which were suppressed by rotenone, DPI, NAC, and CPT. $NF-{\kappa}B$ inhibitor BAY11-7082 and ERK inhibitor PD98059 inhibited $TNF-{\alpha}-induced$ LOX-1 expression. CPT and NAC suppressed $TNF-{\alpha}-induced$ LOX-1 expression and phosphorylation of $NF-{\kappa}B$ p65 and ERK in rat aorta. These data suggested that $TNF-{\alpha}$ induced LOX-1 expression via ROS activated $NF-{\kappa}B/ERK$ pathway, which could be inhibited by CPT. This study provides new insights for the anti-atherosclerotic effect of CPT.

Energy And Environmental Engineering : Photoelectrocatalytic Degradation of Phenol Using a TiO2/Ni Thin-film Electrode

( Yan Xiaoli ),( Shi Huixiang ),( Wang Dahui ) 한국화학공학회 2003 Korean Journal of Chemical Engineering Vol.20 No.4

As a new type of photoelectrode, TiO₂/Ni thin-film electrode was prepared by dip-coating technique. The structural and surface morphology of electrode was examined by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscope (SEM). Effects of initial phenol concentration, pH value, number of film layers, voltage of electrical bias applied, variation of inorganic salt type and types of dissolved gas on the photoelectrocatalytic (PEC) degradation of phenol using ultraviolet (UV) illuminated TiO₂/Ni thin-film electrode were investigated. The mechanism of PEC degradation of phenol was also studied by analyzing reaction intermediates.

Morphological characteristics and gene mapping of a dense panicle (dp2) mutant in rice (Oryza sativa L.)

Yunlong Yang,Chunhai Shi,Yuanfei Zhou,Jianguo Wu,Xiaoli Jin,Jianyao Shou 한국유전학회 2014 Genes & Genomics Vol.36 No.3

A dense panicle mutant (dp2) derived from theOryza sativa ssp. japonica cultivar Nipponbare through ethylmethane sulfonate mutagenesis was used in present study. Compared to the wild type, the panicle of dp2 mutantexhibited more branches and denser grains. Further more, thenumber of spikelets per panicle, number of primary branchesand secondary branches of dp2 mutant were significantlyincreased while the panicle length, and 1,000-grain weightwere significantly decreased. The results from the geneticanalysis indicated that the dense panicle phenotype wascontrolled by a single dominance nuclear gene. Polymorphicanalysis of SSR and InDel markers demonstrated that theDP2 gene was located at the long arm of chromosome 2,which was further mapped between SSR markers RM341and RM13356 in a physical region of 398 kb. Within thisregion, the RCN2 (LOC_Os02g32950) gene which wasannotated relating to the development of rice panicle wasfound. Compared to the wild type, the sequence of RCN2gene in the dp2 mutant showed that two SNPs replacementhad taken place in the promoter region (G–A) and the intronregion (A–T), respectively. The dp2 mutant could be a novelmutant of RCN2 gene and this novel mutant might be usefulfor further studies on this gene.