가죽의류 제조공업 1차 화학슬러지로부터 건설자재원료의 생산

( Sekaran¸ G. ),( Gnanamani¸ A. ),( Rajamani¸ S. ),( Sadulla¸ S. ),( T. Ramasami ) 한국폐기물자원순환학회 2002 APLAS Vol.2002 No.2

가죽의류 제조공업으로부터 발생된 폐수는 COD 3094mg/l, BOD 980mg/l, TOC 1133mg/l, VFA 840mg/l, 게다가 pH 산도 5.65와 타닌 50mg/l 를 함유한다. 폐수의 물리적처리 구성은 화학적 처리 COD 1890mg/l, BOD 690mg/l, TOC 734mg/l, 타닌 10mg/l 로 감소하였다. 슬러지는 가죽의류제조 1ton당 800kg 이 발생한다. 1차 화학슬러지로부터 다른 pH의 침출수는 BOD 100-240mg/l, COD 351-2544 mg/l, 타닌 44-161 mg/l, Cr3+ 0.5-19 mg/l, 철 2-25 mg/l, pH1-11 로 나타났다. 토양 침출수의 환경부하는 batch 와 고정식 흡착실험에 의해 조사 되었다. 침출수의 요소는 공동확산작용, 활성에너지, COD, TDS, Chromium, 타닌에 의해 결정되어졌다. 1차 화학슬러지에서 생산된 석회가루는 시멘트, 비산재,석회의 같은 비율의 무게로 혼합하였다. 혼합구성; 생석회슬러지: 점토: 시멘트, 생석회슬러지: 비산재 : 시멘트, 생석회슬러지 : 비산재: 석회 : 시멘트, 생석회슬러지 : 비산재 : 점토 : 시멘트, 생석회슬러지 : 비산재 : 점토: 시멘트 : 석회. 위의 혼합으로 주조한 벽돌은 습한 대기상태에서 28일간 양생 되었다. 벽돌은 중금속과 유기물에 관계된 다른pH상태에서 침출수 특성과 압축강도 시험을 하였다. 1차 화학슬러지에서 석회와 벽돌제조의 처분의 경제성에 대해 토의한다. Wastewater generated from garment leather manufacturing industry contained COD 3094mg/l, BOD 980mg/l, TOC 1133mg/l, VFA 840mg/l, in addition to acidic pH 5.65 and tannin 50 mg/1. Physical treatment of wastewater consisted of equalization cum settling followed by chemical treatment with Ferric Chloride to remove tannin and lime to neutralize the wastewater. COD was reduced to 1890, BOD to 690 mg/1 and TOC to 734 mg/1 and tannin to 10 mg/1. The sludge production was 800 Kg per ton of the garment leather manufactured. The leachates at different pH from the primary chemical sludge was characterized were BOD 100-240 mg/1, COD 351-2544 mg/1, Tannin 44-161 mg/1, Cr3+ the range of 0.5 - 19 mg/1 and Iron in the range of 2-25 mg/1 over the pH range of 1-11. The environmental impact of the leachates on soil was investigated under batch and fixed bed adsorption studies. The diffusion coefficient and energy of activation of the leachate components in terms of COD, TDS, Chromium and tannin were determined. The primary chemical sludge was calcined under controlled atmosphere in an electric furnace. The calcined product of the primary chemical sludge was blended by Portland cement, Fly ash, Lime in the following combination; Calcined sludge: Clay: Cement, Calcined sludge: Fly ash : Cement, Calcined sludge : Fly ash: Lime: Cement, Calcined sludge : Fly ash : Clay : Cement, Calcined sludge : Fly ash: Clay: Cement: Lime in fixed ratio by weight. The bricks casts from the above mixtures were cured for 28 days under controlled humid atmosphere. The bricks were tested for their compressive strength and leaching characteristics under different pH conditions with reference to heavy metals and organics. The economics of the disposal of primary chemical sludge through calcinations and brick making is discussed.

PRODUCTION OF CONSTRUCTIONAL MATERIAL FROM PRIMARY CHEMICAL SLUDGE GENERATED FROM A GARMENT LEATHER MANUFACTURING INDUSTRY

( Sekaran¸ G. ),( Gnanamani¸ A. ),( Rajamani¸ S. ),( Sadulla¸ S. ),( T. Ramasami ) 한국폐기물자원순환학회 2002 APLAS Vol.2002 No.1

Wastewater generated from garment leather manufacturing industry contained COD 3094mg/l, BOD 980mg/l, TOC 1133mg/l, VFA 840mg/l, in addition to acidic pH 5.65 and tannin 50 mg/l. Physical treatment of wastewater consisted of equalization cum settling followed by chemical treatment with Ferric Chloride to remove tannin and lime to neutralize the wastewater. COD was reduced to 1890, BOD to 690 mg/1 and TOC to 734 mg/1 and tannin to 10 mg/1. The sludge production was 800 Kg per ton of the garment leather manufactured. The leachates at different pH from the primary chemical sludge was characterized were BOD 100-240 mg/1, COD 351-2544 mg/1, Tannin 44-161 mg/1, Cr³⁺ the range of 0.5 - 19 mg/1 and Iron in the range of 2-25 mg/1 over the pH range of 1-11. The environmental impact of the leachates on soil was investigated under batch and fixed bed adsorption studies. The diffusion coefficient and energy of activation of the leachate components in terms of COD, TDS, Chromium and tannin were determined. The primary chemical sludge was calcined under controlled atmosphere in an electric furnace. The calcined product of the primary chemical sludge was blended by Portland cement, Fly ash, Lime in the following combination; Calcined sludge: Clay: Cement, Calcined sludge: Fly ash : Cement, Calcined sludge : Fly ash: Lime: Cement, Calcined sludge : Fly ash : Clay : Cement, Calcined sludge : Fly ash: Clay: Cement: Lime in fixed ratio by weight. The bricks casts from the above mixtures were cured for 28 days under controlled humid atmosphere. The bricks were tested for their compressive strength and leaching characteristics under different pH conditions with reference to heavy metals and organics. The economics of the disposal of primary chemical sludge through calcinations and brick making is discussed.

Effect of multiple pairs of vortex generators on the thermal performance of plate fin heat sink

Mani Sekaran Santhanakrishnan 대한기계학회 2023 JOURNAL OF MECHANICAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Vol.37 No.6

In this paper, the heat transfer characteristics of multiple pairs of vortex generators (VG) mounted on vertical plate fins of plate fin heat sink (PFHS) are evaluated using computational fluid dynamic simulations. The delta winglet pairs are used as longitudinal VGs, and they are mounted one after the other in the axial direction. Critical design parameters for the double pair of VGs (DPVGs) are identified, and a design of experiment-based simulations is carried out to develop a response surface model for Nusselt number and thermal hydraulic performance parameter. Results show winglet length is a critical design parameter compared with winglet height, and the axial inter VG distance between VG pairs plays a crucial role in improving the heat transfer characteristics. The optimum inter VG distance for a double pair of VG is evaluated, and it is 2.2 to 3 times the length of the delta-winglet. Thermal hydraulic performance of PFHS with double pair of VG is 1.49 times higher than that of plain PFHS. Finally, the variation of heat transfer characteristics against velocity is also evaluated for the PFHS with a DPVG.

Modeling and Analysis of GPS–GLONASS Navigation for Car Like Mobile Robot

Julius Fusic Sekaran,Hariharan Kaluvan,Leando Irudhayaraj 대한전기학회 2020 Journal of Electrical Engineering & Technology Vol.15 No.2

An idea to amalgamate GPS and GLONASS to form the best part of GNSS tracking system for mobile robot navigation. The introduction of GNSS made additional satellites visible to localize Mobile robot accurately in both indoor and outdoor application; hence the localization accuracy will be increased in the non-line of sight areas of GPS satellites. This paper explains about an antenna which operates in GPS-1.575 GHz and GLONASS-1.602 GHz system frequency bands. A single layer square patch antenna with size of 45 mm* 45 mm is designed and simulated using Computer Simulation Technology Algorithmic model of the proposed antenna is derived and RLC values of equivalent circuit are identifed using MATLAB program. The prototype antenna is fabricated and tested using network analyser for observing the experimental results. The Proposed antenna parameters are compared with simulation, theoretical and existing antenna results. Thus, the fndings support that the proposed antenna system could be useful for the localization of car like mobile robot in indoor and outdoor environments.

Exploring the differentially expressed genes in human lymphocytes upon response to ionizing radiation: a network biology approach

Tamizh Selvan Gnana Sekaran,Vishakh R. Kedilaya,Suchetha N. Kumari,Praveenkumar Shetty,Pavan Gollapalli 대한방사선종양학회 2021 Radiation Oncology Journal Vol.39 No.1

Purpose: The integration of large-scale gene data and their functional analysis needs the effective application of various computational tools. Here we attempted to unravel the biological processes and cellular pathways in response to ionizing radiation using a systems biology approach. Materials and Methods: Analysis of gene ontology shows that 80, 42, 25, and 35 genes have roles in the biological process, molecular function, the cellular process, and immune system pathways, respectively. Therefore, our study emphasizes gene/protein network analysis on various differentially expressed genes (DEGs) to reveal the interactions between those proteins and their functional contribution upon radiation exposure. Results: A gene/protein interaction network was constructed, which comprises 79 interactors with 718 interactions and TP53, MAPK8, MAPK1, CASP3, MAPK14, ATM, NOTCH1, VEGFA, SIRT1, and PRKDC are the top 10 proteins in the network with high betweenness centrality values. Further, molecular complex detection was used to cluster these associated partners in the network, which produced three effective clusters based on the Molecular Complex Detection (MCODE) score. Interestingly, we found a high functional similarity from the associated genes/proteins in the network with known radiation response genes. Conclusion: This network-based approach on DEGs of human lymphocytes upon response to ionizing radiation provides clues for an opportunity to improve therapeutic efficacy.

화학공업 폐기물 혼합매립 침출수의 처분

( Gnanamani A. ),( Sekaran G. ),( Rajamani S. ),( Sadulla S. ),( Ramasami T. ) 한국폐기물자원순환학회 2002 APLAS Vol.2002 No.2

벤젠 원료로부터 디카르복시산의 생산시 견고하려는 경향성이 매우 높은 폴리머 물질을 발생시킨다. 이 견고한 생산품은 제안된 처분 방법의 일종인 지표에 버려진다. 고형 생산품의 지표 공동처분은 기후 조건에 의해 공동처분지 인근에 건설된 깊은 토양 피트로 화합물을 침출시키기도 한다. 고형폐기물은 pH 2.11, BOD 12,000 mg/L, COD 38,850 gni/L, TOC 19,380 mg/L 및 VFA 24,170 mg/L를 나타낸다. 생물학적 분해가 어려운 특성을 가지는 침출수는 BOD/COD 비가 0.31을 나타내며, 침줄수의 분해 요소에 따르는 재래식 처리 기술이 비효율 적이게 되어, 해결되지 않은 처분 문제가 남게 된다. 그러므로, 고형 생산품의 침출수 처리 기술에 고도 폐수처리 기술이 적용되었다. 현재의 연구는 산성 디클로메이트, 펜톤 산화제,H2O2/활성탄 촉매 혼합물이 폴리머 화합물 내의 intermolecular와 intramolecular 결합을 분열시키기 위해 시도되는 것이다. 산성 디클로메이트로 족매 산화된 후, BOD 및 COD 수치는 각각 3,900 mg/L, 6,406 mg/L를 나타내었다. 그러나, 폴리머 화합물내의 결합 분열은 6가 크롬에서 중금속 오염을 초래하는 3가 크롬으로의 변화를 가져왔다. 펜톤 산화제에 의한 침출수 시료의 산화는 BOD 및 COD 농도를 각각 2,100 mg/L, 5,441 mg/L로 낮출 수 있었다. 그러나, 처리된 화합물은 중금속에 오염된 것으로 나타났다. 고형 폐기물 시료는 친수성 중간형 다공 활성탄/H2O2 혼합물에 의해 산화되었으며, 이때의 BOD 및 COD 농도는 각각 2,300 mg/L, 5,471 mg/L를 나타내었다. 활성탄/H2O2로 의해 촉매화된 폐기물 시료는 혐기성 생물학적 처리기술의 향상을 가져왔다. 호기성 생물학적 처리 후 BOD 및 COD 농도는 각각 300 mg/L, 621 mg/L로 감소되었다. Manufacture of dicarboxylic acid from the raw material benzene leaves behind a polymeric material which has very high tendency to solidify. The solidified product is dumped on the open ground as one of the suggested methods for the disposal. The land co-disposal of solid product is subjected to climatinc conditions leading to leaching of the compound into deep soil pit, constructed near the land co-disposal site. The solid waste was characterized by pH 2.11, BOD by 12000 mg/1, COD 38857 mg/1, TOC 19380 mg/1 and VFA 2470 mg/1. The poor biodegrdable nature of the leachate, indexed by BOD/COD ratio (0.31), renders the conventional treatment technologies followed for the degradation of components of leachate were ineffective and thus disposal problem remains unsolved. Hence, advanced wastewater treatment technology was the opted technology for the disposal of the leachate of the solid product. In the present investigation acidified dichromate, Fenton reagent and Hydrogen peroxide/activated carbon catalyst mixture were attemted to fission the intermolecular and intramolecular bonding in the polymeric compound. After cataytic oxidation with acidified dichromate the BOD and COD values were found to be 3900 and 6406 mg/1. However, cleavage of bonding in polymeric compound was accompanied with conversion of hexavalent chromium into trivalent chromium offering heavy metal contamination. Oxidation of leachate sample with Fenton reagent was able to reduce BOD and COD values respectively to 2100 mg/1 and 5441 mg/1. However, the treated compound had the evidence of heavy metal contamination. Solid waste samples were oxidised with hydrophilic mesoporous activated carbon/H2O2 mixture to obtain BOD and COD values respectively 2300 mg/1 and 5471 mg/1. The Activated carbon/H2O2 catalysed solid waste samples have recorded marked improvement in anaerobic biological treatment. After anaerobic biological treatment the BOD and COD values have been reduced to 300 mg/1 and 621 mg/1 respectively. Further reduction BOD and COD values were achived in aerobic biological treatment. The scheme of process followed for the treatment and the variables that control the catalytic oxidation process, and anaerobic treatment of catalytic oxidised sample is discussed.

DISPOSAL OF LEACHATES COLLECTED FROM THE CO-DISPOSAL OF SOLID WASTE GENERATED IN A CHEMICAL INDUSTRY

( Gnanamani A. ),( Sekaran G. ),( Rajamani S. ),( Sadulla S. ),( Ramasaini T. ) 한국폐기물자원순환학회 2002 APLAS Vol.2002 No.1

Manufacture of dicarboxylic acid from the raw material benzene leaves behind a polymeric material which has very high tendency to solidify. The solidified product is dumped on the open ground as one of the suggested methods for the disposal. The land co-disposal of solid product is subjected to climatinc conditions leading to leaching of the compound into deep soil pit, constructed near the land co-disposal site. The solid waste was characterized by pH 2.11, BOD by 12000 mg/1, COD 38857 mg/1, TOC 19380 mg/1 and VFA 24170 mg/1. The poor biodegrdable nature of the leachate, indexed by BOD/COD ratio (0.31), renders the conventional treatment technologies followed for the degradation of components of leachate were ineffective and thus disposal problem remains unsolved. Hence, advanced wastewater treatment technology was the opted technology for the disposal of the leachate of the solid product. In the present investigation acidified dichromate, Fenton reagent and Hydrogen peroxide/activated carbon catalyst mixture were attempted to fission the intermolecular and intramolecular bonding in the polymeric compound. After cataytic oxidation with acidified dichromate the BOD and COD values were found to be 3900 and 6406 mg/1. However, cleavage of bonding in polymeric compound was accompanied with conversion of hexavalent chromium into trivalent chromium offering heavy metal contamination. Oxidation of leachate sample with Fenton reagent was able to reduce BOD and COD values respectively to 2100 mg/1 and 5441 mg/1. However, The treated compound had the evidence of heavy metal contamination. Solid waste samples were oxidised with hydrophilic mesoporous activated carbon/H₂O₂ mixture to obtain BOD and COD values respectively 2300 mg/1 and 5471 mg/1. The Activated carbon/H₂O₂ catalysed solid waste samples have recorded marked improvement in anaerobic biological treatment. After anaerobic biological treatment the BOD and COD values have been reduced to 300 mg/1 and 621 mg/1 respectively. Further reduction BOD and COD values were achived in aerobic biological treatment. The scheme of process followed for the treatment and the variables that control the catalytic oxidation process, and anaerobic treatment of catalytic oxidised sample is discussed.

Investigation of Mechanical Attributes and Dynamic Mechanical Analysis of Hybrid Polyester Composites

Sudhagar Subramanian,Sathees Kumar Sekaran 한국섬유공학회 2022 Fibers and polymers Vol.23 No.9

Mechanical, thermal, and Dynamic Mechanical Analysis of made hybrid alkali-treated jute, hemp, and kenaffilaments built up with polyester amalgamation are illustrated in the current work. Hand lay-up process is used to prepare thehybrid synthesis plates for various fiber loading. Jute, which is high in cellulose, tolerable, affordable, and widely available,has the ability to sustain polymers. Jute, like hemp and kenaf, has a lot of elasticity and bending properties. In addition to thatadvanced feature, Jute is the source material for both hemp and kenaf fillers in this blend. The goal of this research is toimprove the mechanical properties and DMA of three different fibers with varied compositions. The mechanical propertiesfor sample, malleable, twisting, effect, and hardness tests were completed in this consideration. The mechanical examinationrevealed a common pattern of increased flexibility, twisting, effect, and hardness credits, which included regular filaments. The tensile strength, flexural strength, hardness, and impact properties of composite specimens were steadily raised based onthe testing results, reaching maximum values of 194 MPa, 98 MPa, 98, and 29 J/m2 correspondingly. At temperatures rangingfrom 30 °C to 300 °C, the unique mechanical inspection of blends in the expression of capacity modulus (E'), loss modulus(E"), and damping boundary (tan δ) is investigated. Interior applications in the civil and automotive domains could benefitfrom these materials.

The Clinical Effects of Synsepalum dulcificum: A Review

Kaki B. Swamy,Suwaibah Abd Hadi,Muniandy Sekaran,Mallikarjuna Rao Pichika 한국식품영양과학회 2014 Journal of medicinal food Vol.17 No.11

Synsepalum dulcificum or the ‘‘miracle fruit’’ is well known for its taste-modifying ability. The aim of this review was to assess the published medically beneficial as well as potential characteristics of this fruit. A search in three databases, including PubMed, ScienceDirect, and Google Scholar, was made with appropriate keywords. The resulting articles were screened in different stages based on the title, abstract, and content. A total of nine articles were included in this review. This review summarized the findings of previously published studies on the effects of miracle fruit. The main studied characteristic of the fruit was its effect on the taste receptors, resulting in the sweet sensation when substances with acidic content were ingested. This effect was shown to be related to a glycoprotein called ‘‘miraculin.’’ Other beneficial characteristics of this fruit were its antioxidant and anticancer abilities that are due to the various amides existing in the miracle fruit. Apart from the above, the other observed effect of this fruit was its antidiabetic effect that was tested in rats. Further studies should be conducted to establish the findings. The miracle fruit can be a healthy additive due to its unique characteristics, including sour taste sensation modification as well as its antioxidant and antidiabetic effects.

Quercetin Induces Dose-Dependent Differential Morphological and Proliferative Changes in Rat Uteri in the Presence and in the Absence of Estrogen

Huma Shahzad,Nelli Giribabu,Muniandy Sekaran,Naguib Salleh 한국식품영양과학회 2015 Journal of medicinal food Vol.18 No.12

Quercetin could have profound effects on uterine morphology and proliferation, which are known to be influenced by estrogen. This study investigated the effect of quercetin on these uterine parameters in the presence and in the absence of estrogen. Ovariectomized adult female rats received peanut oil, quercetin (10, 50, and 100 mg/kg/day), estrogen, or estrogen + quercetin (10, 50, or 100 mg/kg/day) treatment for 7 consecutive days. At the end of the treatment, uteri were harvested for histological and molecular biological analyses. Distribution of proliferative cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) protein in the uterus was observed by immunohistochemistry. Levels of expression of PCNA protein and mRNA in uterine tissue homogenates were determined by Western blotting and real-time polymerase chain reaction, respectively. Our findings indicated that administration of 10 mg/kg/day of quercetin either alone or with estrogen resulted in decreased uterine expression of PCNA protein and mRNA with the percentage of PCNA-positive cells in uterine luminal and glandular epithelia markedly reduced compared with estrogen-only treatment. Changes in uterine morphology were the opposite of changes observed following estrogen treatment. Treatment with 100 mg/kg/day of quercetin either alone or with estrogen resulted in elevated PCNA protein and mRNA expression. In addition, the percentages of PCNA-positive cells in the epithelia, which line the lumen and glands, were increased with morphological features mimicking changes that occur following estrogen treatment. Following 50 mg/kg/day quercetin treatment, the changes observed were in between those changes that occur following 10 and 100 mg/kg/day quercetin treatment. In conclusion, changes in uterine morphology and proliferation following 10 mg/kg/day quercetin treatment could be attributed to quercetin’s antiestrogenic properties, while changes that occur following 100 mg/kg/day quercetin treatment could be attributed to quercetin’s estrogenic properties.