17세기 말-18세기 초 석실서원의 강학 실제와 특징 -농암 김창협의 강학 활동을 중심으로-

김자운 ( Kim¸ Ja-woon ) 한국서원학회 2020 한국서원학보 Vol.11 No.-

본고에서는 17세기 말부터 18세기 초반까지 김창협을 중심으로 이루어진 석실서원 강학의 실제와 특징을 고찰하고자 한다. 석실서원은 김상용과 김상헌의 충절을 기리기 위해 1656년에 건립되어 조선후기 서울 지역 노론계의 대표적 서원으로 성장하게 된다. 그 계기 중 하나는 ‘충절서원’으로 출발한 석실서원이 ‘강학서원’으로 변모했다는 점에서 찾을 수 있다. 조선후기 사회의 정치적 동향과 안동김씨 가문의 정치적 입지, 당시 서울·경지 지역의 문화적 특징과 서울 학계의 변화 등을 기반으로 김창협 형제는 전통 주자학의 의리론을 고수하던 당시 주류 노론과는 구별되는 매우 독특한 학풍을 지니고 있었고, 석실서원에서의 강학과 교류는 그들의 학풍이 서울 학계에 확산되는 데 핵심적인 역할을 하였다. 또한 김창협 사후 당쟁의 여파로 18세기 초반 한 때 침체되었던 석실서원은 18세기 중반 이래 김원행이 부활시킨 강학활동을 계기로 낙론의 학문을 전파하고 이후 전국 각지에서 정치적, 학문적으로 활발하게 활동한 많은 문인들을 배출함으로써 낙론의 본거지로서 학문적, 정치적 위상을 재정립하게 된다. 지금까지 정치사와 사상사 분야에서는 석실서원에 대한 많은 연구가 이루어졌다. 이를 통해 석실서원의 정치적 성격과 위상, 사상적 특징과 호락논쟁 사이의 연관성, 김원행 학문의 특징과 강학활동, 석실서원을 통한 지식과 지식인의 재생산이 조선후기 북학사상의 태동에 끼친 영향, 낙론 사상의 계승과 변모 양상 등이 상세히 구명되었다. 그러나 석실서원 강학에 대한 선행연구는 주로 김원행이 제정한 석실서원 학규와 강규에 대한 소개, 그리고 김원행 시기의 강학활동에 집중되어 있을 뿐 김창협의 강학활동에 대한 본격적인 연구는 거의 시도된 바 없다. 그 이유는 김창협의 강학에 관련된 직접적인 자료가 없기 때문이다. 이에 본고에서는 『농암집』에 수록된 시, 편지, 제문, 어록, 연보 등에 산견되는 기록을 최대한 검토하여 김창협 시기 이루어진 강학의 일상과 풍경의 단면을 들여다봄으로써 선행연구의 한계를 부분적이나마 보완하고, 17세기 말에서 18세기 초반까지 김창협이 수행한 강학의 실제와 특징을 체계적으로 분석하고자 하였다. Ⅱ장에서는 김창협이 석실서원에서 본격적으로 강학을 시작한 시기, 강학의 운영 주기, 입원 자격과 조건, 강학 참여자들의 출신지역과 계층 및 배경, 서원에 유숙한 기간, 서원에 상주하며 강학에 참여한 문인들의 규모, 입문 절차와 입문 의례, 科業에 종사하는 유생들의 입원 허용 여부, 서원에서 공부한 서책, 강학의 방식과 형태, 강학의 절차와 강학 의례, 서원 공간의 활용, 김창협 부재 시 문인들의 학업 지도 등을 중심으로 김창협이 운영한 석실서원의 강학 실제와 운영 양상을 검토하였다. 이를 통해 18세기 중반 김원행이 수행한 강학활동과의 차이를 일정부분 해명할 수 있었다. Ⅲ장에서는 과거 공부에 대한 김창협의 독특한 시각과 현실 대응관을 조명하였다. 그의 관점이 석실의 문인들을 교육하는 과정에서 구체적으로 어떤 식으로 관철되고 있었는지를 석실 문인들의 과거 공부에 얽힌 몇 가지 일화들을 통해 소개하였다. 또한 과거 공부에 대한 그의 독특한 입장과 현실 대응은 퇴계와 율곡의 관점을 어떤 점에서 절충하고 넘어선 것이었으며, 김원행의 관점과는 어떤 차이를 드러내는지 구명하였다. 또한 김창협이 석실의 문인들에게 강조한 독서법과 공부론에 있어 그의 스승 이단상과 조성기의 관점을 어떤 점에서 계승하고 발전시켰는지를 아울러 검토하였다. 마지막으로 Ⅳ장에서는 김창협 사후 두 차례의 사화를 겪으면서 석실서원이 겪은 수난과 김창협을 이어 이재와 김원행에 의해 석실서원의 학풍과 강학이 어떻게 계승되었는지를 간략히 검토하였다. The purpose of this study is to examine the educational practice and its characteristics at Seoksil-Seowon led by Kim Chang-hyup from the late 17th century to the early 18th century. Seoksil-Seowon was built in 1656 to commemorate the integrity of Kim Sang-yong and Kim Sangheon, and has grown into a representative seowon of the Noron community in Seoul in the late Joseon Dynasty. One of the reasons is that around the 18th century, Seoksil-Seowon changed from a seowon focused on integrity to a seowon focused on education. Based on the political trends of society in the late Joseon Dynasty, the political position of the Andong-Kim family, and cultural characteristics and academic changes in Seoul, Kim Chang-hyup brothers had a very unique philosophy that was distinct from the mainstream Noron at that time, which adhered to Chu Hsi's Neo-Confucianism. And education and exchange at Seoksil-Seowon played a key role in spreading their philosophy to the academic world in Seoul. In addition, Seoksil-Seowon, which was once stagnant in the early 18th century, has reestablished its academic and political status as the home of Nak-hak(洛學) since the mid-18th century. This was thanks to Kim Won-haeng restarting education at Seoksil-Seowon, preaching Nakhak and raising many disciples. So far, many studies have been conducted on Seoksil-Seowon in the fields of history and philosophy. As a result, the historical, political, and ideological characteristics of Seoksil-Seowon were revealed, and Kim Won-haeng's philosophy and his educational activities were introduced. However, the preceding research on education of Seoksil-Seowon mainly dealt with the educational activities of Kim Won-haeng, and little of the educational activities of Kim Chang-hyup. The reason is that there are no direct data related to Kim Chang-hyeop's educational activities. Therefore, this study attempts to examine the practice and characteristics of the education Kim Chang-hyup conducted at Seoksil-Seowon from the end of the 17th century to the early 18th century by reviewing the education-related records in Kim's writings as much as possible. First, in Chapter II, I reviewed when was Kim Chang-hyup first started education at Seoksil-Seowon, who participated in the education, what was the qualification to enter Seoksil-Seowon, and whether those who were preparing for the civil service examination were able to enter, how long they had been educated, what books they studied in the Seowon, and how they were educated. Through this, it was possible to confirm the difference in educational activities between Kim Won-haeng and Kim Chang-hyeop. In Chapter Ⅲ, I examined Kim Chang-hyup's unique perspective on the study for the civil service exam and his self-cultivation theory. And it was confirmed in what point his viewpoint was different from Toegye, Yulgok, and Kim Won-haeng. In the last chapter IV, I reviewed what kind of hardships Seoksil-Seowon suffered and how the educational practice of Seoksil-Seowon changed after Kim Changhy-up died,

일반논문 1 : 김종익의 유언과 경성여자의학전문학교 설립과정

백운기 ( Woon Ki Paik ),김상덕 ( Sang Duk Kim ) 연세대학교 의과대학 의사학과 의학사연구소 2011 연세의사학 Vol.14 No.1

Dr. Rosetta Hall, an American missionary physician, and Dr. Jeong-hee Gil, a young Korean physician, founded the Joseon (Keijo) Women`s Training Institute in 1928. Between 1933 and 1937, Dr. Gil and her husband, Dr. Kim Tak-won, maintained and financed the medical institute. Supporting the institute placed a heavy burden on the young doctors who were just establishing their private medical practice. Despite this burden, they undertook the work necessary to elevate the institute to a full medical college. In order to generate the substantial funds needed to establish the medical college, they created a foundation for the “creation of a women`s medical college” in 1934 and solicited funding. In 1937, a philanthropist interested in furthering education, Mr. Kim Jong-ik, agreed to donate the funding necessary to elevate the institute to a medical college. Mr. Kim, however, unexpectedly contracted dysentery and died. In his will, Mr. Kim bequeathed a portion of his estate to upgrading the institute to a medical college. The executor, contrary to Mr. Kim`s intent as set forth in his will, however, did not use the funds to elevate the institute, but rather established a completely new women`s medial college. The executor`s actions were a clear violation of Drs. Kim`s and Gil`s legal rights as beneficiaries under the will. They, nonetheless, accepted the outcome, because challenging the executor`s actions under Japanese rule would have been futile as Dr. Kim was a noted anti-Japanese patriot well known to the Japanese. Moreover, Sato Gozo had been Dr. Kim`s teacher at the Keijo Medical College. Most importantly, their dream of establishing a women`s medical college in Korea had been realized regardless of how. Regardless of whether the institute had been elevated to a medical college or not, Drs. Kim Tak-won and Gil Jeong-hee made great sacrifices to further the education of women medical doctors in Korea and should be recognized for their great contributions to the creation of Korea Women`s Medical College.

Development of a noninvasive KIM-1-based live-imaging technique in the context of a drug-induced kidney-injury mouse model

Tae-Jun Kwon,Da-Sol Lee,Md. Enamul Haque,Rang-Woon Park,Byungheon Lee,Dongkyu Kim,Yong-Hyun Jeon,Kil-Soo Kim,Sang Kyoon Kim 한국실험동물학회 2021 한국실험동물학회 학술발표대회 논문집 Vol.2021 No.7

The development of reliable methods to diagnose acute kidney injury is essential to allow the adoption of early therapeutic interventions and evaluate their effectiveness. Based on the fact that kidney injury molecule-1 (KIM-1) expression levels in kidneys are markedly upregulated early after a damage event, here we developed a noninvasive KIM- 1-based molecular imaging technique to detect kidney injury. First, we took advantage of a phage-display platform to select small peptides demonstrating a specific high binding affinity to KIM-1. The promising candidate was conjugated with fluorescent probes, and its imaging potential was validated in vitro and in vivo. This peptide, with the sequence CNRRRA, not only showed a high imaging potential in vitro, allowing a strong detection of KIM-1 expressing cells by microscopy and flow cytometry but also generated a strong kidney-specific signal in live-imaging in vivo experiments in the context of a drug-induced kidney-injury mouse model. Our data overall suggest that the CNRRRA peptide is a promising probe to use in the context of in vivo imaging for the detection of KIM-1 overexpression in damaged kidneys.

정상면역을 가진 성인에서 발생한 식도 방선균증

김현수 ( Hyun Soo Kim ),천종운 ( Jong Woon Cheon ),김민수 ( Min Su Kim ),정창길 ( Chang Kil Jung ),김경록 ( Kyung Rok Kim ),최재원 ( Jae Won Choi ),강동우 ( Dong Woo Kang ),김선영 ( Sun Young Kim ) 대한소화기학회 2013 대한소화기학회지 Vol.61 No.2

Hyun Soo Kim, Jong Woon Cheon, Min Su Kim, Chang Kil Jung, Kyung Rok Kim, Jae Won Choi, Dong Woo Kang and Sun Young Kim1 Departments of Internal Medicine and Pathology1, DongKang Medical Center, Ulsan, Korea Actinomycosis is a chronic suppurative disease and caused by Actinomycosis species, principally Actinomyces israelii, which are part of the normal inhabitant on the mucous membrane of the oropharynx, gastrointestinal tract, and urogenital tract. It usually affects cervicofacial, thoracic and abdominal tissue. Cervicofacial type has the highest percentage of occurrence with 50%. Actinomycosis frequently occurs following dental extraction, jaw surgery, chronic infection or poor oral hygiene. It may also be considered as an opportunistic infection in immunocompromised patients such as malignancy, human immunodeficiency virus infection, diabetes mellitus, steroid usage or alcoholism. But, actinomycosis rarely occurs in adults with normal immunity and rare in the esophagus. We report an unusual case of esophageal actinomycosis which was developed in a patient with normal immunity and improved by therapy with intravenous penicillin G followed oral amoxicillin, and we also reviewed the associated literature.

강변여과에서 파일럿규모 수평집수관의 수두분포 연구

정재민(Jae Min Jeong),박재영(Jae Young Park),이종진(Jong Jin Lee),김용운(Yong Woon Kim),김승현(Seung Hyun Kim) 大韓環境工學會 2013 대한환경공학회지 Vol.35 No.5

강변여과용 수평집수관을 모사하는 파일럿 규모의 모래통 실험을 수행하였으며, 다양한 출구유속에 대한 수평집수관에서의 수두분포를 구하였다. Kim24)이 수행한 실험실 규모의 수평집수관에서의 손실수두에 Kim25)이 개발한 이론 즉, 작은 규모의 수평집수관에서의 손실수두로부터 큰 집수관의 손실수두를 계산하는 방법을 적용하여 본 연구의 관측치와 비교함으로써 Kim25)의 이론이 타당함을 알 수 있었다. 또한, 이들의 이론을 적용하여 본 연구에서의 관측치로부터 실규모 집수관에서의 수두분포를 구하는 방안을 예를 들어 설명함으로써 강변여과의 수평집수관 설계방법을 제시하였다. A pilot-scale sand-box experiment simulating a lateral of collector well used in riverbank filtration was performed, and hydraulic head distributions along the lateral were measured according to the various drawdowns at the well. The results of this experiment were compared to the predicted values obtained using a theory previously developed by Kim25) in order for its validation. This theory predicts the head loss in a large-scale lateral given the loss in a small-scale one, and to have actual values for comparison, the results from a lab-scale experiment previously performed by Kim24) were employed. Comparing the experimental values to the extrapolated value indeed confirmed the validity of the theory. A procedure to determine the hydraulic head distribution of a practical-scale lateral was also presented applying the theory to the experimental result of this study in an effort to show the process of lateral design for riverbank filtration.

하악골 절제술후 재이식된 돌결자가골 재이식 : 치험 3례

김 식,김수관,김운규,김수민,류종희,이준길,조경안,김수흥,정태영,여환호 대한악안면성형재건외과학회 2001 Maxillofacial Plastic Reconstructive Surgery Vol.23 No.2

We described three cases of immediate reimplantation of a frozen-thawed autogenous mandible composed of a mixture of iliac bone, marrow, and particulate hydroxyapatite in tumors of the mandible. Acceptable outcomes were obtained in three patients who underwent immediate autogenous mandibular graft reconstruction. The conditions leading to successful outcome of the procedure are also discussed. Reimplantation of frozen autogenous lesioned mandible was performed in three patients with mandibular tumors. Two reimplanted grafts survived without complications following surgery. One case had postoperative infection that resolved with appropriate antibiotic treatment. There were no recurrences of the primary lesions. Satisfactory facial contour after surgery was achieved. These results are most promising, and we believe that, with further refinement, this technique will offer a new and acceptable modality for facial reconstruction in patients with cancer.

건물내장재(석고보드,합판)의 화재성능평가

김충환,김종훈,김운형,하동명,이수경 한국화재소방학회 2001 한국화재소방학회논문지 Vol.15 No.3

본 연구는 국내와 외국의 건물 내장재 화재성능평가방법을 고찰하고 국내에는 도입되지 않은 실대 화재 실험인 Room Corner Test를 국내 내장재중 석고보드와 합판을 대상으로 그 적용성을 위한 실험을 진행하였다. 현재 국내 내장재의 평가규정은 Bench-Scale Test에 의존하고 있으나, 미국, 일본 유럽등에서는 Room Corner Test를 적용한 실질적인 재료의 화재성능평가를 시행하고 있다. 실험 결과, NFPA 265에 의한 석고보드 및 ISO 9705에 의한 합판의 성능은 양호한 것으로 판단되었다. 현재 국내 내장재에 적용되는 등급분류의 평가방법은 재료의 실제 화재성능 평가에 한계가 있으므로 향후 Room Corner Test의 적용과 더불어 Bench-Scale Test 결과를 토대로 화재성능을 예측하는 화재모델을 이용하는 평가 방법의 도입이 필요하다. The fire performance evaluation methods in Korea and overseas for interior finish materials were analysed and tested with gypsum board and plywood by using room corner test not adopted by domestic code until now. The results of gypsum board (thickness: 8 mm) and plywood (thickness: 4 mm) applying NFPA 265 and ISO 9705 test respectively are satisfied the assessment criteria. To assess a actual fire performance and classify fore hazard levels for interior finish materials, room-corner test and flame spread models should be adopted in building code and fire code to overcome limitations of current bench-scale test method. Keywords : Fire performance evaluation, Room corner test, Gypsum board, Plywood

두개골의 두께: 일차연구

김수관,김운규,김봉균,장현선 대한악안면성형재건외과학회 2000 Maxillofacial Plastic Reconstructive Surgery Vol.22 No.6

The purpose of this study was to investigate the mean cranial bone thickness at various points of the bone and to serve as a clinical guide for choosing a bone graft. Twelve bones were obtained from 6 Korean adult skulls for this study. The mean bone thickness at each point of the 17 points of the bone and at the corresponding points of the opposite bone was obtained in all skulls studied. The thinnest part of the parietal bone was 5.92mm. The thickest part of the parietal bone was 7.58mm. The mean bone thickness at each point of measurements on two opposite bones was compared using the paired Student's t-test. The mean thickness did not differ significantly. The thickness in the same bone varied widely depending on the points of measurement.

PC 기반의 역감제시 시스템 개발

김재효,강원찬,김동옥,김영동 조선대학교 에너지.자원신기술연구소 1999 에너지·자원신기술연구소 논문지 Vol.21 No.2

This paper describes the development of a PC-based force display system (haptic interface system). The system allows a human to explore and interact with a virtual environment using sense of touch. Specially, the system interfaces the position and force information bidirectionally between the human and virtual environment. The haptic interface system is composed of a haptic device, a model of virtual environment generated by computer graphics, and haptic rendering algorithm displaying the desired force. The haptic device is a ground-based 3DOF manipulator of parallel link mechanism offering sense of touch to the user when the device contacts virtual environment. The ground-based interfaces have much higher resolution and bandwidth of force display than haptic devices of body-based type. The virtual environment model is designed by Open GL graphic library. It is composed of some primitives such as wall, balls, etc. The haptic rendering algorithm is implemented by God-object algorithm. The proposed haptic system is capable of modeling and touching environments with some richness, complexity, and interactivity that can be found in existing graphic systems. It is so efficient that the algorithm can be implemented in a 1-PC-based system with 1〔㎑〕 interrupt cycle.

연립 주택 화재시 유독가스 방출 특성과 Rats를 이용한 독성평가

김홍,강영구,김동현,정기창,이창섭,김운형 한국화재소방학회 2002 한국화재소방학회논문지 Vol.16 No.3

화재에 의한 독성가스의 노출은 인간에게 있어서 화재시 생명에 아주 위험한 요소일 것이다. 다양한 화재에 의한 독성가스의 노출 중 본 논문에서는 경기도 안산시 재개발지구에서 한 연립주택을 이용하여 실제화재와 같은 조건으로 화재 시험을 하였다. 화재시 발생하는 가스 CO, CO_2, O_2, SO_2, NO 및 NO_2등을 측정하였으며, 발생하는 가스를 실험동물인 백서(S.D)에 노출시켜 2분간격으로 혈액을 체취하였다. 독성평가를 위하여 백서의 혈액과 혈청 중 Glucose, AST(GOT), ALT(GPT), CBC Count 및 CO(carboxy)-Hb를 분석하였다. 폭로되는 CO의 농도와 백서의 혈액중 CO-Hb 농도사이에 양-반응 관계(dose-response relationship)를 보였다. It has long been recognized that exposure to fire-induced toxic gases is a fatal hazard confronting people in fires. In this study, an indoor fire experiment was conducted in an unoccupied residential building located in An-san city, Kyoung-gi province, and the composition of effluent gases, which include CO, CO_2, O_2, SO_2, NO and NO_2, were measured by a gas analyzer A group of lab rats were exposed to the toxic gases released from fire, and the blood samples of the rats were gathered every 2 minutes. A toxicity evaluation was conducted by analyzing the concentrations of Glucose, AST(GOT), ALT(GPT), CBC Count and CO(carboxy)-Hb in the blood samples. Shown from the analysis is the does-response relationship between the CO concentration that rats were exposed to and the CO-Hb concentration in rat blood.