인지 기능 연구에서의 사건관련전위의 이용

권준수 ( Jun Soo Kwon ) 서울대학교 인지과학연구소 2000 Journal of Cognitive Science Vol.1 No.1

사건관련전위(Event-related potential)는 현재 인지기능연구에 있어 가장 좋은 방법으로 알려져 있다. ERP는 외부의 자극 혹은 내부의 심리적 과정에서 발생하는 전기적인 변화인데, 뇌 기능을 연구하는 영상 방법 중 시간해상력이 가장 뛰어나다. ERP에는 외부의 자극에 의하여 파(wave)의 모양이 결정되는 외인성 ERP와와 자극과 관계없이 내부의 인지과정에 의하여 결정되는 내인성 ERP가 있다. 내인성 ERP에는 P300, N400, P600, Contingent negative variation(CNV) 등이 있는데, P300은 외부에서 들어오는 자극을 구별하는 지각적 결정(perceptual decision)과 관련이 있으며, N400은 의미적 처리 과정(semantic processing) 혹은 기억과정과 관련이 있다고 알려져 있다. P600은 재구성(reconstruction) 혹은 회상 과정(recollective process)을 나타내는 지표로서 장기 기억에 저장되어 있는 정보를 근거로 하여 자극을 더 정교하게 처리하는 과정을 의미한다고 한다. CNV는 기대(expectancy), 준비(preparation) 또는 운동기능(motor activity)과 밀접하게 관련되어 나타난다. ERP의 가장 큰 한계는 두피 바깥에서 측정하기 때문에 실제 뇌에서 어떤 현상이 나타나는지? 혹은 신호를 나타내는 국소원(local source)이 어디인지 알 수 없다는 데 있다. 그러나 최근 국소원 추정방법을 이용하여 ERP를 발생시키는 국소원의 추정이 가능하게 되었다. 또한 공간해상력을 극복할 수 있는 고밀도 뇌파기(high-density ESI system)의 등장으로 더욱 더 정확한 ERP 측정과 신호원을 가능케 함으로서, 인지기능 연구에 큰 도움을 줄 수 있는 방법론으로 대두되고 있다.

Code-switching Patterns of Educated and Non-educated Efik-English Bilinguals: A Descriptive Study

Eyo O. Mensah 서울대학교 인지과학연구소 2019 Journal of Cognitive Science Vol.20 No.3

This article explores the patterns of intra-sentential code-switching in actual conversational interactions of educated and non-educated Efik-English bilinguals. A non-educated bilingual has limited English language proficiency while the educated bilingual is fluent in English; hence the tendency for switching among the latter category is higher. The study recognizes some social, cultural and situational factors that come to play as code-switching manifests as a communicative strategy amongst these bilinguals. Data for the study were sourced from interviews, metalinguistic conversations and recordings of naturally occurring interactions of educated and non-educated bilinguals. The study is based theoretically on Muysken’s (2000) typology of language mixing which involves the insertion of materials from one language into the structure from the other language and the alternation between structures of the two languages.The article concludes that the non-educated bilingual supplements code-switching as an innovative discourse mechanism while the educated bilingual uses the device as a complementary function which increases the impact of his or her language use and provides continuity for social negotiations in discourse. English serves as the matrix language for the educated bilinguals, and it is the embedded language for the non-educated bilinguals while Efik is the matrix language of the non-educated bilingual, and the embedded language of the educated bilingual. Among these bilinguals, code-switching enhances communication flow and provides a more favorable response to bilingualism.

Effects of Case-marking on the Anticipatory Processing of Korean Sentences

이미선 서울대학교 인지과학연구소 2019 Journal of Cognitive Science Vol.20 No.3

The goal of this study was to explore the effect of the case-marking information from pre-verbal arguments on the anticipatory processing of Korean sentences. More specifically, it was examined whether the case-markers can be used to predict an upcoming argument even before it is introduced into the string. In our eye-tracking experiment using the visual-world paradigm, 24 adult native speakers of Korean showed significantly more anticipatory eye-movements to the potential referent of a Theme object as soon as hearing the sequence of a nominative-marked NP and a dative-marked NP, as compared to when the second NP is accusative-marked. These results confirm the predictive mechanism of the parsing system and the case effect on the prediction in Korean: that is, guided by the case-marking information which is available earlier in the input, the parser can predict a forthcoming argument and thus activate a structural representation of the currently processed sentence. In this way, a verb-final sentence can be interpreted incrementally and predictively as well at each moment of processing.

Basic Relations and Stereotype Relations in the Semantics of Compound Nouns

( Melanie J. Bell ) 서울대학교 인지과학연구소 2015 Journal of Cognitive Science Vol.16 No.3

This paper tests the hypothesis of Fanselow (1981) that the semantic relations in compound nouns are of two types: ‘basic’ and ‘stereotype’. It is shown that the probability of a compound falling into either of Fanselow’s proposed categories can be largely predicted using semantic and distributional properties of the constituent nouns, as well as the degree of lexicalisation of the compound as a whole. The so-called ‘basic’ relations, namely constitution, location, identity, resemblance and meronymy, are more likely in compounds that are not lexicalised, that have productive modifiers and/or semanticallyspecific heads, and whose constituents are perceived as representing concrete rather than abstract concepts. It is argued that such relations might be regarded as basic in several ways: they relate to states of physical entities, have a high level of generality and may be associated with semantic and phonological transparency.

Effects of lexical accent type on rendaku in noun compounds: evidence from production experiments

( Masaki Sone ),( Yuki Hirose ) 서울대학교 인지과학연구소 2018 Journal of Cognitive Science Vol.19 No.3

This study investigates morpho-phonological processes involved in Noun- Noun compound production, focusing on the interaction between segmental level processing and suprasegmental-level processing. Our production experiments manipulate lexical accent type in the first and second constituents of compounds in Tokyo Japanese, which in turn controls the explicitness of the application of the Compound Accent Rule (CAR). This allows us to examine whether the explicitness of compound processing at the suprasegmental-level influences the occurrence of rendaku, which results from segmental planning in compound production. The study finds that rendaku is more likely to occur when CAR application is obvious from the accent pattern of the second constituent. This result is consistent with an interactive model in which compound construction at a suprasegmental -level facilitates rendaku application at the segmental level. On the other hand, no reliable effect of the accent type of the first constituent was observed. This study thus supports Kawahara and Sano’s (2012, 2014) claim that the original version of Lyman’s law, but not the strong version, plays a role in the process of producing novel compounds.

Talking Space: Inference from Spatial Linguistic Meanings

( Vincent Wang-maścianica ),( Bob Coecke ) 서울대학교 인지과학연구소 2021 Journal of Cognitive Science Vol.22 No.3

This paper concerns the intersection of natural language and the physical space around us in which we live, that we observe and/or imagine things within. Many important features of language have spatial connotations, for example, many prepositions (like in, next to, after, on, etc.) are fundamentally spatial. Space is also a key factor of the meanings of many words/phrases/sentences/text, and space is a, if not the key, context for referencing (e.g. pointing) and embodiment. We propose a mechanism for how space and linguistic structure can be made to interact in a matching compositional fashion. Examples include Cartesian space, subway stations, chesspieces on a chess-board, and Penrose’s staircase. The starting point for our construction is the DisCoCat model of compositional natural language meaning, which we relax to accommodate physical space. We address the issue of having multiple agents/objects in a space, including the case that each agent has different capabilities with respect to that space, e.g. the specific moves each chesspiece can make, or the different velocities one may be able to reach. Once our model is in place, we show how inferences drawing from the structure of physical space can be made. We also show how our linguistic model of space can interact with other such models related to our senses and/or embodiment, such as the conceptual spaces of colour, taste and smell, resulting in a rich compositional model of meaning that is close to human experience and embodiment in the world.

Pragmatic Strengthening is not Strong Enough: Meanings of Sequential Closed-Class Forms

( Konrad Szczesniak ) 서울대학교 인지과학연구소 2015 Journal of Cognitive Science Vol.16 No.2

This study focuses on the semantics of word patterns and schematic constructions. Examples of constructions with purportedly rich meanings are shown to convey readings less complex than is claimed in the literature. Many previous studies stressed these constructions’ idiosyncratic properties which have been held up as arguments in favor of their special construction status.pairings of (usually unique, conventionalized) form and (usually idiosyncratic) meaning. I wish to argue that although the constructions reviewed here do have clear meanings, their form and function are not as idiosyncratic, irregular, or unpredictable as they are portrayed in the literature. Indeed, the formal and functional properties of one construction analyzed here, the Incredulity Response Construction fit well within traditional characterizations of items located on the syntactic side of the lexicon-syntax continuum. I will attempt to demonstrate that the form of the construction is an iconic representation of its reading. Additionally, I question the reading itself, arguing that the incredulity that gave rise to the construction’s very name is not its semantic contribution. Instead, I propose a more general and abstract reading of incongruousness or “cognitive dissonance”. Finally, it is argued that there are no known mechanisms that could equip constructions with overly rich semantic content. One potential candidate, pragmatic strengthening, capable of endowing constructions with meanings does not go beyond fairly sparse readings already known to occur in grammatical forms.

Analysing Ambiguous Nouns and Verbs with Quantum Contextuality Tools

( Daphne Wang ),( Mehrnoosh Sadrzadeh ),( Samson Abramsky ),( Víctor H. Cervantes ) 서울대학교 인지과학연구소 2021 Journal of Cognitive Science Vol.22 No.3

Psycholinguistic research uses eye-tracking to show that polysemous words are disambiguated differently from homonymous words, and that ambiguous verbs are disambiguated differently than ambiguous nouns. Research in Compositional Distributional Semantics uses cosine distances to show that verbs are disambiguated more efficiently in the context of their subjects and objects than when on their own. These two frameworks both focus on one ambiguous word at a time and neither considers ambiguous phrases with two (or more) ambiguous words. We borrow methods and measures from Quantum Information Theory, the framework of Contextuality-by-Default and degrees of contextual influences, and work with ambiguous subject-verb and verb-object phrases of English, where both the subject/object and the verb are ambiguous. We show that differences in the processing of ambiguous verbs versus ambiguous nouns, as well as between different levels of ambiguity in homonymous versus polysemous nouns and verbs can be modelled using the averages of the degrees of their contextual influences.

Association and the Mechanisms of Priming

Mike Dacey 서울대학교 인지과학연구소 2019 Journal of Cognitive Science Vol.20 No.3

In psychology, increasing interest in priming has brought with it a revival of associationist views. Association seems a natural explanation for priming: simple associative links carry subcritical levels of activation from representations of the prime stimulus to representations of the target stimulus. This then facilitates use of the representation of the target. I argue that the processes responsible for priming are not associative. They are more complex. Even so, associative models do get something right about how these processes behave. As a result, I argue, we should reconsider how we interpret associative models, taking them to identify regularities in the sequence of representational states in any kind of process, rather than as denoting a particular kind of process.

The Effect of Role Predictability and Word Predictability on Sentence Comprehension

( Hong Oak Yun ),( U Pyong Hong ) 서울대학교 인지과학연구소 2014 Journal of Cognitive Science Vol.15 No.3

The purpose of this study was to investigate whether the degree of difficulty in the integration of a word into a sentence could be determined by not only how likely the word would be for a given context but also how likely the thematic role associated with the word would be to occur. For our aim, we used dative sentences in Korean in which three arguments (i.e., agent, recipient, and patient/theme) appeared prior to a sentence-final verb. We manipulated 1) the degree of role predictability corresponding to the third argument by scrambling the internal arguments that occurred after an agent and 2) the predictability of words corresponding to the third arguments that was either highly likelyor unlikely for a given context. A self-paced moving window reading with a secondary judgment task was conducted. A linear mixed-effect regression son the reading times of the words corresponding to the third arguments was run while controlling for the effects of lexical frequencies and lengths on the processing of target words. The results from the model revealed that the words were read faster when they were highly likely for given contexts than when they were unlikely, and importantly, that the words were read faster when the roles associated with the words were strongly expected than when they were weakly expected. Our results showed that both role predictability and word predictability had independent effects on the processing of a word in a sentence. We claim that a processing model should be loaded with at least two components that take into account role predictability as well as word predictability.