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Jenilkumar Patel(Jenilkumar Patel ),Graham Dupont(Graham Dupont ),Joho Katsuta(Joho Katsuta ),Joe Iwanaga(Joe Iwanaga ),Łukasz Olewnik(Łukasz Olewnik ),R. Shane Tubbs(R. Shane Tubbs ) 대한해부학회 2023 Anatomy & Cell Biology Vol.56 No.1
Tibialis anterior (TA) muscle originates from the lateral surface of tibia and its tendon attaches to the medial cuneiform and base of the first metatarsal. The TA muscle is responsible for both dorsiflexion and inversion of the foot. We present a case of bilateral TA muscle variations that diverge slightly from the current classification systems of this muscle. Recognizing variations such as these may be important for anatomists, surgeons, podiatrists, and physicians. Following routine dissection, an accessory tendon of the TA muscle was found on both sides. Accessory tendons of the extensor hallucis longus and extensor hallucis brevis joined to form a common tendon on both sides. We believe that this unique case will help further the classification systems for the tendons of the TA and also be informative for clinical anatomists as well as physicians treating patients with pathology in this region.
The clinical anatomy of the accessory submandibular gland: a comprehensive review
Andrea Yazbeck(Andrea Yazbeck ),Joe Iwanaga(Joe Iwanaga ),Jerzy A. Walocha(Jerzy A. Walocha ),Łukasz Olewnik(Łukasz Olewnik ),R. Shane Tubbs(R. Shane Tubbs ) 대한해부학회 2023 Anatomy & Cell Biology Vol.56 No.1
An accessory submandibular gland is a rare variation. As such, there is limited literature regarding the embryology, anatomy, variations, clinical imaging, and pathology of the accessory submandibular gland. In this article, we review the existing literature on the accessory submandibular gland from clinical and anatomical perspectives. The goal of this review is to provide comprehensive knowledge of this variation which can be useful for oral and maxillofacial/head and neck surgeons, radiologists, and anatomists. Within this review, the embryologic origin as well as the anatomy of the accessory submandibular gland is detailed. Several imaging modalities which can be used to visualize the accessory submandibular gland are outlined as well as its variations. Lastly, this review investigates several reported clinical considerations regarding the accessory submandibular gland including sialoliths, Wharton’s duct obstruction, and pleomorphic adenoma.
Variant muscle fibers connecting the orbicularis oculi to the orbicularis oris: case report
Norio Kitagawa,Joe Iwanaga,R. Shane Tubbs,Hongtae Kim,Yong-Suk Moon,Mi-Sun Hur 대한해부학회 2022 Anatomy & Cell Biology Vol.55 No.4
The orbicularis oculi (OOc) is a sphincteric muscle of the eyelids, whereas contraction of the orbicularis oris (OOr), another sphincteric muscle, causes narrowing of the lips. Facial muscle fibers normally blend with adjacent muscles. However, muscle fibers connecting the various facial muscles that have different actions and that are located at distant sites, such as the OOc and the OOr have been rarely reported. Herein, we report a rare case of connecting fibers between the inferior margin of the OOc and the OOr. These connecting fibers were blended with the OOr between the inserting fibers of the levator labii superioris and levator anguli oris. Contraction of such variant muscles might affect typical facial expressions.
Buccal gland within the bucinator muscle
Emma R. Lesser,Arada Chaiyamoon,R. Shane Tubbs,Joe Iwanaga 대한해부학회 2024 Anatomy & Cell Biology Vol.57 No.1
There are major and minor salivary glands that aid in the digestive process. Major glands are discrete and exist in predictable locations; minor salivary glands are more widespread and usually found dispersed in the mucosa of the mouth. Glands have their own contractile abilities, which allow them to secrete products without the assistance of vasculature or skeletal, or smooth muscle. This study will describe a cadaveric histological specimen in which an ectopic buccal gland was embedded within bucinator muscle fibers. Potential causes and explanations for this finding will be discussed, as well.
An elongated dorsally curved xiphoid process
Stefan Lachkar,Joe Iwanaga,R. Shane Tubbs 대한해부학회 2019 Anatomy & Cell Biology Vol.52 No.1
The xiphoid process of the sternum lies in the epigastric region and functions to serve as an attachment point for vital muscles that aid in respiration. With the xiphoid process extending as the most inferior portion of the sternum, variable morphology is widely observed. During a routine dissection of a 44-year-old Caucasian male cadaver, we discovered a hookshaped, elongated xiphoid process that protruded dorsally. Potential clinical significance can arise leading to misdiagnosis of the hook-shaped xiphoid process as an epigastric mass during imaging. Though various variations of xiphoid process have been well documented, knowledge of a hook-shaped xiphoid process orientated dorsally remains scarce. Herein, this case study provides clinicians, surgeons, and radiologists a rare anomaly of the xiphoid process in order to further the knowledge of morphological variations of the xiphoid to prevent misdiagnosis and surgical complications.
Duplicated transverse cervical nerve and external jugular vein
Nicholas O. Gerard III,R. Shane Tubbs,Joe Iwanaga 대한해부학회 2021 Anatomy & Cell Biology Vol.54 No.3
The transverse cervical nerve arises from anterior rami of the second and third cervical spinal nerves via the cervical plexus. We present a case of a left duplicated transverse cervical nerve with a duplicated external jugular vein in a 72-year-old female cadver. The transverse cervical nerve bifurcated into two branches, i.e., superficial and deep branches, lateral to the sternocleidomastoid muscle. The superficial branch ran lateral to the duplicated external jugular vein and gave a cutaneous branch to the area below the great auricular nerve and cutaneous branches to the skin of the neck. The deep branch ran medial to the duplicated external jugular vein, joined the anterior branch of the superficial transverse cervical nerve and cervical branch of the facial nerve, and terminated into the skin. This case adds to the growing data on individual variability that should be considered when operating on the anterolateral neck.
Radiological Study of Atlas Arch Defects with Meta-Analysis and a Proposed New Classification
Suphamungmee Worawit,Yurasakpong Laphatrada,Poonudom Kanchanaphan,Tubbs R. Shane,Iwanaga Joe,Kruepunga Nutmethee,Chaiyamoon Arada,Suwannakhan Athikhun 대한척추외과학회 2023 Asian Spine Journal Vol.17 No.5
This study consists of a retrospective cohort study, a systematic review, and a meta-analysis which were separately conducted. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of atlas arch defects, generate an evidence-based synthesis, and propose a common classification system for the anterior and combined atlas arch defects. Atlas arch defects are well-corticated gaps in the anterior or posterior arch of the atlas. When both arches are involved, it is known as a combined arch defect. Awareness of these defects is essential for avoiding complications during surgical procedures on the upper spine. The prevalence of arch defects was investigated in an open-access OPC-Radiomics (Radiomic Biomarkers in Oropharyngeal Carcinoma) dataset comprising 606 head and neck computed tomography scans from oropharyngeal cancer patients. A systematic review and meta-analysis were performed to generate prevalence estimates of atlas arch defects and propose a classification system for the anterior and combined atlas arch defects. The posterior arch defect was found in 20 patients (3.3%) out of the 606 patients investigated. The anterior arch defect was not observed in any patient, while a combined arch defect was observed in one patient (0.2%). A meta-analysis of 13,539 participants from 14 studies, including the present study, yielded a pooled-posterior arch defect prevalence of 2.07% (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.22%–2.92%). The prevalences of anterior and combined arch defects were 0.00% (95% CI, 0.00%–0.10%) and 0.14% (95% CI, 0.04%–0.25%), respectively. The anterior and combined arch defects were classified into five subtypes based on their morphology and frequency. The present study showed that atlas arch defects were present in approximately 2% of the general population. For future studies, larger sample sizes should be used for studying arch defects to avoid the small-study effect and to predict the prevalence accurately.
Stafne bone cavity: a rare cadaveric case report
Joe Iwanaga,Joe Iwanaga,T. L. Wong,Shogo Kikuta,R. Shane Tubbs 대한해부학회 2019 Anatomy & Cell Biology Vol.52 No.3
The Stafne bone cavity (SBC), also called the static bone cavity, salivary inclusion cyst, latent cyst, and lingual bone defect is an asymptomatic bony defect that is commonly located inferior to the mandibular canal and slightly above the inferior border of the mandible. It is rare to see the actual bony defect in the cadaver because of its relatively low incidence of 0.1% to 6.06%. We report a unilateral SBC found in a 76-year-old at death male Caucasian cadaver and involving the right mandible. The SBC was oval in shape with a smooth surface and measured 10.8×6.0 mm. The SBC was continuous with the right mylohyoid groove. Since actual photographs of the SBC are lacking in the literature, this report might provide additional insight for better understanding the SBC.