사계 김장생의 이기론과 심성론 소고

이학당 ( Li Xue-tang ),왕천천 ( Wang Qian-qian ) 우리한문학회 2017 漢文學報 Vol.37 No.-

사계 김장생은 조선 중기의 저명한 예학가이고 교육가이다. 그는 스승 율곡의 "기발리승설"과 "리통기국설" 리기론 사상을 계승하면서 리와 기를 혼연일체의 존재로 보았다. 또한 리는 무형무위이고 기는 유형유위라고 보았다. 사계는 퇴계의 이기호발설을 부정한다. 그는 정호의 “기가 도이고 도가 기이다’는 주장을 근거로 이기불상리를 해석한다. 또한 주희의 “리는 리이고 기는 기이다”는 주장을 근거로 이기불상잡을 해석한다. 율곡이 제창한 ‘기발 이승’을 따르면서 리와 기는 “하나이면서 둘이고 둘이면서 하나다.”는 주장을 하면서 리와 기의 조화를 강조한다. 사계는 리와 기가 둘이면서 하나인 관계를 해석할 적에 이기가 합쳐지는 것이 시간적 선후로 구분하는 것은 아니라는 점을 밝힘과 동시에 공간적으로는 기가 리를 포함한다는 입장을 견지한다. 사계는 리는 기 안에 있고 원래 떨어지지 않는다고 하는데 이런 말은 기의 능동성을 중시하는 사계의 입장을 잘 보여주며 그의 심성론과 예악사상의 이론적 기초를 구성한다. 구용에 이해 방식은 사계 사상의 독자성을 보여준다. 사계는 송강이 “구용은 리이다”라고 하는 주장을 두고 체용을 원용하여 구용을 리의 작용으로 설명한다. 따라서 사계는 율곡의 입장에 기반하여 송강의 주장을 반대하지 않는다. 그러나 “형이상자는 기이고 형이하자는 도이다”는 구절에 대한 사계의 해석은 다소 문제가 있다. 사계는 도와 형을 다른 개념으로 이해하고 형과 기를 같은 개념으로 이해하는데 이런 이해는 사실에 부합하지 않는다. 사계는 율곡사상에 기초하여 심, 성, 정, 의, 지 등 성리학 심성론의 기초 개념을 심도 있게 해석한다. 본 연구는 이후 그가 주장하는 사단칠정론과 인심도심설의 이론적 토대가 된다. Shagai Kim jang-saeng was a famous scientist and educator in the middle of the Chosun Dynasty, on Confucianism he basicly inherited Zhu xi and Lee er's overall spirits, in the view of qi he claimedLi is of intangible and inaction, while Qi is of visible and action, so he denied Lee huang’s theory of which Li and Qi are inspired with each other. He cited Cheng hao’s theory of that "Qi is Dao and Dao is Qi" to explain the Li and Qi are not separated, and also quoted zhu xi's theory of that "Li is Li, Qi is Qi" to explain that the Li and Qi are not mixed. He agreed the Lee er’s idea of that"the Qi emits and Li follows " , he advocated "one is two, two is one", emphasizing the harmony of the Li and Qi. In the explanation of the relationship between "two is one", he was not only explained the combination of Li and Qi in chronological order, but also considered that the combination of Li and Qi was "Li was surrounded by Li"in space order. Shagai often said that "Li is in the Qi and they are not dissimilar"which reflected that he emphasised motility of the Qi, and also laid a theoretical foundation for his theory of mindand ritual thought. The understanding of the problem of "nine looks" reflected the autonomy of Shaxi’s thought. He believed that Songgang’s theory of which"nine looks are Li" was the use of Li from the perspective of body and function, so he did not denid Songgang's viewpoint in accordance with Lee er's thought. But he had some problems in the understanding of that "the person who is above, what is the Dao; There are some problems with the understanding of the "Meta physics is the Dao while the opposite is Qi". He seed that the Xing and Dao are different concept, but he thought that Xing and Qi are the same concept, which was lack of science. In terms of theory of mind, he based on the Yulgok’s thoughts, he made the detailed explanation for the basic concepts of neo-confucianism, such as the heart, character, feeling, idea, aspiration, whichbecame the necessary theoretical matting of the theory of four sides and seven feelings and the theory of people’s mind and Dao’s mind for the next step.

Recent Developments in the Effects of Different Dopants on the Structure and Property of Lithium Titanate Material

Xi-Yang Li,Qian-Lin Chen,Min Yang,Ya-Nan Li,Jing-Bo Ma 성균관대학교(자연과학캠퍼스) 성균나노과학기술원 2019 NANO Vol.14 No.3

The lithium titanium spinel Li4Ti5O12 has attracted more and more attention as anode materials applied in lithium ion batteries. Li4Ti5O12 material has been found to be able to intercalate lithium ions without deformation of the lattice. However, compared with graphite and other anode materials, the low conductivity of Li4Ti5O12 restricts its charging and discharging rate. Doping is deemed to be a businesslike method to enhance ionic and electronic conductivity of Li4Ti5O12. This paper reviews the effects of Li4Ti5O12 with different doping ions on different crystal lattice states. And it has been found by a summary that the doping objective of doping ions at Li4Ti5O12 is also different. Moreover, the applications of ion doping in different fields of Li4Ti5O12 are prospected.

Effect of CeO2 addition on crystallization and thermophysical properties of Li2O-ZnO-SiO2 glass-ceramics

Ruixue Li,Qian Zhang,Xingliang Peng,Weizhen Liu 한양대학교 세라믹연구소 2020 Journal of Ceramic Processing Research Vol.21 No.1

The effect of CeO2 addition on crystallization and thermo-physical properties of lithium zinc silicate (LZS) glasses containingLi2O-ZnO-SiO2-Al2O3-Na2O-P2O5 was investigated. The changes of CeO2 contents (2-8 wt.%) had an obvious influence on thetransition temperatures (Tg) and crystallization temperatures (Tc) of LZS glass-ceramics, and they increased with CeO2 contentincreasing. According to XRD analysis, CeO2 promoted the formation of cristobalite and β-spodumene crystals, and β-spodumene increased obviously. As the CeO2 content increasing, the microstructure and microhardness (being 6.88 Gpa at 880oC) of glass-ceramics had great changes. The average thermal expansion coefficient (20 - 450 oC) showed first increasing thendecreasing, having a wide range. The maximum of thermal expansion coefficient was obtained when the glass-ceramicscontained 4 wt.% CeO2, being 175×10−7 K−1 (at 700 oC) and 178×10−7 K−1 (at 880 oC) respectively. Excellent thermo-physicalproperties indicate the glass has greater potential application, such as being used as sealing glass.

Manganese-based spinel adsorbents for lithium recovery from aqueous solutions by electrochemical technique

Honglong Zhan,Yingjun Qiao,Zhiqiang Qian,Jun Li,Zhijian Wu,Xiaogang Hao,Zhong Liu 한국공업화학회 2022 Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Vol.114 No.-

The manganese-based spinel adsorbent (HMO) refers to lithium-ion adsorbents derived from the spinellithium manganese oxide (LMO). Two types of lithium ions extraction composite films composed of HMO(HMn2O4 and H1.6Mn1.6O4) are successfully prepared by the blade coating method. Based on the excellentLi+ selectivity of HMO and the outstanding conductivity of conductive carbon black (C), HMO/C films arecarried out to extract lithium by electrochemically switched ion exchange (ESIX) technique. HMO has acertain adsorption capacity for Li+ when the Li+ concentration is close to the actual brine, and the adsorptioncapacity of HMn2O4 and H1.6Mn1.6O4 is 24.56 mg/g and 34.40 mg/g, respectively. HMO showed goodselectivity for Li+ in multiple metal ions solution. The capacity of HMn2O4 and H1.6Mn1.6O4 keep 80% and86% of the initial values after 5 cycles, respectively. The inherent different lithium occupied leads to thedifference of electrical-adsorption abilities between HMn2O4 and H1.6Mn1.6O4. H1.6Mn1.6O4 has a broadapplication prospect in lithium extraction from salt lake brine due to its lower application voltage, largeadsorption capacity and superior stability.

Integration of reverse osmosis desalination with hybrid renewable energy sources and battery storage using electricity supply and demand-driven power pinch analysis

Li, Qian,Moya, Wladimir,Janghorban Esfahani, Iman,Rashidi, Jouan,Yoo, ChangKyoo Elsevier 2017 PROCESS SAFETY AND ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION Vol.111 No.-

<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>This study proposes the integration of reverse osmosis desalination with renewable energy sources and battery storage using energy-efficient power pinch analysis methodology for three different scenarios under an energy management strategy considering power supply and demand and power losses of the components in the system. The power cascade table and storage cascade table are introduced as numerical tools of power pinch analysis to determine the minimum outsourced electricity supply and available excess electricity for the next day, as well as the waste electricity, needed electricity, and the battery capacity for the system during a normal operation day. An optimization algorithm was applied based on the storage cascade table for a normal operation year to determine the optimal battery capacity for a dynamic freshwater demand to minimize the outsourced freshwater. Based on the energy management strategy, a case study in London, UK, showed scenario one as the best scenario with an optimum battery capacity of 1170.36kWh and freshwater production of 40,604.5m<SUP>3</SUP>, which can minimize 60,096.9m<SUP>3</SUP> of outsourced freshwater with a reasonable total annual cost of 503,159$/year.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> Integrating an RES–RO under energy management strategy for three different scenarios. </LI> <LI> Constructing a power cascade table for an RES–BS–RO system considering power losses. </LI> <LI> Applying an optimization algorithm to optimize battery capacity with minimum freshwater production. </LI> <LI> Identifying the produced freshwater and its total annual cost with optimum battery capacity for a case study in London. </LI> </UL> </P> <P><B>Graphical abstract</B></P> <P>[DISPLAY OMISSION]</P>

Quantitative assessment of human health risks induced by vehicle exhaust polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons at Zhengzhou via multimedia fugacity models with cancer risk assessment

Li, Qian,Kim, Minjeong,Liu, Ying,Yoo, ChangKyoo Elsevier 2018 Science of the Total Environment Vol.618 No.-

<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>Traffic-related pollution released a large amount of atmospheric polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) which have severely influenced environmental safety and human health until now. However, the important issue of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) emission from vehicle exhaust in urban populated areas has not been sufficiently investigated yet. This study focused on environmental behavior of vehicle exhaust PAHs (VEPAHs) and resultant health risk on local residents in urban populated areas. This study combined the multimedia fugacity models (Level III and Level IV) and the incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR) model, for analyzing the VEPAHs' environmental fate and related health risk on local residents in Zhengzhou of the central China. Regression models were applied to explore correlation between atmospheric concentration of VEPAHs and local pulmonary disease mortality rate. Our results demonstrate that the majority of VEPAH was sunk into the soil compartment in 2013, but the calculated BaP-equivalent concentrations of total VEPAHs in the air compartment exceeded the annual average standard limit of China (1ng/m<SUP>3</SUP>) yet. The human exposure routes of VEPAHs caused cancer risk in the following order: inhalation>dermal contact>ingestion.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> PAH emissions from vehicle exhaust are evaluated using multimedia models. </LI> <LI> The ILCR model was used to evaluate the cancer risk for residents of Zhengzhou, China. </LI> <LI> Dynamic fugacity model and ILCR models elucidated the health problems of residents. </LI> <LI> Health effects are estimated for increased concentrations of VEPAHs. </LI> </UL> </P> <P><B>Graphical abstract</B></P> <P>[DISPLAY OMISSION]</P>

A dynamic gain-scheduled ventilation control system for a subway station based on outdoor air quality conditions

Loy-Benitez, Jorge,Li, Qian,Ifaei, Pouya,Nam, Kijeon,Heo, SungKu,Yoo, Changkyoo Elsevier 2018 Building and environment Vol.144 No.-

<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>Within subway stations, the use of a mechanical ventilation system is a common strategy for improving the indoor air quality (IAQ). These ventilation systems use outdoor air to dilute pollutants on the subway platforms. However, a fixed fan speed in manual subway station ventilation systems does not consider variations in IAQ dynamics caused by disturbances yielded by the outdoor air quality (OAQ). Since the IAQ in subway stations has become a major public health concern, this study aims to analyze the IAQ dynamics at different OAQ conditions to design a new dynamic ventilation control system. The proposed method implemented a Gain Scheduling control strategy over OAQ variations at the D-Subway Station in the Seoul metropolitan area. A set of one feedback (FB) and two feedforward (FF) controllers was implemented. The results showed that the proposed control system tuned with the internal model control (IMC) method achieved an energy saving of 9% in comparison to the manual ventilation system. It was estimated a decrease in energy consumption of 158 kWh/day, representing an emission reduction of 268 kgCO<SUB>2</SUB>/day. Following, an energy cost reduction of 4325 USD yearly was estimated. Additionally, the indoor particulate matter level is maintained below a control limit considered to be unhealthy for sensitive groups (150 μg/m<SUP>3</SUP>).</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> A dynamic gain scheduled ventilation control system dependent on outdoor air conditions was proposed for subway platforms. </LI> <LI> The indoor air quality dynamics were explored and adjusted depending on the outdoor air quality. </LI> <LI> The proposed ventilation control system reduced energy consumption by 9% in comparison to the manual ventilation system. </LI> <LI> Annual GHG emissions could be decreased by 97,820 kg CO<SUB>2</SUB> with the proposed ventilation control system. </LI> <LI> The proposed control system shows energy-saving potential adaptability for standard subway stations. </LI> </UL> </P> <P><B>Graphical abstract</B></P> <P>[DISPLAY OMISSION]</P>

Sequential prediction of quantitative health risk assessment for the fine particulate matter in an underground facility using deep recurrent neural networks

Loy-Benitez, Jorge,Vilela, Paulina,Li, Qian,Yoo, ChangKyoo Academic Press 2019 Ecotoxicology and environmental safety Vol.169 No.-

<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>Particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter less than 2.5 µm (PM<SUB>2.5</SUB>) in indoor public spaces such as subway stations, has represented a major public health concern; however, forecasting future sequences of quantitative health risk is an effective method for protecting commuters’ health, and an important tool for developing early warning systems. Despite the existence of several predicting methods, some tend to fail to forecast long-term dependencies in an effective way. This paper aims to implement a multiple sequences prediction of a comprehensive indoor air quality index (CIAI) traced by indoor PM<SUB>2.5</SUB>, utilizing different structures of recurrent neural networks (RNN). A standard RNN (SRNN), long short-term memory (LSTM) and a gated recurrent unit (GRU) structures were implemented due to their capability of managing sequential, and time-dependent data. Hourly indoor PM<SUB>2.5</SUB> concentration data collected in the D-subway station, South Korea, were utilized for the validation of the proposed method. For the selection of the most suitable predictive model (i.e. SRNN, LSTM, GRU), a point-by-point prediction on the PM<SUB>2.5</SUB> was conducted, demonstrating that the GRU structure outperforms the other RNN structures (RMSE = 21.04 µg/m<SUP>3</SUP>, MAPE = 32.92%, R<SUP>2</SUP> = 0.65). Then, this model is utilized to sequentially predict the concentration and quantify the health risk (i.e. CIAI) at different time lags. For a 6-h time lag, the proposed model exhibited the best performance metric (RMSE = 29.73 µg/m<SUP>3</SUP>, MAPE = 29.52%). Additionally, for the rest of the time lags including 12, 18 and 24 h, achieved an acceptable performance (MAPE = 29–37%).</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> A quantitative health risk prediction is used as a tool for the early abnormal detection of indoor PM<SUB>2.5</SUB>. </LI> <LI> Various RNN structures with memory cells are used for the sequential quantitative health risk prediction for PM<SUB>2.5</SUB> effects. </LI> <LI> Performance metrics showed that the most suitable RNN structure is the GRU. </LI> <LI> Forecasting of CIAI is conducted sequentially at different time lags, including 6, 12, 18 and 24 h. </LI> <LI> Results showed that sequential prediction is suitable even for long time lags and future time steps. </LI> </UL> </P> <P><B>Graphical abstract</B></P> <P>[DISPLAY OMISSION]</P>

A deep reinforcement learning-based autonomous ventilation control system for smart indoor air quality management in a subway station

Heo, SungKu,Nam, KiJeon,Loy-Benitez, Jorge,Li, Qian,Lee, SeungChul,Yoo, ChangKyoo Elsevier 2019 Energy and buildings Vol.202 No.-

<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>Mechanical ventilation has been widely implemented to alleviate poor indoor air quality (IAQ) in confined underground public facilities. However, due to time-varying IAQ properties that are influenced by unpredictable factors, including outdoor air quality, subway schedules, and passenger volumes, real-time control that incorporates a trade-off between energy saving and IAQ is limited in conventional rule-based and model-based approaches. We propose a data-driven and intelligent approach for a smart ventilation control system based on a deep reinforcement learning (DeepRL) algorithm. This study utilized a deep Q-network (DQN) algorithm of DeepRL to design the ventilation system. The DQN agent was trained in a virtual environment defined by a gray-box model to simulate an IAQ system in a subway station. Performance of the proposed method over three weeks was evaluated by a comprehensive indoor air-quality index (CIAI) and energy consumption under different outdoor air quality scenarios. The results show that the proposed DeepRL-based ventilation control system reduced energy consumption by up to 14.4% for the validation dataset time interval and improved IAQ from unhealthy to acceptable.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> DRL was used to design an autonomous ventilation control system for a subway station. </LI> <LI> A DQN algorithm was used to train an agent to regulate IAQ in a subway station. </LI> <LI> A box model was calibrated to simulate the IAQ system and generate a training dataset. </LI> <LI> State and reward functions targeting IAQ were designed for training a DQN agent. </LI> <LI> The proposed method reduced ventilation energy consumption by 14.4% to within a healthy IAQ. </LI> </UL> </P> <P><B>Graphical abstract</B></P> <P>[DISPLAY OMISSION]</P>

Effects of Ga-doping on the microstructure and magnetic properties of MnBi alloys

Yang, Yang,Kim, Jong-Woo,Si, Ping-Zhan,Qian, Hui-Dong,Shin, Yongho,Wang, Xinyou,Park, Jihoon,Li, Oi Lun,Wu, Qiong,Ge, Hongliang,Choi, Chul-Jin Elsevier 2018 JOURNAL OF ALLOYS AND COMPOUNDS Vol.769 No.-

<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>The low temperature phase Mn<SUB>55</SUB>Bi<SUB>45-<I>x</I> </SUB>Ga<SUB> <I>x</I> </SUB> (<I>x</I> = 0, 1, 3, 5, and 10) alloys were prepared by induction melting process with subsequent low temperature annealing. The effects of Ga-doping on the crystal structure and magnetic properties of the alloys were systematically studied. The room temperature coercivities of Mn<SUB>55</SUB>Bi<SUB>45-<I>x</I> </SUB>Ga<SUB> <I>x</I> </SUB> after ball milling increased from 1.43 T for <I>x</I> = 0 to 1.66 T for <I>x</I> = 5, while the saturation magnetization decreased from 60.7 Am<SUP>2</SUP>/kg (<I>x</I> = 0) to 45.1 Am<SUP>2</SUP>/kg (<I>x</I> = 5). The maximum energy product (<I>BH</I>)<SUB>max</SUB> of Mn<SUB>55</SUB>Bi<SUB>44</SUB>Ga powders reached 7.87 MGOe. The Curie temperature of the Mn<SUB>55</SUB>Bi<SUB>45-<I>x</I> </SUB>Ga<SUB> <I>x</I> </SUB> alloys increased from 633 K to 658 K with increasing Ga concentration in the range of 0 ≤ <I>x</I> ≤ 5.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> Effects of doping Ga on the microstructural and magnetic properties of MnBi alloy. </LI> <LI> The MnBi-Ga powders are achieved by surfactant assisted high energy ball milling. </LI> <LI> The maximum energy produce (<I>BH</I>)<SUB>max</SUB> shows 7.87 MGOe for Mn<SUB>55</SUB>Bi<SUB>44</SUB>Ga sample. </LI> <LI> The coercivity of Mn<SUB>55</SUB>Bi<SUB>40</SUB>Ga<SUB>5</SUB> after ball milling reached 1.66 T at room temperature. </LI> <LI> The elevated curie temperature (<I>T</I> <SUB>c</SUB>) by doping Ga makes it a possible candidate for high temperature applications. </LI> </UL> </P>