TREK-1 and Best1 Channels Mediate Fast and Slow Glutamate Release in Astrocytes upon GPCR Activation

Woo, D.,Han, K.S.,Shim, J.,Yoon, B.E.,Kim, E.,Bae, J.,Oh, S.J.,Hwang, E.,Marmorstein, Alan D.,Bae, Y.,Park, J.Y.,Lee, C. Cell Press ; MIT Press 2012 Cell Vol.151 No.1

Astrocytes release glutamate upon activation of various GPCRs to exert important roles in synaptic functions. However, the molecular mechanism of release has been controversial. Here, we report two kinetically distinct modes of nonvesicular, channel-mediated glutamate release. The fast mode requires activation of G<SUB>αi</SUB>, dissociation of G<SUB>βγ</SUB>, and subsequent opening of glutamate-permeable, two-pore domain potassium channel TREK-1 through direct interaction between G<SUB>βγ</SUB> and N terminus of TREK-1. The slow mode is Ca<SUP>2+</SUP> dependent and requires G<SUB>αq</SUB> activation and opening of glutamate-permeable, Ca<SUP>2+</SUP>-activated anion channel Best1. Ultrastructural analyses demonstrate that TREK-1 is preferentially localized at cell body and processes, whereas Best1 is mostly found in microdomains of astrocytes near synapses. Diffusion modeling predicts that the fast mode can target neuronal mGluR with peak glutamate concentration of 100 μM, whereas slow mode targets neuronal NMDA receptors at around 1 μM. Our results reveal two distinct sources of astrocytic glutamate that can differentially influence neighboring neurons.

LIVING PLANTS TO IMPROVE INDOORAIR QUALITY

R.A. Wood,M.D.Burchett,R.L.Orwell 韓國植物 ㆍ人間 ㆍ環境學會 1998 인간식물환경학회지 Vol.1 No.1

몇몇 널리 퍼져있는 대기오염 물질들이 많은 사람들에게 심각한 건강문제를 계속해서 초래하고 있다. 사실 거의 모든 사람들이 위험에 노출되어 있다고 해도 과언이 아니다. 외부공기에서 발견되고있는 대부분의 오염물질들이 실내공기에서도 발견되있으나 외부공기보다 실내에서 더 집중되어 있다. 따라서 실내공기의 호흡이 인간의 많은 오염물질에 대한 조출에의 주된 결정요소라는 것이 인정되었다. (Krzyzanowski. 1995). 식물들이 그들의 일반적인 생리작용에 의해 많은 잠재적인 유독성의 환경화학물질들은 대사시킬수 있을 거라는 증거들이 증가하고 있다. (Sanderman. 1992, Dennis et at. 1997) 켄차야자를 실내식물구조의 모델로한 지금까지의 연구는 (Burchett et al. 1997, Wood et al. 1997) 식물이 실내공기속의 소실되기 쉬운 기관적 오염물질의 최대 노출 수준을 수차례 제거하는 능력을 가지고 있다는 사실을 보여주고 있다. Some widespread air pollutants continue to pose serious public health risks for many poeple, in fact nearly everyone is at risk. Many pollutants found in outdoor air are found in indoor air but at a higher concentration than outdoors, consequently it is acknowledged that inhalation of indoor airis the major determinant of human exposure to many pollutants (Krzyzanowski, 1995), There is increasing evidence that plants may be able to metabolize many potentially toxic environmental chemicals as part of their normal physiology (Sanderman 1992:Dennis et at, 1997). Work to date (Burchett et at, 1997, Wood et al, 1997), has shown that Kentia palm as a model for indoor plant system, has the capacity to remove several times the maximum occupational exposure levels of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in indoor air.

Summary of United Kingdom Trade Controls

Trevor Wood,이상모 한국안보통상학회 2007 안보통상연구 Vol.1 No.2

Trevor Wood is Chief Operating Officer of Interexport Management Systems (IMS) based in London, UK. IMS are involved in a range of export control training activities worldwide and support the US and UK governments in their work. IMS has also developed the Checker tools for the UK (see http://www.ecochecker.co.uk) and undertook and Impact Assessment Study for the European Commission on possible changes to the EU Dual Use Items Regulation 1334/200 (see http://trade.ec.europa.eu/doclib/docs/2006/april/tradoc_127589.2.pdf). Trevor spent 9 years at the Export Control Organization in the UK, initially as a Technical Officer involved in developing the first EU Dual Use List and then as ‘Head of the Licensing Group’which involved managing all aspects of export licence processing in the UK. Trevor can be contacted at ‘twood@interexport.co.uk’ or at +44 20 8554 3435.

TOUGH LISTENING: A CROSS-CULTURAL EXPLORATION OF STRATEGIES TO IMPROVE LISTENING WHEN IT IS DIFFICULT

Charles M. Wood,Yuhui Gao,Nitin Joshi,Upinder Dhar,P Narayana Reddy,Santosh Dhar,Ashwini Sharma,Nicholas Wood,Xiaoning Liang,Adrien Bouchet,Jim Zboja,Theo Lynn,Graham Hunt 글로벌지식마케팅경영학회 2016 Global Marketing Conference Vol.2016 No.7

Well-developed listening skills are crucial to success in the marketing profession. Poor listening skills have been rated as the most important contributing factor to salesperson failure (Ingram et al., 1992). Listening errors can result in conflicts, missed business opportunities, alienated relationships, and a waste of time and money (Bergeron & Laroche, 2009). Recognizing the importance of effective listening, organizations such as Pfizer, Ford, IBM have introduced listening training programs for all their personnel (Shepherd et al., 1997). A number of definitions exist for “listening” (e.g., Bergeron & Laroche, 2009). From the marketing perspective, this paper adopts a well-accepted listening definition as “the cognitive process of actively sensing, interpreting, evaluating and responding to the verbal and nonverbal messages of present or potential customers” (Castleberry & Shepherd, 1993, p.36). Prior research has underscored the importance of “active listening” strategies such as active empathetic listening (Drollinger et al., 2006; Bodie, 2011); adaptive selling (Spiro & Weitz, 1990); and listening across cultures (Imhof & Janusik, 2006). However, despite its importance, neither marketing students nor professionals receive coaching or instruction for situations when listening is particularly difficult – i.e., when we are required to listen carefully to another person in the presence of hindrances to communication (distractions, inattention, poor delivery). Salespeople, students, journalists, counselors … are often faced with the task of “tough listening” - when they must listen carefully to a person that is not communicating in an interesting or engaging manner, when the environment is full of distractions, or when they as listeners are fatigued. The major hindrances to effective listening have been well documented, but extant research that addresses how people might overcome those hindrances is scant. The purpose of this paper is to explore the range of strategies that people use to improve their comprehension and empathy of others when they wish to listen carefully but find it difficult to do so. The practice of effective listening is perhaps one of the most human and fundamental components of community, commerce, and culture. Several academic disciplines such as marketing, education, communication, and psychology have closely examined the listening process in an effort to understand and improve it.

Effects of Fluorination and Side Chain Branching on Molecular Conformation and Photovoltaic Performance of Donor–Acceptor Copolymers

Wood, Sebastian,Kim, Ji-Hoon,Hwang, Do-Hoon,Kim, Ji-Seon American Chemical Society 2015 Chemistry of materials Vol.27 No.12

<P>The performance of donor-acceptor type conjugated polymers in photovoltaic devices is strongly dependent on the morphology of the thin film, which can be controlled by the substitution of various side groups on to the conjugated backbone. We investigate the effects of fluorination of the acceptor unit, and differences in the symmetry of alkyl side chain branching on the resulting photovoltaic device efficiency. Chemical variants of the donor-acceptor copolymer poly{4,8-bis[(triisopropylsilyl)ethynyl)benzo[1,2-b:4,5-b']-dithiophene-alt-2-(heptadecan-9-yl)-4,7-bis(thiophen-2-yl)-2H-benzo[d][1,2,3]triazole} (PBDTBTz) are considered. Using Raman spectroscopy we find that the benzodithiophene-thiophene (BDT-T) interunit bond dihedral torsion is minimized by using a symmetrically branched alkyl side chain on the benzotriazole (BTz) unit. This leads to an increased quality of molecular packing, resulting in the highest hole mobility (similar to 3.8 X 10(-3) cm(2)/(V s)) and overall device efficiency (similar to 5.5%). By contrast, fluorination of the BTz unit is detrimental to device performance. In this case, while the BTz-T interunit bond dihedral angle is reduced, the neighboring BDT-T interunit bond dihedral is increased, and the pi-pi packing distance is increased (from 4.05 to 4.60 angstrom) in the neat film. We conclude that, while the fluorination tends to planarize the polymer backbone, it also introduces repulsive fluorine-hydrocarbon interactions, which oppose close molecular packing, and hinder efficient charge generation in the photovoltaic blend.</P>

Rethinking the Skyscraper in the Ecological Age: Design Principles for a New High-Rise Vernacular

Wood, Antony Council on Tall Building and Urban Habitat Korea 2015 International journal of high-rise buildings Vol.4 No.2

This paper investigates tall buildings from an aesthetic and social, as well as commercial and environmental, viewpoint; as contributing elements in the fabric of a city. Against a backdrop of the large-scale homogenization of cities architecturally around the world, the paper suggests ten design principles which, if adopted in skyscraper design, could result in tall buildings which are more appropriate to the place in which they are located - physically, environmentally, culturally, socially and economically. In doing this, it promotes the need for a new vernacular for the skyscraper in each region of the world, and suggests this would have significant ecological, as well as social, benefits.

Systematic control of heteroatoms in donor-acceptor copolymers and its effects on molecular conformation and photovoltaic performance

Wood, Sebastian,Kim, Ji-Hoon,Wade, Jessica,Park, Jong Baek,Hwang, Do-Hoon,Kim, Ji-Seon The Royal Society of Chemistry 2016 Journal of materials chemistry. C, Materials for o Vol.4 No.34

<P>Heteroatom substitutions are an effective means of tuning the optoelectronic, conformational, and molecular packing properties of donor-acceptor conjugated copolymers, with a view to efficient photovoltaic performance. We investigate the effects of systematic sulfur/selenium substitutions into thiophene (donor) and benzothiadiazole (acceptor) units using complementary Raman spectroscopy, density functional theory, and X-ray diffraction to characterise the resulting copolymers. We find that, in each case, the heavy atom substitution is detrimental to photovoltaic performance and undertake to understand this in terms of fundamental optoelectronic properties of the copolymers. Specifically, we find that, due to mesomeric effects, the selenium atom donates electron density into the donor unit (selenophene) more strongly than sulfur, but also withdraws electron density more strongly from the benzene ring in the acceptor unit (benzoselenadiazole). In both cases, the selenium substitution reduces the optical energy gap but is unfavourable for intermolecular packing in thin films and so results in poor charge carrier mobility. We identify a complex interplay between the electronic properties of the substituted donor and acceptor units relating to the frontier molecular orbital energy levels, molecular conformation, and intermolecular packing of the copolymers. In particular, we find that the pairing of a strong acceptor unit with a weak donor unit results in relatively low electron density on the conjugated backbone, leading to high inter-unit torsion and weak optical absorption in the visible range. The methods and insights developed here have broad applicability to the design of other donor-acceptor copolymers for optoelectronic device applications.</P>

學童期의 Haemophilus influenzae에 依한 髓膜炎

Wood, Pamela R. 藥業新聞社 1983 (月刊) 醫藥情報 Vol.1983 No.2

Management of Ascites : What the General Practitioner Should Know

Wood, L.J.,Dudley, F.J. Medical Publications Korea 1987 Medical Progress Vol.9 No.3

Premenstrual Syndrome

Wood, Carl Medical Publications Korea 1975 Medical Progress Vol.2 No.1