Inductive Reasoning and Rhetoric

Robert Boyd 대한사고개발학회 1998 The International Journal of Creativity & Problem Vol.8 No.1

Using logic as a tool writing is not new: However, proper usage requires clarification of this tool. The focus of this paper is on inductive reasoning as it relates to writing. Clarification requires a proper understanding of an argument and, specifically, the nature and application of inductive reasoning. This clarification provides the foundation for understanding each type of inductive reasoning and their corresponding criteria. Given the various types of induction and criteria, proper application of induction should enhance the writing of essays.

ARGUMENT ANALYSIS AND CRITICAL THINKING

Robert Boyd 대한사고개발학회 1993 The International Journal of Creativity & Problem Vol.3 No.2

청소년 교정환자들의 치은염 및 치아탈회 조절을 위해 사용한 겔형 불화주석(SnF₂ gel)의 장기간 평가

Robert L. Boyd,전윤식(Youn-Sic Chun) 대한치과교정학회 1995 대한치과교정학회지 Vol.25 No.3

청소년 교정환자들의 치은염 및 치아탈회 조절을 위해 사용한 겔형 불화주석(SnF_2 gel)의 장기간 평가

Boyd, Robert L.,전윤식 대한치과교정학회 1995 대한치과교정학회지 Vol.25 No.3

이 논문의 목적은 청소년 교정환자들의 치은염과 치아탈회를 조절하기위해 사용된 수종의 화학요법들에 관해 최근에 보고된 2개의 연구를 재검토하기 위함이다. 첫번째 연구(치은염 연구)는 고정성 교정장치를 장착하고 있는 경우, 기존의 칫솔법에 매일 2회 유효 주석이온이 90%이상 함유된 0.4%의 겔형 불화주석(SnF_2 gel)을 함께 사용하는 경우와 기존의 칫솔법만을 사용하는 것 중 치내침착과 치은염을 조절하는데 있어서 어느 것이 더 효과적인지를 결정하기 위하여 시행 되었다. 두번째 연구(치아탈회 연구)는 교정환자들을 대상으로 1100 ppm의 불소가 함유된 치약만을 사용할 때와 이와 똑 같은 치약과 0.05% 불화나트륨 양치액(NaF rinse)을 병용하여 양치하거나 이 치약과 함께 0.4% 겔형의 불화주석을 사용할 때 치아탈회의 조절효과를 비교하기 위하여 시행 되었다. 치은염 연구에서는 모든 치아를 고정성 장치로 계속 치료를 받고 있는 청소년 교정환자 65명을 연령과 성별에 따라 두 군으로 지정하였다. 마찬가지로 치아탈회 연구에서도 30명을 추가(총 95명)하여 제 3군으로 지정하였다. 제1군(대조군, 35명)은 단지 표준화 불소(1100 ppm 불소) 치약만 사용하였다. 제 2군은 1 군과 같은 치약에 겔형의 0.4% 불화주석이 함유된 치약을(겔형 불화주석군, 표본수=30) 매일 2회씩 18개월 동안 사용하였다. 제 3군은(단지 치아탈회군만으로 이용) 같은 종류의 치약과 0.05% 불화나트륨 양치액을 사용하였다(불화나트륨 양치구, 표본수=30). 치태침착의 임상평가는 Plaque Index로, 치은의 염증은 Gingival Index로, 치관의 착색은 단일맹검(single-blind)으로, 고정성 교정장치를 장착하기 전과 장착한 수 1, 3, 6, 9, 12, 18 개월마다 실시하였다. 치아탈회의 임상평가는 맹출한 모든치아의 순측면에 고정성 교정장치를 장착하기 전과 장치 제거 3개월 후에 단일맹검으로 실시하였다. 치은염 연구에서 겔형 불화주석군(SnF_2 gel group)이 대조군에 비해 교정치료 기간동안 시행한 모든 검사에서 Plaque Index(p<0.01)와 Gingival Index(p<0.001)가 상당히 낮은것으로 나타났다. 겔형 불화주석군에서 한 증례는 미미한 치관착색을, 두 증례는 보통정도의 치관착색을 보였다. 치아탈회 연구에서는 겔형 불화주석군과 불화나트퓸 양치액군이 치료후 치아탈회값에서 치료전 치아탈회값을 뺀 치아탈회값이 대조군에 비해 구강전체및 제1대구치에서 현저하게 낮은 값(p<0.05)을 보였다. 비록 겔형 불화주석군이 불화나트륨 양치액군보다 일관되게 낮은 치아탈회값을 보였을지라도 통계적으로 그 차이는 단지 유의성을 보이는 정도였다. The purpose of this paper is to review two recently reported, long-term studies of several chemical methods to control gingivitis and decalcification in adolescent orthodontic patients. The first study(gingivitis study) was designed to determine whether conventional toothbrushing and twice daily use of a brush-on 0.4 per cent SnF_2 gel containing more than 90 per cent available Sn^2+ would be more effective for controlling plaque accumulation and gingivitis in the presence of orthodontic appliances than conventional toothbrushing alone. The second study(decalcification study) was designed to compare the effectiveness of controlling decalcification in orthondontic patients with either a 1100 ppm F tooth paste used alone, this same toothpaste and a 0.05 percent NaF rinse or this toothpaste and a 0.4 percent SnF_2 gel. In the gingivitis study, sixty-five consecutively treated adolescents who were to receive full-mouth fixed orthodontic appliances were assigned to two groups according to age and sex criteria. In the decalcification study and additional 30 subjects(95 total) were similarly assigned to a third group. The first group(control, n=35) used only toothbrushing with a standard fluoride(1100 ppm F) toothpaste. The second group used toothbrushing with a similar dentifrice supplemented with a 0.4 percent SnF_2 gel(SnF_2 gel group, n=30) used twice daily for the entire 18-month study period. The third group(in the decalcification study only) used a similar toothpaste and 0.05 percent NaF rinse(NaF rinse group, n=30). Clinical assessments of plaque accumulation using the Plaque Index, gingival inflammation using the Gingival Index, and coronal staining were completed single-blinded before appliances were placed and 1, 3, 6, 9, 12 and 18 months after appliances were placed. Decalcification was assessed single blind on all labial surfaces of all erupted teeth before appliances were placed and 3 months after appliances were removed. The results of the gingivitis study indicated that the SnF_2 gel gorup had significantly lower scores for the Plaque Index(p<0.01) and Gingival Index(p<0.001) at all examinations during orthodontic treatment than did the control group. In the SnF_2 gel group, one subject developed mild coronal staining and two subjects developed moderate staining. In the decalcification study, when pre-treatment levels of decalcification were subtracted from post-treatment values, significantly lower decalcification scores(p<0.05) were found for both whole mouth and first molars in the NaF rinse and gel groups as compared with the control group(toothpaste alone). Although the gel group consistently had less decalcification than the rinse group, this difference only approached statistical significance.

Novel Photonic Materials for Advanced Imaging Applications

Robert W. Boyd 한국물리학회 2003 THE JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN PHYSICAL SOCIETY Vol.43 No.42

This contribution reviews some recent work in the development of novel composite materials for nonlinear optics, the development of structured waveguides with exotic optical properties, and the development of some advanced imaging techniques.m

인비절라인 시스템을 이용한 부정교합의 진단 및 치료

김형수,안재현,Boyd, Robert L. 대한치과교정학회 2003 대한치과교정학회지 Vol.33 No.1

최근 컴퓨터 소프트웨어의 발전으로 환자의 모형을 scanning하여 3차원 가상 모델을 만드는 것이 가능하게 되었다. 이러한 모델은 컴퓨터로 처리되어 치료 시작부터 끝까지 여러 단계의 치아 이동이 이루어지고, 치아 이동의 각 단계별로 sterolithograghic model이 만들어 지는데, 이는 일련의 투명하고 얇은 overlay 장치를 제작하는 기초가 된다. 계획된 치아 이동의 단계에 따라 치아를 움직이기 위해서는 환자가 장치를 항상 사용해야 하며, 중정도의 crowding과 공간 폐쇄는 이 장치로 치료가 용이하다는 것이 입증되었다. 지금까지 이 장치를 경험해 본 결과, 고정성 교정장치에 비해 환자가 불편을 덜 느끼고 심미성과 구강 청결이 좋아 환자의 협조도가 뛰어 났다. 이 장치는 완전히 맹출된 영구 치열 환자에서 부정교합에 대한 또 하나의 유용한 접근법이라 할 수 있다. Recent developments in software technology have made it possible to create a virtual three-dimensional model of the dental arches from digitally scanned casts of a patient's dentition. This modelmay then be manipulated with software to produce stages of tooth movement from the intial malocclusion to the final desired occlusion. A sterolithograghic model is made for each stage of tooth movement which is the basis for construction of a series of clear and thin overlay appliances. These appliances are worn full time by the patient to move the teeth according to the programmed stages of movement. Malocclusion involving mild to moderate crowding and space closure have been proven to be successfully treated with this appliance Experience with this appliance has demonstrated excellent patient compliance with less discomfort, improved esthetics and oral hygiene control, when compared with fixed orthodontic appliances. Orthodontic treatment with this appliance is a potentially useful alternative approach to fixed appliances for treatment of a variety of malocclusions in patients with fully erupted permanent teeth.

Bilateral Pedicle and Crossed Translaminar Screws in C2

Daniel Mendelsohn,Nicolas Dea,Robert Lee,Michael C. Boyd 대한척추외과학회 2015 Asian Spine Journal Vol.9 No.5

Multiple techniques exist for the fixation of C2, including axial pedicle screws and bilateral translaminar screws. We describe a novel method of incorporating both the translaminar and pedicle screws within C2 to improve fixation to the subaxial spine in patients requiring posterior cervical instrumentation for deformity correction or instability. We report three cases of patients with cervical spinal instability, who underwent cervical spine instrumentation for stabilization and/or deformity correction. Bilateral C2 pedicle screws were inserted, followed by bilateral crossed laminar screws. The instrumentation method successfully achieved fixation in all three patients. There were no immediate postoperative complications, and hardware positioning was satisfactory. Instrumenting C2 with translaminar and pedicle screws is technically feasible, and it may improve fixation to the subaxial spine in patients with poor bone quality or severe subaxial deformity, which require a stronger instrumentation construct.

Atomic arrangement in immiscible binary alloys synthesized far-from-equilibrium

Georgios ALMYRAS,Viktor ELOFSSON,Bo LU,Robert BOYD,Kostas SARAKINOS 한국진공학회 2016 한국진공학회 학술발표회초록집 Vol.2016 No.8

Tunable optical time delay of quantum signals using a prism pair

Gehring, George M.,Shin, Heedeuk,Boyd, Robert W.,Kim, Chil-Min,Ham, Byoung S. The Optical Society 2010 Optics express Vol.18 No.18

<P>We describe a compact, tunable, optical time-delay module that functions by means of total internal reflection within two glass prisms. The delay is controlled by small mechanical motions of the prisms. The device is inherently extremely broad band, unlike time delay modules based on 'slow light' methods. In the prototype device that we fabricated, we obtain time delays as large as 1.45 ns in a device of linear dimensions of the order of 3.6 cm. We have delayed pulses with a full width at half-maximum pulse duration of 25 fs, implying a delay bandwidth product (measured in delay time divided by the FWHM pulse width) of 5.8x10(4). We also show that the dispersion properties of this device are sufficiently small that quantum features of a light pulse are preserved upon delay.</P>

Brain mu-opioid receptor binding: relationship to relapse to cocaine use after monitored abstinence.

Gorelick, David A,Kim, Yu Kyeong,Bencherif, Badreddine,Boyd, Susan J,Nelson, Richard,Copersino, Marc L,Dannals, Robert F,Frost, J James Springer-Verlag 2008 Psychophamacology Vol.200 No.4

<P>Cocaine users have increased regional brain mu-opioid receptor (mOR) binding which correlates with cocaine craving. The relationship of mOR binding to relapse is unknown.</P>