http://chineseinput.net/에서 pinyin(병음)방식으로 중국어를 변환할 수 있습니다.
변환된 중국어를 복사하여 사용하시면 됩니다.
Modelling Spatially Regulated <i>β</i>-Catenin Dynamics and Invasion in Intestinal Crypts
Murray, Philip J.,Kang, Jun-Won,Mirams, Gary R.,Shin, Sung-Young,Byrne, Helen M.,Maini, Philip K.,Cho, Kwang-Hyun Elsevier 2010 Biophysical journal Vol.99 No.3
<P><B>Abstract</B></P><P>Experimental data (e.g., genetic lineage and cell population studies) on intestinal crypts reveal that regulatory features of crypt behavior, such as control via morphogen gradients, are remarkably well conserved among numerous organisms (e.g., from mouse and rat to human) and throughout the different regions of the small and large intestines. In this article, we construct a partial differential equation model of a single colonic crypt that describes the spatial distribution of Wnt pathway proteins along the crypt axis. The novelty of our continuum model is that it is based upon assumptions that can be directly related to processes at the cellular and subcellular scales. We use the model to predict how the distributions of Wnt pathway proteins are affected by mutations. The model is then extended to investigate how mutant cell populations can invade neighboring crypts. The model simulations suggest that cell crowding caused by increased proliferation and decreased cell loss may be sufficient for a mutant cell population to colonize a neighboring healthy crypt.</P>
Japanese Mo: Universal, Additive, and NPI
( Mana Kobuchi Philip ) 서울대학교 인지과학연구소 2009 Journal of Cognitive Science Vol.10 No.2
This paper discusses four distinct functions of the Japanese particle mo, namely, (i) the universal quantificational use of mo with an indeterminate; (ii) mo within a negative polarity item containing an indeterminate; (iii) mo within a negative polarity item functioning as a minimizer; and (iv) additive mo. Starting with Shimoyama (2001, 2006) and a significantly modified adaptation of Kobuchi-Philip`s (2008a) analysis of universal quantifcational mo, this paper proposes a unified semantic analysis of all four uses of mo. It is argued that X-mo is syntactically an adjunct, and that its semantics involves (i) a condition of membership in the denotation of the DP construed with the mo-phrase (the Condition of Inclusion in Moltmann 1995), (ii) a condition of membership in the predicate denotation, and (iii) a condition requiring the existence of an additional element with the same properties as the referent of what mo syntactically combines with.
Academic inbreeding: local challenge, global problem
Philip G. Altbach,Maria Yudkevich,Laura E. Rumbley 서울대학교 교육연구소 2015 Asia Pacific Education Review Vol.16 No.3
‘‘Academic inbreeding’’—involving the appointment of faculty members who graduated from the institution employing them—is considered a small and peripheral aspect of the academic profession but is quite widespread globally. This paper analyzes the nature of inbreeding and its impact on universities. Data from eight countries where inbreeding is widespread are analyzed in order to examine the perceived impact of the phenomenon on academics and universities. Our analysis reveals that while inbreeding has deleterious effects on universities, it is widely perceived as a ‘‘normal’’ part of academic life— and some positive aspects are evident.