Ownership Structure of Northeast Asian Countries

Seung Rok Park,Peter Drysdale,Shin Il Kang,In kie Hong 한국경제연구원 2004 한국경제연구원 연구보고서 Vol.2004-02 No.-

1 In the first paper “Determinants of Corporate Ownership Structure and their effects on Corporate Governance in South Korea” by Shin-Il Kang, Korea’s unique characteristics, specifically the ownership structure and corporate governance are examined. The author takes a broad perspective by incorporating corporate culture, business leadership, and ownership structure in Korean corporation. Furthermore, he discusses the substitutability of Korean specific features given the rapidly changing economic environment. Under the Korea’s Chaebol structure, controlling shareholders, who are the real owner of firms, have exercised ownership rights while having a large proportion of shares aided by cross shareholdings. This has been possible through the pyramid ownership control structure as well as cross-shareholding among subsidiaries. Market circumstances related to management costs are not favorable to the firm with a dispersed ownership structure. In Korea, that’s the reason why ownership is concentrated. Given such a structure, the owners minimize costs related to management’s risks. Furthermore it proposes that leadership(firm culture) and ownership are substitutes. Concentrated ownership is needed when the leadership is not mature like Korean Chaebol. 2 The second paper “Issues in Japanese Corporate Governance” by Peter Drysdale examines some of the major issues of Japanese corporate governance today. The role of that main bank in corporate governance and inter corporate shareholding has been well documented. Although Japanese banks have rigorously monitored firms and have had an enormous influence on firms’ decisions and strategies through the owning of shares, firm performance under such a main bank system has not always been positive. Opposing views and their rationale regarding the pessimism behind the performance of firms in the main bank system are also explained in this paper. 3 The paper “Corporate Governance in China” by In Kie Hong discusses the current status and the restructuring efforts of China’s corporate governance. In China, state shareholders possess strong control rights over listed companies allowing them to exercise control even beyond their proportion of shareholding. Various governmental organizations(under the Communist Party) acting as representatives of the state as shareholders have influenced firms enormously, particularly regarding matters of organizing the board of directors as well as electing management. However since they have little incentives to manage state(national) assets and have insufficient capacity to monitor a large number of firms of which they are in charge, the principal-agent problem tends to prevail, which adds to the difficulties in preserving the value of state assets as well. 4 The last paper “Ownership Concentration and Corporate Performances in the Northeast Asian Countries” by Seung-Rok Park compares the relationship between corporate governance structure and corporate performance in Korea, Japan, and China by empirically examining the accounting corporate performances and technical efficiency measures. In the case of Korea, ownership concentration was shown to have positively affected all corporate accounting performance variables such as profit margin, return on shareholders’ funds, return on total assets, and return on capital employed. Furthermore, it was also found that ownership concentration positively affected corporate performance by helping improve the technical efficiency of firms. Unlike Korea, in Japan, there was no sign of a positive effect of ownership concentration on the accounting corporate performance and technical efficiency. Moreover, in the case of China, ownership concentration positively affected profit margin and return on total assets, while no positive effects of ownership concentration were found on return on capital employed and return on shareholders’ funds. It is shown in this study that the difference in the rel

The Role of Indoleamine 2,3-Dioxygenase in Retinal Pigment Epithelial Cell-mediated Immune Modulation.

Park, Choul Yong,Yang, Seung-Ha,Chuck, Roy S,Gehlbach, Peter L,Park, Chung-Gyu Aeolus Press 2010 Ocular immunology and inflammation Vol.18 No.1

<P>Purpose: To evaluate the role of indoleamine dioxygenase (IDO) in human retinal pigment epithelial cell (RPE)-mediated immune modulation. Methods: The immunosuppression of cultured human RPEs (ARPE-19 cells) was assayed using the mixed lymphocyte reaction (MLR) harvested from CBA/J and BALB/c mice. The expression of critical immune modulatory molecules, such as class II major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, co-stimulatory molecules (B7-1 and B7-2), and indoleamine dioxygenase (IDO), was examined by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction, flow cytometry, and immunofluorescence staining with and without IFN-gamma stimulation. Results: RPEs expressed IDO and class II MHC molecules under IFN-gamma stimulation. However, B7-1 and B7-2 were not expressed. RPE significantly suppressed MLR in the absence of IFN-gamma prestimulation. This phenomenon was enhanced by IFN-gamma stimulation. The addition of 1-methyl tryptophan (1-MT) into the culture medium successfully reversed RPE immunosuppression. Conclusions: The expression of IDO may in part explain RPE-mediated immune suppression effects.</P>

Surface currents from hourly variations of suspended particulate matter from Geostationary Ocean Color Imager data

Park, Kyung-Ae,Lee, Min-Sun,Park, Ji-Eun,Ullman, David,Cornillon, Peter C.,Park, Young-Je TaylorFrancis 2018 International journal of remote sensing Vol.39 No.6

<P>Surface currents in Korean coastal regions were obtained using the maximum cross-correlation method applied to hourly suspended particulate matter images from the Geostationary Ocean Color Imager. Preliminary current vectors were filtered out by applying a series of quality-control procedures. The current vectors resulting from the tests were compared with the currents from a numerical model with tide and wind field. It was found that the estimated currents were more similarly to the currents caused by both tide and wind. A high degree of discrepancy was detected in regions of strong tidal currents, where the fundamental assumption of horizontal movement was limited due to the dominant vertical tidal mixing in the shallow region. The hourly rotations of the current vectors within a day were clarified by a comparison of the time-varying orientation angles of tidal ellipses. This study emphasized how to understand the short-term surface flows from hourly high-resolution geostationary satellite images.</P>

Tensile Strength, Elongation and Water Vapor Permeability of Chitosan-Based Biopolymer Film : 키토산 생고분자 필름의 기계적 물성 및 수중기 투과도

Park, Hyun J,Park, Jang W,Song, Jee J,Kang, Sung K,Peter J.Vergano,Robert F. Testin 한국키틴키토산학회 1997 한국키틴키토산학회지 Vol.2 No.3

키토산으로부터 생고분자필름을 제조하였으며 기계적물성 및 수증기 투과도를 측정하였다 키토산은 우수한 필름형성능력을 갖고 있었으며 인장강도의 경우 38-66 MPa로 폴리에틸렌 필름의 인장강도(13028 MPa)에 비하여 매우 높은 것으로 나타났다. 키토산 필름의 기계적 물성은 특히 여러가지 종류의 용매에 큰 영향을 받는 것으로 나타났다. 초산을 용매로한 키토산 필름의 인장강도는 66MPa로서 지금까지 만들어진 생고분자 필름의 인장강도중 가장 높은 값이다. 키토산 필름의 수증기 투과도는 0.34~0.60ng · m/· m2 · s · Pa이었으며, 수증기투과도는 용매에 의하여 영향을 받는 것으로 나타났다. 또한 키토산 필름의 수증기 투과도는 가연재의 농도가 증가 할 수록 증가하는 것으로 나타났다. Biopolymer films were made from chitosan and tested for gases and mechanical barrier properties. Chitosan film has an excellent film forming properties. Tensile strength (TS) of chitosan films was 38-66 MPa and had high mechanical barrier properties as they are compared with TS of polyethylene films (13-28 MPa). Mechanical properties of the chitosan-based films were affected by the concentration of plasticizers, molecular size of plasticizers, and solvent system. Especially, elongation (E) of the chitosan films drastically increased as the concentration of plasticizer increased. Mechanical properties of the films were greatly affected by various solvent system. TS of the films made from acetic acid increased to 66 MPa which was the highest among the TS of biopolymer films ever developed. Water vapor permeability (WVP) of chitosan film was 0.34-0.60 ng ·m/m2 · s · Pa and was affected by various solvent. WVP of the film increased as the concentration of plasticizer increased.

Direct Observation of Wet Biological Samples by Graphene Liquid Cell Transmission Electron Microscopy

Park, Jungwon,Park, Hyesung,Ercius, Peter,Pegoraro, Adrian F.,Xu, Chen,Kim, Jin Woong,Han, Sang Hoon,Weitz, David A. American Chemical Society 2015 Nano letters Vol.15 No.7

<P>Recent development of liquid phase transmission electron microscopy (TEM) enables the study of specimens in wet ambient conditions within a liquid cell; however, direct structural observation of biological samples in their native solution using TEM is challenging since low-mass biomaterials embedded in a thick liquid layer of the host cell demonstrate low contrast. Furthermore, the integrity of delicate wet samples is easily compromised during typical sample preparation and TEM imaging. To overcome these limitations, we introduce a graphene liquid cell (GLC) using multilayer graphene sheets to reliably encapsulate and preserve biological samples in a liquid for TEM observation. We achieve nanometer scale spatial resolution with high contrast using low-dose TEM at room temperature, and we use the GLC to directly observe the structure of influenza viruses in their native buffer solution at room temperature. The GLC is further extended to investigate whole cells in wet conditions using TEM. We also demonstrate the potential of the GLC for correlative studies by TEM and fluorescence light microscopy imaging.</P><P><B>Graphic Abstract</B> <IMG SRC='http://pubs.acs.org/appl/literatum/publisher/achs/journals/content/nalefd/2015/nalefd.2015.15.issue-7/acs.nanolett.5b01636/production/images/medium/nl-2015-01636y_0008.gif'></P><P><A href='http://pubs.acs.org/doi/suppl/10.1021/nl5b01636'>ACS Electronic Supporting Info</A></P>

Magnesium Corrosion Triggered Spontaneous Generation of H₂O₂ on Oxidized Titanium for Promoting Angiogenesis

Park, Jimin,Du, Ping,Jeon, Jin‐,Kyung,Jang, Gun Hyuk,Hwang, Mintai Peter,Han, Hyung‐,Seop,Park, Kwideok,Lee, Kwan Hyi,Lee, Jee‐,Wook,Jeon, Hojeong,Kim, Yu‐,Chan,Park, Jong Woon WILEY‐VCH Verlag 2015 Angewandte Chemie Vol.127 No.49

<P><B>Abstract</B></P><P>Although the use of reactive oxygen species (ROS) has been extensively studied, current systems employ external stimuli such as light or electrical energy to produce ROS, which limits their practical usage. In this report, biocompatible metals were used to construct a novel electrochemical system that can spontaneously generate H<SUB>2</SUB>O<SUB>2</SUB> without any external light or voltage. The corrosion of Mg transfers electrons to Au‐decorated oxidized Ti in an energetically favorable process, and the spontaneous generation of H<SUB>2</SUB>O<SUB>2</SUB> in an oxygen reduction reaction was revealed to occur at titanium by combined spectroscopic and electrochemical analyses. The controlled release of H<SUB>2</SUB>O<SUB>2</SUB> noticeably enhanced in vitro angiogenesis even in the absence of growth factors. Finally, a new titanium implant prototype was developed by Mg incorporation, and its potential for promoting angiogenesis was demonstrated.</P>

Observation of diurnal variations in mesoscale eddy sea-surface currents using GOCI data

Park, Ji-Eun,Park, Kyung-Ae,Ullman, David S.,Cornillon, Peter C.,Park, Young-Je Taylor Francis 2016 Remote Sensing Letters Vol.7 No.12

Cross-classified multilevel models for severity of commercial motor vehicle crashes considering heterogeneity among companies and regions

Park, Ho-Chul,Kim, Dong-Kyu,Kho, Seung-Young,Park, Peter Y. PERGAMON 2017 ACCIDENT ANALYSIS AND PREVENTION Vol.106 No.-

<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>This study analyzes 86,622 commercial motor vehicle (CMV) crashes (large truck, bus and taxi crashes) in South Korea from 2010 to 2014. The analysis recognizes the hierarchical structure of the factors affecting CMV crashes by examining eight factors related to individual crashes and six additional upper level factors organized in two non-nested groups (company level and regional level factors). The study considers four different crash severities (fatal, major, minor, and no injury). The company level factors reflect selected characteristics of 1,875 CMV companies, and the regional level factors reflect selected characteristics of 230 municipalities. The study develops a single-level ordinary ordered logit model, two conventional multilevel ordered logit models, and a cross-classified multilevel ordered logit model (CCMM). As the study develops each of these four models for large trucks, buses and taxis, 12 different statistical models are analyzed. The CCMM outperforms the other models in two important ways: 1) the CCMM avoids the type I statistical errors that tend to occur when analyzing hierarchical data with single-level models; and 2) the CCMM can analyze two non-nested groups simultaneously. Statistically significant factors include taxi company’s type of vehicle ownership and municipality’s level of transportation infrastructure budget. An improved understanding of CMV related crashes should contribute to the development of safety countermeasures to reduce the number and severity of CMV related crashes.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> The factors affecting severity of commercial motor vehicle crashes are analyzed. </LI> <LI> A cross-classified multilevel ordered logit model (CCMM) is proposed. </LI> <LI> The CCMM avoids the type I statistical errors. </LI> <LI> The CCMM can analyze two non-nested groups simultaneously. </LI> </UL> </P>

Unique N-terminal extension domain of human asparaginyl-tRNA synthetase elicits CCR3-mediated chemokine activity

Park, Joon Sung,Park, Min Chul,Lee, Ki-Young,Goughnour, Peter C.,Jeong, Seung Jae,Kim, Hyoun Sook,Kim, Hyun-Jung,Lee, Bong-Jin,Kim, Sunghoon,Han, Byung Woo Elsevier 2018 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL MACROMOLECULES Vol.120 No.1

<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>Asparaginyl-tRNA synthetase (NRS) is not only essential in protein translation but also associated with autoimmune diseases. Particularly, patients with antibodies that recognize NRS often develop interstitial lung disease (ILD). However, the underlying mechanism of how NRS is recognized by immune cells and provokes inflammatory responses is not well-understood. Here, we found that the crystal structure of the unique N-terminal extension domain of human NRS (named as UNE-N, where -N denotes NRS) resembles that of the chemotactic N-terminal domain of NRS from a filarial nematode, <I>Brugia malayi</I>, which recruits and activates specific immune cells by interacting with CXC chemokine receptor 1 and 2. UNE-N induced migration of CC chemokine receptor 3 (CCR3)-expressing cells. The chemokine activity of UNE-N was significantly reduced by suppressing CCR3 expression with CCR3-targeting siRNA, and the loop3 region of UNE-N was shown to interact mainly with the extracellular domains of CCR3 in nuclear magnetic resonance perturbation experiments. Based on these results, evolutionarily acquired UNE-N elicits chemokine activities that would promote NRS-CCR3-mediated proinflammatory signaling in ILD.</P>

OPENING CEREMONY

Park Un-tae,Park Geun-hye,Ban Ki-moon,Babatunde Osotimehin,Peter McDonald,Jin Young,Hur Nam Sik 인구문제연구소 2014 人口問題論集 Vol.- No.30