Management and control of coccidiosis in poultry - A review

Rafiq Ahmad,Yu-Hsiang Yu,Kuo-Feng Hua,Wei-Jung Chen,Daniel Zaborski,Andrzej Dybus,Felix Shih-Hsiang Hsiao,Yeong-Hsiang Cheng Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 2024 Animal Bioscience Vol.37 No.1

Poultry coccidiosis is an intestinal infection caused by an intracellular parasitic protozoan of the genus Eimeria. Coccidia-induced gastrointestinal inflammation results in large economic losses, hence finding methods to decrease its prevalence is critical for industry participants and academic researchers. It has been demonstrated that coccidiosis can be effectively controlled and managed by employing anticoccidial chemical compounds. However, as a result of their extensive use, anticoccidial drug resistance in Eimeria species has raised concerns. Phytochemical/herbal medicines (Artemisia annua, Bidens pilosa, and garlic) seem to be a promising strategy for preventing coccidiosis, in accordance with the "anticoccidial chemical-free" standards. The impact of herbal supplements on poultry coccidiosis is based on the reduction of oocyst output by preventing the proliferation and growth of Eimeria species in chicken gastrointestinal tissues and lowering intestinal permeability via increased epithelial turnover. This review provides a thorough up-to-date assessment of the state of the art and technologies in the prevention and treatment of coccidiosis in chickens, including the most used phytochemical medications, their mode of action, and the applicable legal framework in the European Union.

Intent Based Networking for Optimized Resource Management using IBN Manager and Smart Path Manager

Rafiq Adeel,Diaz Rivera Javier,Wang-Cheol Song 한국콘텐츠학회 2018 한국콘텐츠학회 ICCC 논문집 Vol.2018 No.12

Fabrication of a highly effective electrochemical urea sensing platform based on urease-immobilized silk fibroin scaffold and aminated glassy carbon electrode

Rafiq, Khezina,Mai, Hien Duy,Kim, Jin Kyung,Woo, Jae Min,Moon, Bo Mi,Park, Chan Hum,Yoo, Hyojong Elsevier Sequoia 2017 Sensors and actuators. B Chemical Vol.251 No.-

<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>A glassy carbon electrode (GCE) was successfully functionalized with amine groups (NH<SUB>2</SUB>) through the electrooxidation of carbamic acid, to produce an aminated GCE. The aminated GCE could be effectively used to detect current changes during the urease-catalyzed decomposition of urea. The silk fibroin (SF) scaffolds were used to place urease near the surface of the aminated GCE (urease/SF/aminated GCE). The prepared electrode was employed for electrochemical urea sensing utilizing cyclic voltammetry and amperometry techniques. The fabricated sensing platform displayed rapid detection response and high sensitivity of 112.3μAmM<SUP>−1</SUP> cm<SUP>−2</SUP> with a linear correlation between current and urea concentrations (0.3–2.7mM). Values for limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) were estimated to be 0.163mM and 0.394mM, respectively. The reproducible sensing responses recorded using the urease/SF/aminated GCE comprising replaceable SF discs (generated and functionalized with urease in the same batch) assure the suitability of the present platform for application in urea sensing devices.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> Silk fibroin scaffolds are employed to place urease near the surface of the aminated glassy carbon electrode. </LI> <LI> The platform with urease/SF/aminated GCE exhibits rapid detection response and high sensitivity with linear correlation between current and urea concentrations. </LI> <LI> Reproducible sensing responses recorded using urease/SF/aminated GCE comprising replaceable SF discs, assure the suitability of the present platform for application in urea sensing devices. </LI> </UL> </P> <P><B>Graphical abstract</B></P> <P>[DISPLAY OMISSION]</P>

Effect of Medicated Block Licks on the Performance of Indigenous Dairy Cows of Bangladesh

Rafiq, K.,Mostofa, M.,Awal, M.A.,Hossain, M.M. Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 2000 Animal Bioscience Vol.13 No.6

For this study three types of block such as medicated urea-molasses-mineral block (MUMMB, 7% urea), urea-molasses-mineral blocks ($UMMB_a$ 7% urea) and urea-molasses-mineral blocks ($UMMB_b$ 21% urea) were prepared. Naturally infested 24 indigenous dairy cows with gastrointestinal nematodes were used to study the effect of MUMMB, $UMMB_a$ and $UMMB_b$ on different parameters (body weight, milk yield, serum urea level, milk urea level). The cows were offered normal diet added with 250 g block per cow for every day. Straw and green grasses were used as basal diet in the ration. The managemental facilities for all cows of each group were similar. Cows were stall fed, calves were tied up at night and had free access to their dam during day time. Milking was done once daily in the morning. The daily average live weight gains by MUMMB, $UMMB_a$, $UMMB_b$, and control group (no block) were 52.08 g, 44.44 g, 48.58 g, and 1.41 g respectively. The live weight gain were statistically significant (p<0.01) in comparison to control group. The highest daily milk yield was observed in MUMMB treated cows (2.39 L/d); followed by $UMMB_b$ treated cows (1.82 L/d) and $UMMB_a$ treated cows (2.16 L/d). The lowest milk yield was found in control group (1.54 L/d). This result differs significantly (p<0.05) between treated groups and also with control group. During urea-molasses-mineral blocks $UMMB_a$, $UMMB_b$ licking milk urea level increased from initial $22.76{\pm}2.35mg/dl$ to $35.46{\pm}4.80mg/dl$ and initial $22.86{\pm}2.96mg/dl$ to $40.66{\pm}0.87mg/dl$ respectively. This variation of milk urea level was statistically significant (p<0.001). Similarly during $UMMB_a$, and $UMMB_b$ blocks licking, serum urea level increased in both treated groups from initial $22.76{\pm}2.60mg/dl$ to $32.68{\pm}2.21$ and initial $23.70{\pm}2.78mg/dl$ to $40.48{\pm}3.24mg/dl$, respectively. This variation of serum urea level was also statistically significant (p<0.001). Use of MUMMB instead of UMMB was proved better for milk production and live weight gain in dairy cows under the village condition of Bangladesh where balanced ration for dairy cows are a major scarcity. And various concentration of urea in blocks positively affect milk and serum urea levels of indigenous dairy cows.

ECONOMIC BENEFITS OF SUPPLEMENTING LAMBS WITH UREA MOLASSES BLOCKS ON RANGES OF PAKISTAN

Rafiq, M.,Jadoon, J.K.,Mahmood, K.,Naqvi, M.A. Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 1996 Animal Bioscience Vol.9 No.2

Effects on feed intake, liveweight gain and economic benefits of supplementing lambs with urea molasses blocks, were studied. Forty eight crossbred lambs were divided into 6 groups and assigned randomly to grazing on native pasture (CONT) or along with supplements of Commercial ration (COM) and urea molasses blocks (UMBs) containing two levels of cement and calcium oxide as a binding agent. Analysis of variance revealed highly significant (p<0.01) differences in dry matter (DMI, g/day), crude protein (CPI, g/day) and metabolizable energy (MEI, MJ/day) intakes. Differences in liveweight gain (LWG, g/day), feed conversion ratio (FCR) and net economic benefit of supplementation were also highly variable. The intake of DM, CP and ME varied from 974 to 1002, 66-70 and 7.6-8.4 in lambs supplemented with UMBs, significantly (p<0.01) greater than 848, 52.5 and 5.6 in lambs supplemented with COM or FCR and net economic benefits (54.3; 57.8; 17.1 and 1.96; 2.4) in lambs supplemented with COM and UMB-2, were CONT or supplemented with UMB-1, UMB-3 and UMB-4 respectively. Factors responsible for differences in feed intake, liveweight gain and economic benefits, are discussed.

Chemical Composition, Nitrogen Fractions and Amino Acids Profile of Milk from Different Animal Species

Rafiq, Saima,Huma, Nuzhat,Pasha, Imran,Sameen, Aysha,Mukhtar, Omer,Khan, Muhammad Issa Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 2016 Animal Bioscience Vol.29 No.7

Milk composition is an imperative aspect which influences the quality of dairy products. The objective of study was to compare the chemical composition, nitrogen fractions and amino acids profile of milk from buffalo, cow, sheep, goat, and camel. Sheep milk was found to be highest in fat ($6.82%{\pm}0.04%$), solid-not-fat ($11.24%{\pm}0.02%$), total solids ($18.05%{\pm}0.05%$), protein ($5.15%{\pm}0.06%$) and casein ($3.87%{\pm}0.04%$) contents followed by buffalo milk. Maximum whey proteins were observed in camel milk ($0.80%{\pm}0.03%$), buffalo ($0.68%{\pm}0.02%$) and sheep ($0.66%{\pm}0.02%$) milk. The non-protein-nitrogen contents varied from 0.33% to 0.62% among different milk species. The highest r-values were recorded for correlations between crude protein and casein in buffalo (r = 0.82), cow (r = 0.88), sheep (r = 0.86) and goat milk (r = 0.98). The caseins and whey proteins were also positively correlated with true proteins in all milk species. A favorable balance of branched-chain amino acids; leucine, isoleucine, and valine were found both in casein and whey proteins. Leucine content was highest in cow ($108{\pm}2.3mg/g$), camel ($96{\pm}2.2mg/g$) and buffalo ($90{\pm}2.4mg/g$) milk caseins. Maximum concentrations of isoleucine, phenylalanine, and histidine were noticed in goat milk caseins. Glutamic acid and proline were dominant among non-essential amino acids. Conclusively, current exploration is important for milk processors to design nutritious and consistent quality end products.

STATUS AND SCOPE OF SMALL RUMINANTS PRODUCTION IN DRY AREAS OF PAKISTAN - REVIEW -

Rafiq, M. Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 1995 Animal Bioscience Vol.8 No.3

This paper describes small ruminant production systems in dry areas of Pakistan. Formal and informal surveys had identified that poor feed resources, as a result of harsh climatic conditions, is a major factor responsible for low sheep and goats production. In view of their recommendations, use of approaches like supplemental feeding and pasture production through an introduction of improved forage species in the country, are reviewed. The improvement in sheep production and associated socioeconomic benefits, are discussed.

Augmenting yogurt quality attributes through hydrocolloidal gums

Rafiq, Lubna,Zahoor, Tahir,Sagheer, Ambreen,Khalid, Nazia,Rahman, Ubaid ur,Liaqat, Atif Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 2020 Animal Bioscience Vol.33 No.2

Objective: The present work was undertaken to determine the possibility of using xanthan and guar gums as stabilizers to enhance the yogurt quality. Methods: Yogurt was manufactured from standardized milk (3.5% fat, 8.5% solid-not-fat contents) with the addition of 2% to 3% starter culture. Enzyme-hydrolyzed xanthan gum (0.1%, 0.5%, 1.0%) and guar gum (0.1%, 0.5%, 1.0%) were added to the yogurt as stabilizers. Prepared yogurt samples were kept at refrigeration temperature (4℃±2℃) for 21 days and various quality and sensory parameters were studied at regular intervals (7 days). Results: Results showed that yogurt with 0.5% xanthan gum (T5) was best in terms of preventing syneresis and improving the viscosity, water holding capacity and texture of the product. Additionally, adding gums did not adversely affect the sensorial attributes of the product. Conclusion: Modified gums were found useful in augmenting yogurt quality and therefore addition of gums is highly recommended for manufacturing yogurt.

ON ERROR ESTIMATES OF AN IMPLICIT ITERATION SCHEME

Rafiq, Arif,Lee, Byung-Soo The Youngnam Mathematical Society 2015 East Asian mathematical journal Vol.31 No.3

The purpose of this note is to study the estimation of errors of the implicit Mann iterative process with random errors.

Synthesis and Biological Activities of Some New 3,6-Disubstituted 1,2,4-Triazolo[3,4-b]1,3,4-thiadiazole Derivatives

Rafiq, Muhammad,Saleem, Muhammad,Hanif, Muhammad,Maqsood, Muhammad Rizwan,Rama, Nasim Hasan,Lee, Ki-Hwan,Seo, Sung-Yum Korean Chemical Society 2012 Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society Vol.33 No.12

A series of aromatic hydrazides 3a-j were prepared by refluxing esters 2a-j with hydrazine hydrate in methanol, which were prepared by the esterification of 1a-j. Acetohydrazides 3a-j upon treatment with carbon disulfide and methanolic potassium hydroxide yielded potassium dithiocarbazate salts 4a-j, which on refluxing with hydrazine hydrate yielded substituted 4-amino-5-aryl-3H-1,2,4-triazole-3-thiones 5a-j. The target compounds 6a-j were synthesized by condensing furan-3-carboxylic acid in the presence of polyphosphoric acid under reflux. The structures of newly synthesized compounds were characterized by IR, $^1H$ NMR, $^{13}C$ NMR, elemental analysis and mass spectrometric studies. All the synthesized compounds were screened for their urease, acetylcholine esterase inhibition, antioxidant and alkaline phosphatase inhibition activity. Almost all of the compounds 6a-j showed good to excellent activities against urease and acetylcholine esterase more than the reference drugs. Compounds 6f and 6g were more potent scavenger of free radicals than the reference n-propyl gallate. Compound 6b and 6h showed excellent activities of alkaline phosphatase as compare to the reference $KH_2PO_4$.