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Rudiger Frank 인하대학교 국제관계연구소 2008 Pacific Focus Vol.23 No.1
North Korea is currently a receiver of substantial international economic support, but not for the first time in its history. This article seeks to shed some light on a largely unknown instanceof multilateral aid and assistance to North Korea provided by the socialist camp in the 1950s. Based on research in archives and the analysis of trade data and contemporary media reports, the focus is mainly on the contribution of East Germany to the reconstruction of the North Korean city of Hamhùng. It is argued that this relatively well documented and completed case provides a number of highly relevant conclusions for the current, ongoing debate on engagement of North Korea. Comparing two historically distinct “waves” of assistance to the same country provides new analytical insights if contrasted with the usual approach of using assistance to a third country as the point of reference. There is evidence that North Korea might be applying the same tactics as five decades ago, while the international community faces the danger of repeating old mistakes. Moreover, history provides a hitherto underestimated rationale for the nuclear program, one that might require the international community to develop very different strategies from the ones applied so far.
Rudiger Frank 통일연구원 2016 International journal of korean unification studie Vol.25 No.1
The paper evaluates the effects of domestic and external actions on the probability of reform in North Korea. It applies the theory of Janos Kornai on socialist systems, in particular the main line of causation, as well as elements of rational choice theory. The CRE model provides a tool for systematically processing information on North Korea that is typically incomplete. The effects of 23 actions that have taken place since 2012 in the fields of ideology, property rights, coordination, military affairs and external influence are discussed. The combined outcome is mixed and corresponds with reality, where neither a retreat to pre-1990 socialism nor a full-fledged reform could be observed. However, new insights are found on single effects and their interplay. This provides a practical tool for scholars who aim for a systematic understanding of the past, and for politicians who need to conduct an advance impact analysis of future policies.
Freyth, Katharina,Janowitz, Tim,Nunes, Frank,Voss, Melanie,Heinick, Alexander,Bertaux, Joanne,Scheu, Stefan,Paul, Rudiger J. Korean Society for Molecular and Cellular Biology 2010 Molecules and cells Vol.30 No.4
Laboratory breeding conditions of the model organism C. elegans do not correspond with the conditions in its natural soil habitat. To assess the consequences of the differences in environmental conditions, the effects of air composition, medium and bacterial food on reproductive fitness and/or dietary-choice behavior of C. elegans were investigated. The reproductive fitness of C. elegans was maximal under oxygen deficiency and not influenced by a high fractional share of carbon dioxide. In media approximating natural soil structure, reproductive fitness was much lower than in s tandard laboratory media. I n seminatural media, the reproductive fitness of C. elegans was low with the standard laboratory food bacterium E. coli (${\gamma}$-Proteobacteria), but significantly higher with C. arvensicola (Bacteroidetes) and B. tropica (${\beta}$-Proteobacteria) as food. Dietary-choice experiments in semi-natural media revealed a low preference of C. elegans for E. coli but significantly higher preferences for C. arvensicola and B. tropica (among other bacteria). Dietary-choice experiments under quasi-natural conditions, which were feasible by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) of bacteria, showed a high preference of C. elegans for Cytophaga-Flexibacter-Bacteroides, Firmicutes, and ${\beta}$-Proteobacteria, but a low preference for ${\gamma}$-Proteobacteria. The results show that data on C. elegans under standard laboratory conditions have to be carefully interpreted with respect to their biological significance.