Teaching online: foundational concepts of online learning and practical guidelines

Hye Chang Rhim,Heeyoung Han 한국의학교육학회 2020 Korean journal of medical education Vol.32 No.3

Medical schools have been slowly adopting online learning into pedagogical methods for more than a decade. While some medical educators are reluctant to accept these changes, the ongoing coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic poses a threat to the delivery of traditional medical education, which has accelerated the inevitable implementation of online learning. This sudden change may be a new challenge to medical educators who are new to this territory. Therefore, this review aims to provide foundational concepts of online learning and practical guidelines in the context of medical education. The authors first identify three foundational concepts, which are transactional distance, presence, and independent learners. In online learning, transactional distance, determined by dialogue and structure, becomes more important than physical distance. Furthermore, effective and successful online learning requires the achievement and accommodation of cognitive, social, and teaching presences. It is also crucial to recognize learners not as passive recipients of information predefined by a teacher, but as active, capable, and independent individuals. The authors, then, discuss the practical guidelines for designing an effective online curriculum. Five online pedagogical guidelines are laid out in this review: design structures and flows to embrace experiential learning, accommodate both synchronous and asynchronous learning, design/facilitate interactions, promote practice opportunities, and promote a learning community. By understanding the foundational concepts and applying these guidelines, the adoption of online learning in the medical school may supplement the traditional medical education or even provide additional benefits in the new normal after the COVID-19 pandemic.

안면의 화학적 박피술시 Midazolam, Fentanyl 그리고 Esmolol 을 사용한 Deep Sedation 마취의 임상적 고찰

이혜원,김난숙,장성호,임혜자,안덕선,김지연,임성연 대한마취과학회 1995 Korean Journal of Anesthesiology Vol.29 No.1

To investigate the clinical usefulness of the intravenous anesthesia of the facial chemical peeling with midazolam(0.1 mg/kg)-fentanyl(3 ㎍/kg) - esmolol(initial 500 ㎍/kg,maintenance 200 ug/kg/min), the authors took 133 cases into consideration. The results of the statistical evaluation were as follows: 1) Most of the cases were small pox scar(70.7%). 2) One point five percent of the cases dreamed during anesthesia. 3) Ninety-four point seven percents of the cases were in the emotion of $quot;Peaceful and relaxed$quot; and 60.1% of them were in the mood of Pleased or very pleased and the others were $quot;So and so$quot;. 4) Ninety-one point seven percents of the cases were willing to choose the same anesthetic method next time. 5) Fifty-two point six percents of the cases showed hypertensive episodes during anesthesia. 6) The incidence of the cases with SaO lower than 85% was 36.8%. The anesthetic technique with intravenous midazolam-fentanyl-esmolol for the facial chemical peeling with trichloroacetic acid(TCA) gives the patient comfortness and preference for this anesthetic technique. Close monitoring of the respiration is needed, because it can depress respiratory function. And control of the high blood pressure during anesthesia seems to be needed. (Korean J Anesthesiol 1995; 29: 59-63)

Consequences of coronavirus disease 2019 on international medical graduates and students applying to residencies in the United States

Park Jewel,Hye Chang Rhim 한국의학교육학회 2020 Korean journal of medical education Vol.32 No.2

Association of IL17E and IL17RB Gene Family with Asthma

( Jong Sook Park ),( Ji Hye Kim ),( Hun Soo Chang ),( Tai Youn Rhim ),( Sung Woo Park ),( Soo Taek Uh ),( Yong Hoon Kim ),( Choon Sik Park ),( Byung Lae Park ),( Hyung Doo Shin ) 대한결핵 및 호흡기학회 2006 대한결핵 및 호흡기학회 추계학술대회 초록집 Vol.103 No.-

만삭아에서 발생한 상부 위장관 출혈의 내시경적 진단과 치료

임석호,이혜경,민용식,김한진,김영창,Rhim, Suk-Ho,Lee, Hye-Kyung,Min, Yong-Sik,Kim, Han-Jin,Kim, Young-Chang 대한소아소화기영양학회 2001 Pediatric gastroenterology, hepatology & nutrition Vol.4 No.2

목적: 선행 질환 없이 상부 위장관 출혈이 발생한 만삭아에서 내시경을 이용한 원인 질환의 진단과 치료의 유용성을 알아보고자 하였다. 방법: 1998년 7월에서 2001년 4월까지 만 2년 9개월 동안 순천향대학교 의과대학 천안병원 신생아실에 토혈을 주소로 입원한 신생아를 대상으로하였고, 모체혈액 흡인, 미숙아, 패혈증, 신생아 출혈성 질환 등의 선행질환이 있는 환아는 제외하였다. 병록지를 근거로 과거력, 분만력, 가족력, 임상증상, 검사소견, 내시경소견, 치료경과 등을 후향적으로 조사하였다. 결과: 총 9례로 임신 주수는 38~41주이었고 출생체중은 2,730~3,400 g이었다. 입원 후 24시간 내에 위 내시경 검사를 시행하였으며 수기에 따른 부작용은 없었다. 총 9례 중 6례에서 위궤양, 2례에서는 다발성 미란이 발견되었고 1례에서는 원인규명이 어려웠다. 위궤양 6례 중 4례는 다발성이었고 이중 2례에서는 내시경적 지혈술을 시행하였으며 총 9례 모두 보존적 치료로 완치되었으며 5례에서는 수혈을 받았고 재발은 없었다. 결론: 선행 질환이 없는 만삭아의 상부 위 장관출혈의 원인은 다발성 위궤양이 흔하며 그 예후는 양호하였다. 신생아의 위장관 출혈의 원인과 치료에 위내시경 검사가 유용하였다. Purpose: We are going to establish the efficacy of endoscopic examinations in diagnosing and treating upper GI bleeding in full term neonates. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed newborns who underwent endoscopic examination because of hematemesis from July 1998 to April 2001. Results: Gestational ages were between 38 and 41weeks, and birth weights were between 2,730 and 3,400 gm. Total of 9 patients were reviewed. Endoscopic examination revealed gastric ulcer in 6 cases, multiple erosions in 2 cases and negative finding in 1 case. All 6 gastric ulcers were multiple and among them 2 patients endoscopic hemostatic therapy. No complication due to the procedure was noticed. Five patients recieved transfusions. All 9 cases were cured through conservative and endoscopic therapy without recurrence. Conclusion: The common cause of upper GI hemorrhage in newborns with no preceding disease turns out to be multiple gastric ulcers and the prognosis is good. The endoscopic approach is useful in diagnosing and treating upper GI bleeding in newborns.

Validity of an Ear-worn Wearable Device for Measuring Walking and Running Gait Parameters

Jinkyuk Kim(김진격),Hyeob Choi(최협),Chang Keun Jung(정창근),Hye Chang Rhim(임혜창) 대한기계학회 2022 대한기계학회 춘추학술대회 Vol.2022 No.4

Ginseng Saponins Diminish Adverse Vascular Effects Associated with Chronic Methionine-Induced Hyperhomocysteinemia

Kim, Jong-Hoon,Cho, Soo Yeun,Kang, Chang-Won,Yoon, In-Soo,Lee, Jun-Ho,Jeong, Sang Min,Lee, Byung-Hwan,Lee, Joon-Hee,Pyo, Mi-Kyung,Choi, Sun-Hye,Quan, Shi Fu,Lee, Jong-Hwan,Choi, Chi-Bong,Rhim, Hyewhon Pharmaceutical Society of Japan 2006 Biological & pharmaceutical bulletin Vol.29 No.12

<P>Recent studies have shown that <I>Panax</I> ginseng has a variety of beneficial effects on the cardiovascular systems. Homocysteine (Hcy), which is derived from <SMALL>L</SMALL>-methionine (Met), has been closely associated with the increased risk of cardiovascular diseases. In the present study, we examined whether <I>in vivo</I> long-term administration of ginseng saponins (GS), active ingredients of <I>Panax</I> ginseng, attenuate adverse vascular effects associated with chronic Met-induced hyperhomocysteinemia (H-Hcy). We found that plasma Hcy level, which was measured after 30 and 60 d, in GS (100 mg/kg)+Met co-administration group was significantly reduced when it was compared with Met alone treatment group. We could also observe the alleviation of endothelial damages of aortic artery vessels in GS (100 mg/kg)+Met co-administration group compared with Met alone treatment group. We compared aortic vasocontractile and vasodilatory responses between Met alone and GS (100 mg/kg)+Met co-treatment groups. We found that norepinephrine-induced vasocontractile responses were greatly decreased in GS (100 mg/kg)+Met co-treatment group and that carbachol-induced dilatory responses were greatly enhanced in GS (100 mg/kg)+Met co-administration groups as compared with Met alone treatment group. The present results indicate that <I>in vivo</I> long-term administration of GS attenuates adverse vascular effects associated with chronic Met-induced H-Hcy in rats.</P>

A Preliminary Study on Uncovering Medical Students' Unprofessional Behaviors from YouTube Videos

Lee Young-Mee,Lee Jungmin,Rhim Hye Chang,Park Hyunmi 대한의학회 2021 Journal of Korean medical science Vol.36 No.42

Creation of guidelines and education on digital professionalism have been sluggish despite the ever-increasing use of social media by digitally native medical students, who are at risk of blurring the line between their professional and personal lives online. A qualitative thematic analysis was applied on 79 videos extracted from 70,154 YouTube videos uploaded by Korean medical students between March and April 2020. We found 20% contained at least one concerning behavior themed under ‘failure to engage,’ ‘disrespectful behaviors,’ or ‘poor selfawareness.’ Professional lapses identified were classified into seriousness levels. Mostly were “controversial’ or ‘concerning’ but some ‘highly concerning’ contents were also found. This is the first study on digital professionalism behavior on medical students' YouTube videos. The potential negative impact on the medical profession of the easily accessible public online videos cannot be ignored and thus we suggest the need for them to be taken more seriously.

Medical students’ perspectives on recommencing clinical rotations during coronavirus disease 2019 at one institution in South Korea

Jewel Park,Hyunmi Park,Ji-Eun Lim,Hye Chang Rhim,Young-Mee Lee 한국의학교육학회 2020 Korean journal of medical education Vol.32 No.3

Purpose: Clinical rotations of medical students across the world have inevitably been affected due to the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. The aims of this study were to explore medical students’ perception on the school’s response and management of clinical rotation during the COVID-19 pandemic and on how it had affected the quality of their education. Methods: An online questionnaire was distributed to third year medical students at one institution whose clinical rotations re-started during the pandemic. The questions asked about the students’ satisfaction with the school’s policy and feelings of safety, and the impact of COVID-19 on clinical learning. Results: The students’ perception on the school’s response to the pandemic was mixed. Re-commencement of the clinical rotations and procurement of personal protective equipment was positive but a third of students still felt unsafe. The decreased number of hospital patients did not seem to have impacted their overall clinical education with praise on the role of the supervising physicians. Seventy-six-point seven percent of students conferred the positive educational opportunities on medical professionalism presented to them only as the clinical rotation during the ongoing pandemic. Conclusion: Our observations on the re-commencement of clerkship during this pandemic may help equip medical institutions on future public health crisis.

Gintonin Attenuates D-Galactose-Induced Hippocampal Senescence by Improving Long-Term Hippocampal Potentiation, Neurogenesis, and Cognitive Functions

Nam, Sung Min,Hwang, Hongik,Seo, Misun,Chang, Byung-Joon,Kim, Hyeon-Joong,Choi, Sun-Hye,Rhim, Hyewhon,Kim, Hyoung-Chun,Cho, Ik-Hyun,Nah, Seung-Yeol S. Karger AG 2018 Gerontology Vol.64 No.6

<P><B><I>Background:</I></B> Ginseng has been used to improve brain function and increase longevity. However, little is known about the ingredients of ginseng and molecular mechanisms of its anti-brain aging effects. Gintonin is a novel exogenous ginseng-derived lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) receptor ligand; LPA and LPA1 receptors are involved in adult hippocampal neurogenesis. D-galactose (D-gal) is used to induce brain ­aging in animal models because long-term treatment with D-gal facilitates hippocampal aging in experimental adult animals by decreasing hippocampal neurogenesis and inducing learning and memory dysfunction. <B><I>Objective:</I></B> To investigate the protective effects of gintonin on D-gal-induced hippocampal senescence, impairment of long-term potentiation (LTP), and memory dysfunction. <B><I>Methods:</I></B> Brain hippocampal aging was induced by D-gal administration (150 mg/kg/day, s.c.; 10 weeks). From the 7th week, gintonin (50 or 100 mg/kg/day, per os) was co-administered with D-gal for 4 weeks. We performed histological analyses, LTP measurements, and object location test. <B><I>Results:</I></B> Co-administration of gintonin ameliorated D-gal-induced reductions in hippocampal Ki67-immunoreactive proliferating cells, doublecortin-immunoreactive neuroblasts, 5-bromo-2’-deoxyuridine-incorporating NeuN-immunoreactive mature neurons, and LPA1 receptor expression. Co-administration of gintonin in D-gal-treated mice increased the expression of phosphorylated cyclic adenosine monophosphate response element binding protein in the hippocampal dentate gyrus. In addition, co-administration of gintonin in D-gal-treated mice enhanced LTP and restored the cognitive functions compared with those in mice treated with D-gal only. <B><I>Conclusion:</I></B> These results show that gintonin administration restores D-gal-induced memory deficits by enhancing hippocampal LPA1 receptor expression, LTP, and neurogenesis. Finally, the present study shows that gintonin exerts anti-brain aging effects that are responsible for alleviating brain aging-related dysfunction.</P>