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미국 특허소송에 있어서 판결의 효력 ―기판력 및 Kessler 법리에 관한 연방특허항소법원의 판결을 중심으로―
정상민 ( Jung¸ Sangmin ) 한국지식재산연구원 2020 지식재산연구 Vol.15 No.4
연방특허항소법원은 기판력, 즉 청구배제효와 관련하여 청구가 본질적으로 동일한 경우 후소를 배제하고, 부수적 금반언, 즉 쟁점배제효에 관하여는 이를 특허소송에 적용함에 있어 대체로 분쟁의 일회적 해결을 중시하고 있다. 특허소송에 고유한 법리인 Kessler 법리는 연방대법원의 Kessler 판결(1907년)에서 유래한 것으로, 판결 이후의 행위에 대하여 청구배제효가 적용되지 않고, 요건을 흠결하여 쟁점배제효도 성립하지 않는 경우 발생하는 간극을 메운다. 그에 따라 승소한 제조자 및 소비자는 특허권자의 법적 괴롭힘으로부터 보호된다. 연방특허항소법원은 2014년 Brain 판결에서 Kessler 법리를 부활시킨 이후, 2015년 SpeedTrack 판결에서 제조자가 소송에 참가하지 않았더라도 소비자가 직접 Kessler 법리를 원용할 수 있다고 하고, 2018년 SimpleAir v. Google 판결에서 Kessler 법리는 청구배제효와 마찬가지로 청구항이 ‘본질적으로 동일한’ 경우에 한하여 적용된다고 하였으며, 나아가 2020년 Amazon의 소비자들을 상대로 제기된 In Re PersonalWeb 판결에서는 쟁점 배제효와 달리 전소에서 실체적으로 심리를 받지 않았더라도 Kessler 법리가 적용될 수 있다고 판단하였다, 그 배경에는 IT산업, 플랫폼 서비스의 발전 등이 자리 잡고 있는바, 특허권자가 불특정다수의 소비자를 상대로 재차 특허분쟁을 일으키는 것을 통제하는 법리로서 활용가치가 있다. The Federal Circuit(CAFC) applies Claim Preclusion in case of claims in both suits are essentially the same, but not to activity after the date of judgment. Also CAFC made a lot of ruling about Collateral Estoppel, i.e. Issue Preclusion in consideration of patent litigation. And there is a tendency to enlarge the application of Res Judicata for judicial economy. The Kessler doctrine, which is a unique law to patent litigation, originated from the Kessler v. Eldred, 206 U.S. 285(1907). The Kessler doctrine fills the gap left by both preclusion. The Kessler doctrine protect an adjudged non-infringer and its customer from repeated legal harassment. The Federal Circuit brings the Kessler doctrine to life in Brain Life(2014), and broadens application of the Kessler doctrine by empowering customers to invoke it in SpeedTrack(2015). In SimpleAir (2018), CAFC stated that the Kessler doctrine applies only if scope of patent claims in both suits are essentially the same, but In Re PersonalWeb(2020), the Federal Circuit said non-infringement need not be actually litigated to invoke the Kessler dictrine contrary to collateral estoppel. It could be valuable and useful as a legal principle to control patent disputes against an unspecified number of consumers again.
비실시간 온라인 영어 수업에 대한 고등학교 학생과 교사의 인식 비교 연구
이상민 ( Lee¸ Sangmin ),정양수 ( Jung¸ Yang-soo ) 한국현대언어학회 2021 언어연구 Vol.37 No.2
The Journal of Studies in Language 37.2, 181-196. A Comparative Study on the Perceptions of Korean High School Students and Teachers about Asynchronous Online English Classes. The purpose of this study is to compare the perceptions of students and teachers about the current online English teaching and learning since the outbreak of COVID-19. For this study, questionnaires have been used for 513 students and 10 teachers of a girls’ high school located in “D” city, South Korea. The results are as follows: First, there were no significant differences in student and teacher perceptions depending on the subcategories of online English learning. Second, both groups showed the average level of satisfaction with online English classes. Third, both groups showed the necessity for encouraging interaction among class participants. Considering the results above, interaction among class participants should be encouraged by either implementing synchronous mode of class or any other way. This research was based solely on the asynchronous mode of online education with class video contents, so it was not able to comprise other varieties of online learning. (Chongchon High School · Chungnam National University)
Jung, A Ram,Lee, Sangmin,Joo, Jin Woo,Shin, Changhwan,Bae, Hyeonhu,Moon, Sun Gyu,Kwon, Seong Jung American Chemical Society 2015 JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY - Vol.137 No.5
<P>Collisions of electrocatalytic platinum (Pt) single nanoparticles (NPs) with a less electrocatalytic nickel (Ni) ultramicroelectrode (UME) surface were detected by amplification of the current by electrocatalysis of NPs. Two typical types of current responses, a current staircase or blip (or spike), in single NP collision experiments were observed at a time with a new system consisting of Pt NP/Ni UME/hydrazine oxidation. The staircase current response was obtained when the collided NPs were attached to the electrode and continued to produce electrocatalytic current. On the other hand, the blip current response was believed to be obtained when the NP attached but was deactivated. The different current responses depend on the different electrocatalytic reaction mechanism, characteristics of the NP, or the electrode material. How the deactivation of the electrocatalytic process affects on the current response of NP collision was investigated using the Ni UME. The current response of a single Pt NP collision is controllable from staircase to blip by changing the applied potential. The current response of the Pt NP was observed as a staircase response with 0 V (vs Ag/AgCl) and as a blip response with 0.1 V (vs Ag/AgCl) applied to the Ni UME.</P><P><B>Graphic Abstract</B> <IMG SRC='http://pubs.acs.org/appl/literatum/publisher/achs/journals/content/jacsat/2015/jacsat.2015.137.issue-5/ja511858c/production/images/medium/ja-2014-11858c_0005.gif'></P><P><A href='http://pubs.acs.org/doi/suppl/10.1021/ja511858c'>ACS Electronic Supporting Info</A></P>
A Low Cost Utility Interactive Inverter for Residential Fuel Cell Generation
Sangmin Jung,Youngsang Bae,Sewan Choi,Hyosung Kim Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers 2007 IEEE transactions on power electronics Vol.22 No.6
<P>This paper presents the development of a single-phase utility-interactive inverter for residential power generation to meet the specifications laid down for the 2005 Future Energy Challenge Competition sponsored by U.S. DOE and IEEE. The proposed inverter system is capable of working in both stand-alone and grid-connected mode. A control scheme for implementing both modes of operation is presented, which has simple structure with smaller number of sensors. The proposed control algorithm including the whole system control is implemented on a low cost, fixed-point DSP TMS320F2812. The experimental results from a 1 kW prototype show that the proposed inverter system exhibits not only low THD grid current during the grid-connected mode and well regulated inverter voltage during the stand-alone mode, but also smooth and automatic transfer between the two modes of operation.</P>