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Warneke, Carsten,Trainer, Michael,de Gouw, Joost A.,Parrish, David D.,Fahey, David W.,Ravishankara, A. R.,Middlebrook, Ann M.,Brock, Charles A.,Roberts, James M.,Brown, Steven S.,Neuman, Jonathan A.,L Copernicus GmbH 2016 Atmospheric measurement techniques Vol.9 No.7
<P><p><strong>Abstract.</strong> Natural emissions of ozone-and-aerosol-precursor gases such as isoprene and monoterpenes are high in the southeastern US. In addition, anthropogenic emissions are significant in the southeastern US and summertime photochemistry is rapid. The NOAA-led SENEX (Southeast Nexus) aircraft campaign was one of the major components of the Southeast Atmosphere Study (SAS) and was focused on studying the interactions between biogenic and anthropogenic emissions to form secondary pollutants. During SENEX, the NOAA WP-3D aircraft conducted 20 research flights between 27 May and 10 July 2013 based out of Smyrna, TN. Here we describe the experimental approach, the science goals and early results of the NOAA SENEX campaign. The aircraft, its capabilities and standard measurements are described. The instrument payload is summarized including detection limits, accuracy, precision and time resolutions for all gas-and-aerosol phase instruments. The inter-comparisons of compounds measured with multiple instruments on the NOAA WP-3D are presented and were all within the stated uncertainties, except two of the three NO<sub>2</sub> measurements. The SENEX flights included day- and nighttime flights in the southeastern US as well as flights over areas with intense shale gas extraction (Marcellus, Fayetteville and Haynesville shale). We present one example flight on 16 June 2013, which was a daytime flight over the Atlanta region, where several crosswind transects of plumes from the city and nearby point sources, such as power plants, paper mills and landfills, were flown. The area around Atlanta has large biogenic isoprene emissions, which provided an excellent case for studying the interactions between biogenic and anthropogenic emissions. In this example flight, chemistry in and outside the Atlanta plumes was observed for several hours after emission. The analysis of this flight showcases the strategies implemented to answer some of the main SENEX science questions.</p> </P>
대칭적면을 가진 밀폐된 덕트 내에서의 층류 슬롯제트의 열전달 및 유동특성에 관한 연구
이대희(Dae Hee Lee),Daniel Trainer,박현진(Hyun Jin Park),박재석(Jae Suk Park) 대한기계학회 2009 대한기계학회 춘추학술대회 Vol.2009 No.5
Heat transfer and flow characteristics due to a laminar confined slot-jet in mini scale impinging on a wall with uniform heat flux within a double sided closed duct are investigated. The effect of jet Reynolds number on the local heat transfer is examined. The air flows through a slot-nozzle and impinges perpendicularly on a flat wall inside a closed duct, bifurcates, and exits in two opposite directions. A uniform heat flux condition at the wall is created by using a thin gold film coated on a polyester sheet. Thermochromic liquid crystals coated on the other side of the polyester are used to find an isotherm and its color image is recorded by camera. The local Nusselt numbers along the wall are obtained from the recorded color images. It is found that there is a significant reduction in the heat transfer coefficient at Reynolds numbers of 150 and 160 which may be caused by a flapping motion in the jet flow.
Kim, Joo-Hwan,Tillmann, Urban,Adams, Nicolaus G.,Krock, Bernd,Stutts, Whitney L.,Deeds, Jonathan R.,Han, Myung-Soo,Trainer, Vera L. Elsevier 2017 HARMFUL ALGAE Vol.68 No.-
<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>The identification of a new suite of toxins, called azaspiracids (AZA), as the cause of human illnesses after the consumption of shellfish from the Irish west coast in 1995, resulted in interest in understanding the global distribution of these toxins and of species of the small dinoflagellate genus <I>Azadinium</I>, known to produce them. Clonal isolates of four species of <I>Azadinium, A. poporum, A. cuneatum, A. obesum</I> and <I>A. dalianense</I> were obtained from incubated sediment samples collected from Puget Sound, Washington State in 2016. These <I>Azadinium</I> species were identified using morphological characteristics confirmed by molecular phylogeny. Whereas AZA could not be detected in any strains of <I>A. obesum, A. cuneatum</I> and <I>A. dalianense</I>, all four strains of <I>A. poporum</I> produced a new azaspiracid toxin, based on LC–MS analysis, named AZA-59. The presence of AZA-59 was confirmed at low levels <I>in situ</I> using a solid phase resin deployed at several stations along the coastlines of Puget Sound. Using a combination of molecular methods for species detection and solid phase resin deployment to target shellfish monitoring of toxin at high-risk sites, the risk of azaspiracid shellfish poisoning can be minimized.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> Four <I>Azadinium</I> species were isolated from Puget Sound. </LI> <LI> <I>A. poporum</I> from Puget Sound produce a new azaspiracid, AZA-59. </LI> <LI> AZA-59 was detected at low levels in seawater from several stations in Puget Sound. </LI> </UL> </P>
Impact of high-resolution a priori profiles on satellite-based formaldehyde retrievals
Kim, Si-Wan,Natraj, Vijay,Lee, Seoyoung,Kwon, Hyeong-Ahn,Park, Rokjin,de Gouw, Joost,Frost, Gregory,Kim, Jhoon,Stutz, Jochen,Trainer, Michael,Tsai, Catalina,Warneke, Carsten Copernicus GmbH 2018 Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Vol.18 No.10
<P>Abstract. Formaldehyde (HCHO) is either directly emitted from sources or produced during the oxidation of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in the troposphere. It is possible to infer atmospheric HCHO concentrations using space-based observations, which may be useful for studying emissions and tropospheric chemistry at urban to global scales depending on the quality of the retrievals. In the near future, an unprecedented volume of satellite-based HCHO measurement data will be available from both geostationary and polar-orbiting platforms. Therefore, it is essential to develop retrieval methods appropriate for the next-generation satellites that measure at higher spatial and temporal resolution than the current ones. In this study, we examine the importance of fine spatial and temporal resolution a priori profile information on the retrieval by conducting approximately 45 000 radiative transfer (RT) model calculations in the Los Angeles Basin (LA Basin) megacity. Our analyses suggest that an air mass factor (AMF, a factor converting observed slant columns to vertical columns) based on fine spatial and temporal resolution a priori profiles can better capture the spatial distributions of the enhanced HCHO plumes in an urban area than the nearly constant AMFs used for current operational products by increasing the columns by ∼ 50 % in the domain average and up to 100 % at a finer scale. For this urban area, the AMF values are inversely proportional to the magnitude of the HCHO mixing ratios in the boundary layer. Using our optimized model HCHO results in the Los Angeles Basin that mimic the HCHO retrievals from future geostationary satellites, we illustrate the effectiveness of HCHO data from geostationary measurements for understanding and predicting tropospheric ozone and its precursors. </P>