A New US Diplomatic Strategy toward North Korea

편집부(편집자) 동아시아재단 2009 동아시아재단 연구보고서 Vol.- No.-

한중관계와 동아시아 번영

김흥규(金?圭),이희옥(李熙玉) 동아시아재단 2006 동아시아협의회 보고서(CEAA Report) Vol.- No.-

The Search for a Common Strategic Vision Charting the Future of the US-ROK Security Partnership

G. John Ikenberry(존 아이켄베리),Chung-in Moon(문정인),Michell Reiss(미첼 리스) 동아시아재단 2008 동아시아재단 연구보고서 Vol.- No.-

한미 안보 동반자관계는 기로에 서 있다. 동맹은 지난 반세기 동안 동아시아에서의 안정과 평화의 원천이었고 두 나라 안보의 근본 요소였다. 그러나 이 지역은 빠른 변화를 보이고 있다. 중국의 부상, 미국의 전략적 이해관계의 변화(shifting), 한국의 성장과 번영 및 외교 안보정책에서의 독자적인 지향성 강화, 그리고 이 지역과 전 세계에서 대두하고 있는 새로운 안보적 도전들이 그것이다. 이런 가운데 한국과 미국은 북한에 대한 전략과 안보동맹의 확장을 둘러싼 설전의 시기를 이제 막 벗어났다. 이 보고서는 한미 안보 동반자관계에 대한 포괄적인 재평가를 담고 있다. 우리의 판단으로는 한미동맹은 양국의 치명적 안보이익에 직결될 뿐만 아니라 보다 넓게는 동북아시아의 지역안보와 안정에도 지극히 중요하다. 지난 수십 년간에 걸쳐서 한미동맹은 단순한 안보조약 이상이었으며, 정치적 경제적인 우호관계의 제도적인 표현이었다. 즉, 두 나라는 보다 큰 국제질서의 틀 속에서 동반자이며 참여자로서 공동의 이해와 가치 그리고 목표를 구축해왔다. 복합적인 안보적 도전들이 기다리고 있는 향후 상황에서 한미동맹관계에 활력을 불어넣는 일은 이 지역전반과 역내 개별 국가들에게 과거보다 더욱 중요한 의미를 가질 것이다. 한미 동반자관계가 굳건히 재확인되어야 함에는 이론의 여지가 없으나, 이는 보다 새롭게 현대화되고 재정의되어야 한다. 동맹은 미래에 대처할 수 있는 확고한 토대를 제공한다. 그러나 동맹의 임무와 우선순위, 범위, 그리고 제도로서의 정체성 등 21세기의 변화하는 안보적 도전들과 동북아에서의 최근의 변화와 추세들에 맞춰 한미동맹이 어떻게 적응할 것인지에 대해서는 아직도 제대로 된 지침이 마련되지 못하고 있다. 이 보고서는 새로운 시대를 맞아 한국과 미국이 전략적 협력관계를 발전시켜 나아가야 할 방향을 제시하고자 한다. 한미 동맹을 재확인하고 동맹이 보다 확고한 기반 위에 설 수 있도록 하기 위해서 보고서는 다음과 같은 조처들을 제안한다. A. 한국과 미국은 북한과 관련된 전술적 문제들을 넘어서 함께 공유할 수 있는 새로운 전략적 비전을 만들어가기 시작해야 한다. 동맹은 보다 넓고 보다 장기적인 관점에서 이 지역 및 세계 질서에 대한 전통적 안보 도전과 새롭게 대두되는 안보적 도전에 대처할 제도화된 안보 동반자관계(institutionalized security partnership)로 인식되어야 한다. 21세기의 한미동맹은 '다중적 임무(multi-tasking)'를 수행하는 존재가 되어야 한다. B. 동맹의 조건들(동맹 상대방에 대한 기대와 역할들) 역시 재정의되어야 한다. 과거의 후견적 형태(patron-client)의 동반자관계는 보다 동등하고 상호적인 관계로 대체되어야 한다. 새롭게 정비된 한미동맹 내에서의 지위와 목소리의 변화는 각자의 책임과 역할에 대한 재협상을 수반하며 이 보고서는 그 역할과 책임들을 구체적으로 담고 있다. C. 글로벌 차원에서 미국의 전략적 우선순위 상에 변화가 있음에도 불구하고, 특히 기지 배치와 군대 주둔에서 변화가 계속됨에도 불구하고 미국은 변함없이 한국의 안보에 대한 공약을 재확인해야 한다. 이 과정에서 미국은 주한미군의 규모를 적어도 2만5천 명 수준에서 유지할 것을 공약해야 한다. D. 새롭게 공유하게 될 한미 간의 전략비전은 즉각적인 대화와 행동을 필요로 하는 다음과 같은 분야들을 포함해야 한다. (a) 북한에 대한 이견의 축소, (b) 중국에 대한 공동의 접근방법 개발, (c) 새로운 지역 안보 메커니즘을 위한 공동의 노력. E. 새로운 한미전략비전에 대한 모색은 또한 초국가적이고 지역적인 새로운 도전들, 즉 환경 악화, 전염성 질환의 확산, 에너지 안보와 에너지 보전, 대량살상무기(WMD)의 확산 및 불법행위 등의 제반 문제들을 다룰 수 있는 공동의 메커니즘을 구축하고 공동의 의제를 설정하는 것을 포함한다. The US-ROK security partnership is at a crossroads. For half a century the alliance has been an essential component of each country’s security and a source of peace and stability in East Asia. But the region is undergoing rapid change. China is rising, American strategic interests are shifting, and the Republic of Korea has grown and prospered and seeks greater independence in its foreign and security policies. New security challenges are emerging in the region ?and around the world. In the meantime, the United States and the Republic of Korea have just emerged from a period of acrimony over strategy toward North Korea and the wider terms of the security alliance. This Report offers a comprehensive reassessment of the US-ROK security partnership. In our judgment, the alliance between the US and the Republic of Korea is a vital national security interest of each country, as is the stability and security of Northeast Asia more broadly. Over the decades, this alliance has been more than a security pact; it has been an institutionalized expression of a political and economic friendship?two countries as partners and participants in a larger international order built on shared interests, values, and aspirations. In looking into the future?and at the complex security challenges that await?a revitalized US-ROK alliance will be more, not less, important to our respective countries and the region. The US-ROK partnership should be reaffirmed?but it should also be modernized and redefined. The alliance provides a solid foundation for addressing the future, but provides little guidance as to how the alliance’s mission, priorities, scope and even its institutional identity should adjust to the recent changes and trends in Northeast Asia and the evolving security challenges of the 21st century. In this Report, we chart a path of strategic cooperation between the United States and South Korea for this new era. To reaffirm and place the alliance on a more solid footing, this Report recommends the following specific steps: ? The United States and the Republic of Korea must begin to sketch a new?and shared?strategic vision that goes beyond tactical questions relating to North Korea. The alliance must be seen in wider and longer-term perspective as an institutionalized security partnership with a mandate to address both traditional and “new” security challenges in the region and the global system. In the 21st century, the alliance must become a “multi-tasking” entity. ?The terms of the alliance?and the roles and expectations of each partner?must also be redefined. The old patron-client style of partnership should give way to a more equal and reciprocal relationship. These shifts in status and voice within the alliance come with a renegotiation of roles and responsibilities?roles and responsibilities that are detailed in this Report. ? Even as the American strategic priorities shift on a global level ?and basing and deployment commitments evolve?the United States nonetheless reaffirms its commitment to the security of South Korea. In doing this, it should also make a commitment to the basing of at least 25,000 troops in South Korea. ? The new shared US-ROK strategic vision should include several areas for immediate dialogue and action: these include narrowing disagreements on North Korea, developing a common approach to China, and working together on the development of a new regional security mechanism. ? The search for a new US-ROK strategic vision should also include identifying a common agenda for addressing new transnational and regional challenges?challenges that involve establishing mechanisms to deal with environmental degradation, contagious diseases, energy security and conservation, WMD proliferation, and illicit activities.

東(동)아시아 古代佛殿(고대불전)의 規模(규모)와 佛像(불상)의 相關性硏究(상관성연구)

한정호 ( Joung Ho Han ) 동아시아문물연구학술재단 2013 文物硏究 Vol.- No.24

불전은 불상을 봉안하기 위한 건축이기 때문에 불상의 규모와 형식은 불전내부의 공간설정의 전제조건이다. 이 논문은 불상의 규모가 고대 동아시아 불전내부의 공간설정에 어떠한 영향일 미쳤는지 고찰하였다. 먼저 불상의 크기와 관련된 경전과 고대 문헌자료를 검토한 결과 보편적으로 불전의 본존상으로 봉안되는 최소 규모의 불상은 등신불상이며, 재질에 따라 차이가 있지만 장육불상 규모 이상의 불상을 금당에 봉안할 경우 금당의 건축에 앞서 불상이 안치되는 사례가 많았음을 확인할 수 있었다. 그리고 등신불은 인체규모의 불상이라는 의미 보다는 특정 인물의 신체와 동일하게 조성된 불상이라는 의미가 강하다. 불상의 규모와 봉안되는 공간의 연관성을 파악하기 위해 석굴암을 분석한 결과 석굴암 주실의 공간설정은 본존상 크기에 맞춰 계획된 것으로 파악되었다. 석굴암 주실의 입면은 대좌를 기점으로 본존좌상의 높이의 2배로 설정되었으며,평면의 너비 또한 이에 저촉되지 않는 규모이다. 이는 인간의 주거공간이 최소한 사람이 일어설 수 있는 높이와 누울 수 있는 평면이 확보되어야 하는 것처럼불전 내부의 공간설정도 불상의 크기에 따라 동일한 전제조건이 적용되었던 것으로 해석하였다. 석굴암 분석을 통해 파악된 불상봉안 원칙이 동아시아 고대 불전에 보편적으로 적용되었을 가능성을 확인하기 위해 고대 불전의 내진부를 주목하였다. 불전의 내진부는 예불공간과 구별되는 순수 불상봉안을 위해 마련된 공간이다. 현존하는 동아시아 고대 불전 내진부의 평면과 본존상의 크기를 비교한 결과 불상높이의 2배 또는 대좌를 포함한 불신 높이가 내진부 측면 폭과 일치하는 경향을 보이며, 일치하지 않더라도 초과되지는 않는 것으로 파악되었다. 그리고 내진부입면의 높이는 본존이 좌상일 경우를 기준으로 불신 높이의 2배가 불전 종도리높이를 벗어나는 예는 확인되지 않았다. 이러한 원칙은 불신 높이가 16m에 달하는 일본 東大寺대불전에도 적용되는 것으로 확인되어 고대 불전건축의 전제조건으로 적용되었음을 뒷받침 해 준다. 이상의 고찰을 통해 파악된 고대 불전 내진부의 공간과 불상 규모와의 상관성은 고대인들의 불상에 대한 인식을 반영한 것으로 불상이 부처를 대체하는 조각품이 아니라 생명력을 갖는 神像으로서 그 신격을 유지하기위한 공간적 배려로 이해된다. A Buddhist temple is a structure to enshrine Buddhist statues, so the scale and form of the Buddhist statue are the preconditions to set up the space inside the Buddhist temple. This article considers how the scale of the Buddhist statue influences the establishment of the space inside an ancient Buddhist temple in East Asia. First of all, according to the result of examining the scriptures and ancient literatures about the size of Buddhist statues, generally the Buddhist statue with the smallest scale enshrined as the main statue of a Buddhist temple is Deungsinbul(等身佛). And it may differ by what material is used, but when the Buddhist statue bigger than the scale of Jangyuk(丈六) Buddhist statue is to be enshrined in main hall, in many of the cases, the Buddhist statue is enshrined before building main hall. And Deungsinbul has greater meaning as a Buddhist statue constructed identically as the body of a certain figure rather than its meaning as a Buddhist statue in the scale of the human body. In order to figure out the correlation between a Buddhist statue`s scale and the space where it is enshrined, the study analyzes Seokgulam(石窟 庵). According to the result, it has been found that the space of the main room in Seokgulam was planned and built correspondingly to the size of the main statue. The facade of the main room in Seokgulam was set up as being twice as high as the main seated statue with the pedestal as the starting point. The width of the plane does not violate it, either. As a human being`s residential space should secure the smallest height higher than a person`s height and the plane where a person can lie down, we can analyze that the internal space of the Buddhist temple is to be set up applying the same preconditions according to the size of the Buddhist statue. In order to verify the possibility that the principle of Buddhist statue enshrinement figured out by the analysis on Seokgulam may have been generally applied to ancient Buddhist temples in East Asia, the study focuses on the sacrarium part in ancient Buddhist temples. The sacrarium part of a Buddhist temple is the space built purely for Buddhist statue enshrinement, and it is distinguished from the space for Buddhist service. According to the result of comparing the plane of the sacrarium part in the existing ancient Buddhist temples of East Asia and the size of the main statue, twice of the Buddhist statue`s height or the Buddhist statue`s height including the pedestal tends to correspond to the width of the side of the sacrarium part, and even if it does not correspond, it never exceeds it. And about the height of the facade in the sacrarium part, when the main statue is a seated one, twice of the Buddhist statue`s height never deviates from the height of ridge beam of the Buddhist temple. Also, it has been found that this principle is also applied to the Buddhist temples in the era of T?dai-ji in Japan whose Buddhist statue`s height is up to 16 meters. This supports that it was applied as the precondition for building ancient Buddhist temples. The correlation between the space of the sacrarium part in ancient Buddhist temples and the scale of Buddhist statues which has been figured out through above consideration reflects ancient people`s consciousness of Buddhist statues. We can understand that the Buddhist statues were not mere sculptures replacing Buddha but demanded spatial consideration to maintain their divinity as a divine statue with life.

동아시아지역공동체 창출을 위한 한일협력

박철희(朴喆熙) 동아시아재단 2006 동아시아협의회 보고서(CEAA Report) Vol.- No.-

한일 라운드 테이블 : 신한일관계와 동아시아 번영

윤덕민(尹德敏) 동아시아재단 2006 동아시아협의회 보고서(CEAA Report) Vol.- No.-

The Council on East Asian Affairs(CEAA), an affiliate of the East Asia Foundation, held a seminar entitled: “Korea-Japan Roundtable: New Korea-Japan Relations and Prosperity in East Asia” at the ANA Hotel in Tokyo on Dec. 10, 2006. Participants, including politicians, businessmen and academic scholars, exchanged ideas on improving the often strained relations between the two countries ?a major agenda for PM Shinzo Abe’s new government in Tokyo, and on dealing with the threats to regional security posed by North Korea’s nuclear program. Also among the issues discussed were how South Korea’s expected free trade agreement(FTA) with the United States could affect its stalled free trade talks with Japan and how to put those negotiations back on track. The seminar was the first one that the CEAA jointly organized with the Japan Economic Foundation, following the former’s first R.O.K.-Japan bilateral seminar held at the Jeju Island of South Korea in April 2006. Yoshihiro Mori, former Prime Minister of Japan, stressed the need for regional integration in Northeast Asia and the leading roles expected from South Korea and Japan in his key note speech at the luncheon meeting, which was attended by a high-profile audience of about fifty from both countries. In the first session, the panelists exchanged their views on the Abe government’s prospects and discussed ways to improve the deteriorated relationship between the two countries while building a stronger framework for cooperation. A presenter from Japan expected the Abe government to continue the structural reform policies of the Koizumi administration but to make more efforts to refine its diplomatic strategies. Abe would likely take a moderately conservative approach while working to build a cooperative relationship with South Korea. The panelist claimed that cooperation between the two countries would be crucial for the success of the six-party talks as well as free trade agreements in the region. He also stressed the need for a permanent confidence-building mechanism to deal with political tensions repeatedly rising between the two countries. In response, a South Korean presenter pointed out that Koreans were very much interested in how the Abe administration will pursue a policy of ‘strong Japan,’ since he is the first prime minister from the post-war generation. The presenter argued that Japan’s new generation of politicians should recognize the country’s militarist past and adopt a fresh approach in establishing peaceful relationships with neighboring countries. Throughout the discussions, panelists agreed on the need for frequent meetings between the leaders of both countries to deal with crisis situations in better ways. There was also consensus on the need to construct a wider range of friendly relationships in order to ease political discord stemming from differing perspectives over history and territory. With regard to the debate over Japan’s new history textbooks, which Koreans criticize as attempting to whitewash Japan’s wartime atrocities, a South Korean panelist questioned whether Prime Minister Abe is using the history card to boost his domestic approval rate. Responding to the comment, a Japanese presenter pointed out that since the Japanese public remained divided over history issues, including politicians’ visits to the Yasukuni Shrine, the Abe government adopting a hard-line approach toward those subjects might not necessarily help win elections. The South Korean and Japanese panelists displayed a gap between their views over the uncertainties caused by North Korean nuclear program, which was the topic of the second session. A Japanese panelist claimed that North Koreans would not easily give up their efforts to acquire nuclear capability as they link it to the survival of the regime. Therefore, North Korea’s actions could not be predicted by applying deterrence theory, the panelist said. He went on to argue

동아시아 평화와 번영을 위한 한러협력

김태환(Ким Тхэхван) 동아시아재단 2006 동아시아협의회 보고서(CEAA Report) Vol.- No.-

The Council on East Asian Affairs(CEAA), launched in 2005 as a multinational membership-based, non-governmental organization under the sponsorship of the East Asia Foundation(EAF),* convened the first Korea-Russia CEAA Seminar on the topic of “Russia-Korea Cooperation for Peace and Prosperity in Northeast Asia.” The seminar was held on November 17, 2006 at the Institute of World Economy and International Relations(IMEMO) in Moscow. Around forty participants, drawn from the political, business, media and academic sectors of both countries, discussed and exchanged views on issues of regional importance. The one day seminar consisted of three sessions, the first two of which dealt with Korea-Russia economic cooperation in regional and sectoral dimensions, respectively, while the last session was devoted to the topic of security cooperation in the regional context. Session Summary The first session assessed Korea-Russia bilateral economic relations in the context of Northeast Asian regional economic cooperation. Participants from both sides probed the ways in which bilateral cooperation between the two countries contributes to regional economic integration. Energy security was one of the issues that attracted the most attention of the participants. ? A Russian participant, in presenting his paper, made it clear that Russia had already begun to divert attention from Europe to Asia as its newly diversified oil and gas export markets. It was President Putin’s firm policy stance that energy pipelines should be extended to Russia’s Far East, and further to Northeast Asian countries. This should be done not only to facilitate development of East Siberia and the Far Eastern region, but also to avoid dependence on Chinese and European markets. ? A Korean participant raised the issue of the lack of trilateral or multilateral cooperation between Korea, Japan and China, all of which share low energy self-sufficiency and high dependence on fossil fuels imported from the Middle East. The resurgence of Russia as a new energy power certainly creates a potential alternative source of energy for Northeast Asian countries, opening a horizon of multilateral energy cooperation. The presenter observed that there were some elements of uncertainty, however, that need to be properly addressed before the potential multilateral energy cooperation is realized. Firstly, no concrete progress has been made thus far in the construction of long-distance oil and gas pipelines to Russia’s Far Eastern region and to Northeast Asian countries. While financing of the pipeline projects, at an estimated cost of US$20-30 billon, is yet to be declared, there is some concern over whether there are sufficient energy resources in the region enough to make the projects economically viable. Secondly, Russia’s bilateral, rather than multilateral, approach to its development of energy resources is in fact amplifying (or even utilizing) competition and conflict between Northeast Asian countries, particularly between China and Japan. It is critical, the Korean presenter pointed out, that not only does Russia make sincere efforts to clarify these elements of uncertainty, but furthermore that it takes proactive initiative in building a regional energy security regime. The second session narrowed the focus of discussion down to bilateral economic cooperation in specific sectors. ? A Korean participant presented on Korea-Russia economic cooperation in the automobile industry. He observed that Korean car companies did not maintain manufacturing facilities in Russia, supplying Russian markets with locally assembled products while Hyundai Motors, a Korean automobile manufacturer, took up a leading position in Russia’s imported car markets, selling ninety thousand cars a year. The presenter emphasized that Korean car companies aggressively increase investment

Perspectives on Peace and Security in Korea and Northeast Asia

Joseph Snyder,Patrick deGategno 동아시아재단 2008 동아시아재단 연구보고서 Vol.- No.-

晋州 殷烈祠 소장 <殷烈公 姜民瞻 影幀>

李昡周 동아시아문물연구학술재단 동아시아문물연구소 2007 文物硏究 Vol.- No.12

이 글에서 소개할 작품은 경상남도 진주시 옥봉동 殷烈祠에 소장된 두 점의 殷烈公 姜民瞻(963∼1021) 영정이다. 강민첨은 고려시대의 명장으로 1018년거란의 蕭排押이 10만의 군사를 이끌고 내침하자 姜邯贊의 副將으로 출전하여 興化鎭에서 적을 대파하였으며, 문종 때 공신각에 오른 인물이다. 範本과 模寫本의 관계로 추정되는 이 두 영정은 右顔八分面의 全身交椅坐像으로 幞頭에 曲領大袖을 입고 양손에 笏을 쥔 고려시대 백관의 공복차림이다. 범본은 絹本에 치밀하고 부드러운 필치와 색채감으로 인물의 傳神을 형상화한 수작인 반면, 모사본은 2폭을 결봉하여 만든 麻本에 두터운 설채와 선묘 위주의 古式으로 묘사되어 후대에 모사하였거나 또는 모사 이후 다시 한 번 加彩한 것으로 사료된다. 강민첨 영정은 이외에도 국립중앙박물관소장본, 숙청각본, 두방영당본 등이 전하고 있다. 1790년에 오래된 영정 두 본을 姜世晃이 모사하였고 채색이 흐려지자 1844년 姜彝五가 영정의 채색을 보충하였다는 기록이 전해오고 있어 유존하는 작품들 중 강세황의 작품이 있을 가능성을 배제할 수 없다. 이 두 영정은 경상도 지역에 봉안된 여러 강민첨 영정과 더불어 범본과 모사본의 관계성을 엿볼 수 있다는 점에서 자료적 가치가 높다고 생각되며, 모사본이 확산되는 과정과 강민첨 영정의 移存 양상에 관한 앞으로의 연구에 도움이 되길 기대한다. This paper presents two portraits of General Gang Min-cheom(963~1021) enshrined in Eunryeolsa Temple in Jinju City (Gyeongsangnam-do Province). Gang Min-cheom was a great general during the Goryeo Period. When So Bae-ab invaded with an army of 100,000 soldiers, he went to war with another great general, Gang Gam-chan and defeated the enemy completely at Heunghwajin. During the reign of King Munjong, his memorial tablet were enshrined in the Gongshingak, the memorial for meritorious retainers. The two portraits are assumed to be the original copy and a copy from the original. The figure in the portraits is seated in full length and looking at the left side. And the sitter wears an official uniform of the Goryeo Period and Bokdu, an official hat that was given to the person who passed the national examination, holding a mace in both hands. The original copy is an excellent artwork that captured the sprit of the figure through fine and gentle brush strokes and impressive color effects on the silk canvas. On the other hand, the copy was drawn on the two pieced hemp canvases, presenting the old style that centered on thick brushes and lines. The copy is assumed to be copied in later times or to be retouched afterwards. There are other copies of the portrait that handed down to: the one from the collection of the National Museum of Korea, Sukcheong-gak and Dubangyoung-dang. It has been documented that Gang Se-hwang copied two portraits in 1790 and Gang-yio retouched to color some worn parts of the portraits. So the possibility that Gang Se-hwang's works are among the existing ones cannot be ruled out. The two portraits in question are valuable as data in light of the relations between the original and the copies that are enshrined in Gyeongsangnam-do Province. I hope the outcome of the present paper will be a step toward a further study of the trend, that is, an increase of the number of copies and transfer of the copies.

동아시아 표비(驃비)의 구조적 분석과 전개

장윤정 ( Yoon Chung Chang ) (재)동아시아문물연구학술재단 동아시아문물연구소 2010 文物硏究 Vol.- No.18

서아시아ㆍ중앙아시아에서 시작하여 중국, 우리나라, 일본 등 동아시아에 이르기까지 분포한 ??로 불리어지는 棒? 재갈멈추개를 주체로 하여 마구의 전개과정을 거시적인 관점에서 검토하였다. 그 과정에서 재갈멈추개와 銜의 결합방식에 주목하여 貫通式, 一體式, 結合式, 揷入式 등 4가지로 분류하였다. 먼저 貫通式은 재갈멈추개 중앙에 뚫린 구멍에 銜 본체가 통과한 후 棒狀 양쪽 끝에 銜 외환을 만든 것이고 一體式은 함 외환에 재갈멈추개를 직접 붙여 고정ㆍ제작한 것이다. 結合式은 재갈멈추개 자체에 뚫린 구멍(銜孔) 혹은 고리에 함 외환이 연결된 것이고 揷入式은 이제까지 ??로 알려진 것으로 함 외환에 棒狀의 재갈멈추개가 삽입된 것이다. 이들 ??라는 특징적인 형태를 가진 재갈은 서아시아ㆍ중앙아시아에서 전파의 종착역이라고 할 수 있는 일본까지 약 1500년의 시공을 초월하여 확인되고 있지만 그 정도와 구체적인 내용은 지역과 시대에 따라 달리하고 있음을 알 수 있었다. In the macro perspective, this study heavily focuses on the development process of the horse equipment particularly the bits and bridles which have a stick ends. These objects seemed to be introduced here in East Asia (including Korea, Japan and China) from West and Middle Asia. Especially it should be highlighted that this work divided four different types according to the combination technique of the bits and bridles. They are as such: Penetration, All-in-one, Combination and Insertion. Penetration type has a small hole in the middle of the bits and the bridle was penetrated through the hole. At the end of the stick, then, there is a outer circle which to hold the bits. In case of All-in-one, the bridle and the bits are directly combined and stuck together. A hole or circle which is attached to the bridle are connected to the bits and this is a Combination type. Finally the Insertion type is the one which is known as the general bits and bridles and so bridles were inserted to the bits. This kinds of combined bits and bridles seemed to be identified from West Asia, Middle Asia and Japan throughout more than 1500 years in history. However, this is also very interesting to point out that all those findings have distinctive and unique feature which cannot be unified into one certain type.