조직구성원의 초과근무시간이 직장-가정갈등과 구성원 태도에 미치는 영향

박내회,김오현 서강대학교 경영학연구원 2004 서강경영논총 Vol.14 No.2

營利經營面에서 본 私有林營林計劃의 實踐性에 대한 硏究

權雷澤,李相植 東國大學校 1967 論文集 Vol.3-4 No.-

1. According to the 8th article of forest law, a owner of forest land of 100 chong-bo or more should prepare by himself a forest management plan as a specific working section and get the approval of is from the concerned local governor to manage an enterprise on the forest. The government forest policy of requiring each specific working section to prepare it's working plan within 3years between 1965-1967 and enforce it is an epoch-making one for cultivating the forest recources, promoting the land productivity and enterprising the forestry. 2. Among the private forests, the professional and reasonable working plan of the specific section plays a vital role, and its achievement would become the barometer for successfully leading the management of other general private forest 3. The collision of the permanent benefit of the public and private interest could be seen most often in the forest management. Encouraging the forest enterprise of the specific working sections of private forests fits to the public benefit and the better national economy, Therefore positive assistance with finance and technology should be provided for them. 4, Cho-Kye san specific working section. location: Sung Joo Gun, Chun-Nam. area: 300. 00chung-bo. owner: Dongguk university foundation. The forest stock in this section have been completely devasted by illegal and uneconomic cuttings, and it's devastation represents many other private forest as we see. Ultimately it's forest working plan consists of only planting plan, in other word, without cutting plan. For the first management period, we can't expect production of woods and must only invest for silviculture. For enforcing the working plan of such forest land, a consideration must be given for the following matters. a) The forest enterprise is a long range project for return, compared to other product enterprises, the forest enterprises produces a law profit. Most of forest land owners are financially poor, so capital investment can't be expected to them. Especially for a proprietor for poor capital, his courage is likely to be killed by the prospect of poor economic loan, and the high interest of loan and so forth. Therefore, a government loan of low interest is urgently needed. b) For the first management period where no production of woods and timbers can be expected and the investment silviculture only require, a financial subsidy policy is needed to enable the preparation and enforcement of the working plan. c) Present principle of organizing the forest working plan fits to the production of wood and timber only thus, a long rage investment is invitable. A Multiple forest working plan of long rage, middle rage and short rangemust be born, combining forestry, agriculture, and pasturage. d) For those forest lands which had been bought or rent with the actual purpose, of managing an enterprise, a special measure of diminishing the financial burden, such as, tax, and registration fee from the preparation of forest working plan should be provided. 5. Un-Mun San specific working section. location: chungdo gun, Kyung-puk. area: 570.40 chung-bo. owner: Dong guk university foundation. This section has the most prospective conditions for the forest management. It's site is good, and it has he forest volume stock approximately 64 cubic meters(㎥)per chung bo. It is one of the bests among the private forest through the country. To develop such prospective working section, a consideration must be given to the following situations. a) Present principle of preparation of working plan regulates to adapt the allotment method for continnal volume yield, and thus, an unreasonable financial sacrifice is inevitable and the properietor is not allowed the using of his own ideas. The insect, desease and forest fire or over-grown trees should be cut immediatelly, and the incomes from them should be invested for the establishing of second growth. A system of inspection over the resources building with such special forest budget system is more needed than the cutting control under inspection only for the purpose of continual volume yield, b) The system of designating the use of produced log should be conducted in accordance with the quality of log, and so an unreasonable financial sacrifice on the part of propretor should be aboided. c) The specific working section should be managed by the professional forest propretor engaging in the whole forest production process.―such as, nursery practice, establishing, developing, protecting and logging. The government subsidy for seedling should be used for the direct benefit of such professional proprietor, and the system of mechanically allocating the seedlings should be avoided. 6. The Dongguk University foundation owns several specific forest working sections over the country. For such big owner, the government should directly control and guide them so that the management could be conducted harmoniously with a creative approach.

韓國寺刹林의 風致浩成에 관한 硏究

李相植,權雷澤 東國大學校 1975 論文集 Vol.14 No.-

1. The forest owned by 964 temples belonging to Korean Buddhism Jo-Gye order and registered as of 21 May, 1969 according to the special Act for Transferring of the forest is 85,605ha in area. The temple forest has, as its first and foremost purpose, a religious purpose to maintain scenic beauty and to glorify the temples to increase the Buddhistic faith in those who visit the temples. Therefore, any economical consideration, such as timber production, should be secondary. 2. The protect forest in Korea designated by the article 18 of forest Act is 747,373ha in area and of it, the protect forest for Recreation, public health, and forestscape is 93,132ha, 26.5% of which (24,809ha) is the temple forest. (Table No:2) Furthurmore of all the temple ferest of 85,605ha, 24,809ha (28.9%) is protect forest for forestscape which implies that The Temple forest is of vital importance to the health and recreation of the nation. if we investigate the figur by the forest area of each Temple, the result is as follows: The numbler of Temples whose forest is completely disignated as the Protect forest for forestscape:30(7,768ha) The number of temples more than 70% of whose forest is designated as the protect forest for forestscape: 17 (6,781ha) The figure suggests that both the temple forest and the protect forest for forest scape have the same and common purposes and should be treated with the same technique based upon the asthetic value. 3. The developed and developing nations, including Korea, face such problems as population, urbinization, and pollution while welfare and recreoction problem of the people resulting from the forestscape development became acute and vital. It is incresingly evident that the ideal working plan and praticial method of protect forest fer forestscape was aimed in this study. 4. The guide line--species, silviculture system, rotation, and cutting year--for the management of the forestscape was studied in the view of the aesthetic value. 5. The authers worked out the forestscape working plan based upon the foregoing idea, selecting 646.67ha of the Jik-ji sa. temple of Kyung Sang buk-do, Korea. the forestscape working plan (1) the selection of tree species. (2) Silviculture system. (3) Rotation and cutting year. (4) plan of reforestation and tending 6. The Korean buddhist order must work out the policy of the temple forest management to create and maintain the scenic beauty and all the temples belonging to the order are storongly recommended to organize the special staffs and appropriate the special budget for that nearest future 7. It is also strongly suggested for the government in establish the policy of the management of protect forest for forest scape to increase its economic Value, systematizing the aesthetic Value.

Efficacy of Chlorine and Acidified Sodium Chlorite on Microbial Population and Quality Changes of Spinach Leaves

Nei, Daisuke,Choi, Ji-Weon,Bari, Md. Latiful,Kawasaki, Susumu,Kawamoto, Shinichi,Inatsu, Yasuhiro Mary Ann Liebert 2009 Foodborne Pathogens and Disease Vol.6 No.5

Study on the temple forest management working plan and its practical method in Korea

KWON, Nei-Tack 동국대학교 농림과학연구소 1971 農林科學 論文集 Vol.4 No.-

1.佛敎에서 菩提樹(Bodahidruma)라고 함은 釋迦牟尼佛(Sakahymuni)의 成道와 關聯되였든 阿設他樹(Asraltha)만을 가르치는 固有名詞로 알려져 왔으나 婆婆羅樹(patali), 分利사樹(Pundarika), 娑羅樹(Sa-la-), 尸利沙樹(Sirisa), 優曇鉢羅樹(Udumbora). 尼拘律樹(Nyagrodha)또는 阿設他樹(Asraltha)等과 같이 過去佛敎 修道者들이 佛道를 成就하는 데에 綠由되였든 樹木을 綜合해서 말하는 集合名詞로 보는 것이 옳다고 본다. 2. 菩堤樹는 樹木學的으로 보면 大部分 Ficus屬에 屬하는 常綠闊葉의 喬木들이다. 그 樹木 自體는 無情物로 어느 靈感이 있는 것은 아니다. 特殊한 그 樹性 즉 ① 喬木으로 巨大하게 生長되고 ② 常綠闊葉樹로 勢帶地方에서는 좋은 樹陰을 주어 熱炎을 避할 수 있고 ③ 비, 바람에 대하여 保護樹가 되는 고로 佛敎修道者들이 山中 露天에 靜坐하여 修道하는 場所를 그 나무 밑에 選定했든 關係로 佛道 成就와 접목시켜서 聖樹視하게 되었다고 본다. 3. 佛敎와 園藝은 自古로 깊은 緣淵이 있었다. 印度 阿育王(Asoka B. C. 272-232)은 徹底한 佛敎道였다. 그 王女 僧伽密多尼(Samghamitta)를Selyon島에 佛敎 傳道로 보냈을 때에 阿設他樹(Asraltha, Ficus religiosa)의 南枝를 携帶하고 가서 揷木으로 直裁하여 培養했다는 事實은 紀元前 2百餘年前에 있었든 일로 手藝面에서는 大壇히 意義가 깊고 揷木植栽의 嚆矢라고 본다. 우리나라에서도 佛敎가 流通되어 寺刹을 創건했을때 부터 寺刹境內에는 樹藝的으로 植栽했고 高僧들이 手植한 樹種 特히 은행나무. 향나무類 中에는 現在도 天然記念物로 指定되어 保存되고 있는 所重한 樹種들이 있다. 따라서, 佛敎寺刹에서도 일찍기 樹藝가 始作되어 發達해 내려왔다고 본다. 4. 佛敎가 우리나라에 들어오기 前에는 神祇崇奉과 Shamanism信仰에서 山林과 樹木은 곧 信仰의 對象이 되었었다. 佛敎는 이러한 民俗信仰을 包含해서 發展했고 寺刹은 그 創建할 때의 動機에 依해서 筆者는 ① 佛敎敎理의 硏究와 修道를 爲主하는 修道寺 ② 國運을 祈願하는 護國祈禱寺 ③ 個人의 幸運을 祈願하는 願堂寺 ④ 祖上先朝의 暝福을 비는 陵寺等으로 나누어서 考察했다. 그 어느 것이나 모두 名山은 寂滅處로 安靜하여 散亂치 않고 마음을 統一하여 眞理를 靜觀透得하고 靜坐冥想의 修道를 하기에 適當한 關係로 五敎, 九山禪門을 爲始로 寺刹은 山옥地帶에 많이 發達되어 現在 曹溪宗總務院에 登錄된 寺刹은 全國에 1,371寺刹에 達한다. 5. 우리나라 林政은 山川藪澤之利 公私共之의 觀念에서 私占을 禁하는 政策으로 一貫해서 내려왔다. 佛敎는 우리나라에 들어온 後 惑은 國敎로 定했고, 惑은 王子들이 佛敎에 歸依하여 削髮 入山하였고, 위에서는 王室 貴族에서 부터 一般庶民에 이르기까지 佛敎 修道, 護國 祈禱, 祈福暝願 및 個人의 所願祈禱處가 곧 寺刹이고 보면 寺刹 창창은 林野 所有權에 拘得됨이 없었든 것을 알 수 있다. 隆熙 2年 (1908) 法律 第1號로 森林法이 制定 公布되고 1918年에 朝鮮林野調査令에 依한 綠故申告로 인하여 비로소 現寺刹林의 輪廓이 法的으로 確立되었던 것으로 現在 寺刹林은 總面積 91,951ha에 達한다. 6. 우리나라 寺刹林은 總面積 91,951ha로 그 중에서 100ha 以上의 集團地로 되어 있어 山林法 第8條 第1項에 該當되는 特殊營林區는 146個 寺刹로 그 面積은 74,342ha에 達한다. 이 寺刹林은 山林法 第8條의 規定에 依하여 特殊營林區를 設置하고 營林計劃을 編成하여 合理的으로 運營해야 될 事由를 林業經濟의 特殊性, 林業政策 및 經營主의 個別 經濟面에서 究明해 보았다. 7. 現政府에서는 山林政策으로 特殊營林區의 營林計劃 編成을 强力하게 推進했음에도 不拘하고 所定된 期限內의 實積은 寺刹數에 있어 32.4% 林野面積에 있어 53.0%에 不過했으나 그 不振했든 事由를 밝혀 보았다. 8. 寺刹林은 그 起源의 史的考察과 經營經濟에서의 營林 見地에서 본다면 風致造成과 收益的經營과 相容되지 않는 두개의 異質的인 要件을 內包하고 있다. 筆者는 寺刹林을 風致地域과 施業地域으로 나누어 그 目的에 符合되는 營林計劃과 그 實踐 方法을 究明해 보았다. 1) 風致地域의 風致造成計劃 寺刹林內의 風致地域의 營林計劃은 風致造成計劃이라 함이 妥當하며 그 指向하여야 할 것은 a) 第1次의 主目的을 風致造成과 그 維持에 두고 그 目的을 達成하는 데에 支障이 없는 範圍內에서 除伐, 間伐, 打枝等의 撫育的 施業으로 그 生産物은 寺刹自體의 薪炭材의 自給策을 期할것. (b) 風致地域의 森林美로 因한 精神的인 面의 效果는 一般國民에 그 惠澤을 開放할 것. (c) 寺刹林의 風致開發에 依한 寺刹經濟의 財源化를 꾀할 것. (d) 佛敎 宗國 自體에서 宗敎林으로서의 風致地域의 風致構成에 대한 自律的인 要綱을 制定할 것. (1) 風致地域의 區劃策定 風致地域의 區劃策定에 있어서는, 森林風景學者및 造園學者들은 觀光 및 Recreation의 見地에서 惑은 光線의 林內 投射距離 또는 遊休目的을 主로 하여 抽象的으로 論하기도 했으나 寺刹林의 風致地域은 寺刹 建物을 創할때의 位置選定은 주로 風水地理的으로 考慮된 것이니 寺刹을 中心으로 해서 主山, 案山 左靑龍, 右白虎의 版局內를 區劃하는 것이 좋다고 본다. (2) 樹 種 公園, 庭園等 造園에서 樹種이 樹藝的 見地에서 選定되고, 임업경富에서는 木林의 利用價値面에서 選定되는 것이다. 風致地域에서는 風致上의 樹性을 第一位로 하여 林藝的인 見地에서 選定해야 된다. (3) 代期齡 營林計劃에서 다루는 低期齡과는 그 槪念을 달리하여 風致造成計劃에서는 純全히 風致造成과 그 維持에 置重해서 樹木 또는 林分의 自然的으로 枯死되는 生理的 代期齡을 擇해야 될 것이다. (4)作業種 風致造成計劃에 있어서의 作業種은 森林經理學에서 論하는 그것과는 槪念을 달리하여야 될 것이며, 技術面에 있어서도 서로 달리하여야 할 것이다. 따라서 筆者는 주로 森林美學 및 風致的인 角度에서 ① 原生林型 ② 喬木型 - 伐區式喬林型, 漸住喬林型 - ③ 擊伐式喬林型 ④ 僑林型 ⑤ 中林型 ⑥ 竹林型으로 分類했다. 2) 施業地域의 營林計劃 우리나라 山林法 第8號에는 100ha 以上의 集團林野를 特殊富林區의 最小地域으로 定하고 將來 保積作業을 實實함을 指向하여 經營하도록 되어 있으나 法正狀態와는 너무나 距離가 먼 現實과 貧弱한 現在의 蓄積으로서는 年收人이 全然 期待되지 못하여 資本面에서 弱한 所有者에 對하여는 營林意慾이 없을 것이니 ① 特殊營林區의 下廻面積을 ② 200ha로 引上하여 이에 該當되는 林野에 對하여는 現行 營林計劃을 實施하게 하고, ③ 200 以下의 立木蓄積이 없는 林野는 森林資源 造成計劃으로 改正하여 積極的인 政府의 助長政策으로 그 實踐을 期하게 함이 좋을 것이다. (2)作業種 現行 營林計劃은 長期的인 木材 및 新炭材 生産을 目的으로 狹義의 作業種에 局限되고 있으나 經富主의 資金循環의 迅速化와 現實化를 期하기 爲하여 林, 農, 收等 모든 土地 一次産業을 有機的으로 連結시켜 長期, 中期, 短期事業을 立地條件에 符合시켜 綜合的이고 多角的인 經當經濟計劃이 되어야 한다. (3) 代期齡, 齡級配置 및 收穫豫定調整 林法 代期齡은 公共性의 見地에서 본 木材生産의 最大와 經濟性에서 본 收益性의 最大와의 統一的 調和의 範圍內에서 營林經營者의 目的에 맞도록 伸縮性있게 調定되어야 한다. 寺刹林中 特殊營林區의 齡級配置 狀況을 보면 針葉樹林, 闊葉樹林 및 混濟林에 있어 Ⅳ齡級以上의 過熱林分의 蓄積이 568,500㎥로 總蓄積 960,840㎥의 約 60%를 차지하고, Ⅰ,Ⅱ.Ⅲ 齡級은 低位하며 不整狀態의 實情이다. 第1次 施業期의 總伐採量은 211,562㎥로 Ⅳ齡級以上의 總蓄積 568,005㎥의 約 1/3에 不過하니 輪伐期의 最長期에 伐採하게 되는 林分은 何等 生長量이 없는 過熱된 林分蓄積이 機械的인 補充主義로 因하여 死藏되는 것이며 經營主의 資金 循環面에서 보면 無理한 特性으로 본다. 保續主義에 구애되어 過熱된 林分의 伐採를 量的으로 制限함은 再考를 要하며 도리어 蓄積資本을 貨弊資本으로 轉煥시키되 特別會計로 그 貨弊資本이 營林事業에 再投資되도록 施策을 講究함이 適切할 것으로 본다. (4) 造林과 撫育 ① 造林樹種은 用材樹種으로 잣나무, 리기다소나무, 낙엽송等 數個 樹種에 局限되어 劃一的으로 造林計劃이 編成되고 있으니 將來單純林으로 因하여 保護 撫育面에서는 勿論 木材利用의 供給面에서도 蹉跌이 招來될 것이다. 立地條件을 充分히 調査하여 敵地適木主義로 넓은 範圍에서 鄕土樹種을 選定하고 針葉樹에 置重하지 말고 闊葉樹도 많이 植栽되어야 할 것이다. ② 寺刹林中 特殊營林區에는 苗圃를 經營하고 所要苗木을 自家生産하여 自給하도록 하고 養苗事業에 對한 政府補助는 經營者에 直給되도록 해야 된다. ③ 從來의 掠奪林業으로 無價値한 闊雜林으로 되여있는 林分은 人工植栽에 의한 樹種更新으로 林分價値의 增加를 期할 것. ④ 造林地의 徹底한 地?작업과 하, 제대작업으로 식벌묘목의 활착성림에 注力法 것. 을 ⑤ 造林事業은 長期的으로 資金이 固定되는 利潤이 低率함에 鑑하여 森林資源 造成法등으로 制定하여 政府의 積極的인 助長策이 緊要된다. 9. 佛敎宗國의 營林態勢의 整備策 曹溪宗 總務院을 비롯하여 率下 各寺刹에 寺林의 營林事業을 合理的으로 經營할 수 있는 機構를 體系的으로 組織해서 營林 態勢를 整備해야 한다. 佛敎財産을 管理하는 住特 및 一般僧侶에도 營林事業에 對한 知識과 技術을 普及시키고 一日不作, 一日 不食의 精神으로 努力奉仕를 通하여 作福하는 氣風을 鼓吹하고 寺刹林의 經濟開發事業에 積極參與시킨다. 大面積의 寺刹林 特殊營林區에는 林業專門技術者를 雇備하여 技術陣容을 强化하고 營林事業은 特別會計制度로 運營하여 營林收入은 營林資金의 保續을 期하는 同時에 그 剩餘額은 寺刹經濟에 充當해야 된다. The property of Buddhist temples in Korea is defined and classified into the movable property and the real estates by the article 12 and 13 of the Buddhist Property Administration Law. Among them, the arable land, such as the dry and Paddy fields, and the forest lands could be considered as the ones manageable for the income purpose. In accordance with the execution of the Agricultural Land Reform Law, (Law No. 31, June. 21, 1946), itself a product of the epoch-making agricultural policy after the Liberation of Korea. The arable lands were distributed to the farmers on the principle that only the actual tillers should own the agricultural lands, by the methods of confiscation with compensation and distribution with payment, for the purpose of promoting the farmers economical standing and the agricultural productivity and thus eventually leading to the balanced development of national economy. The arable lands owned by the Buddhist temples were not with an exception of it. They were all redistributed to the farmers only with the exception of those actually tilled by the temples, in accordance with the section 5 of article of the Agricultural Land Reform Law which stipulated that those actually tilled by the religion groups of the welfare organizations should be made an exception. As its result, the forest lands become the important portion of the temple properties for the purpose of income management, and the incomes there of occupy a significant share of temple financing. Originally, the temple forest was not designed for the purpose of incomes with business-minded management of it. It was rather to created the landscapes for the sublimity of the temple surroundings, and so, such attention has been paid only for the preservation of it. However, with the development of industry, economy and culture, the reasonable and selective management of national lands and the promotion of scientific methods of production are in need for solving the current tasks for the population and food problems. According to the article of the Forest Law, which aims for the development of hinterland natural resources, encouragement of the method of forest management as an enterprise, and improvement of forest management technics, all of the private forests are classified into the special management sections and ordinary ones depending on their area sizes, and thus the government aims to transfer all forest to those for the business purpose. The general trend of forest management as such strongly suggests that the temples should deal with the management of their forests. It is the external condition that temple forest management working plan must be set. The manual of Buddhism describes that the three major duties of the Headguarters of Buddhism Cho-kye sect are education of monks, translation of Buddhist books and propagation of Buddhism. The execution of such Buddhist duties plus the administration of temples need an enormous financial support. There are no other resources or methods for acquiring such expenditures except relying on the government subsidies or the denations from the pious desciples. The extremely poor financial conditions of various temples affect their execution of Buddhist duties, which is deteriorating daily. Now, a way should be devised to maintain the Buddhist activity independently with the creation of their financial resources. The temple sorest is the only property of temples which could be managed in a business way. The crude method of only should be discarded. Development of temple forest as an enterprise employing the modern and scientific methods, and meeting the government forest policy is what the Buddhist Headquarters and each Temples should do to creale the financial foundation for their activities. It is internal condition that the temple forest management woring plan must be laid. As discussed hitherto fore, both the external and internal conditons of temple forest management have placed it on a turning point. Concerning the origin of the temple forest, it should be classified into the landscape purpose forest and business purpose forest. Minding such classifications, the owners of the forest should establish the decisive purposes and their working plans in accordance with the government policy and the relative laws and regulation. In other words, the landscape purpose forest is for the creation and maintenance of scenic surroundings for the temples, and the business purpose forest is for the obtaining of economic profit. The temples, the owners of the forest, should understand the two contradicting purposes, and the technology of forestry should be applied differently according to their purposes. With the forestry as my major study, and with experience in the governmental forestry services, in the forest experimantal stations, and in the administration of Dongguk University reseach forests, I tried to elaborate on the relations between Buddhism, trees and forests, and on the history of temple forests. Therefrom, I adventured to clarify how the management of temple forests should be changed and what the most reasonable plan is both the management and the production technology, through fruther study on the actural problems in organnizing the management plans and enforcing them. For this study, the government forestry services, the Headquanter of Buddhism Cho-kye sect. the board of finance for dongguk University awarded me a very helpful cooperation for the collection of data. Especially, I was awed. by the profound teachings of Buddhism whenever I had to touch on them in this study, and Dean, college of Buddhism, Ven. Dr. Kyung-bo seo, and chairman, the board of Trustees, Ven. Pyok-am Chae best guided me for my correct understanding of them. I offer my thanks to all of them.

형사강제조치의 사회위해성 해석에 관한 논의

네유룬 ( Nei-youlun ),박상식 ( Park Sang-sik ) 경상대학교 법학연구소 2020 法學硏究 Vol.28 No.3

범죄 피의자나 피고인에 대한 ‘사회위해성’ 평가 및 인정은 형사강제조치가 얼마나 올바르게 적용되는 지 여부가 핵심이다. 하지만 전체 법전에서 정의하는‘사회위해성’에 대한 설명은 대체적으로 3가지의 의미를 담고 있고, 구체적인 상황에 따라 다르게 적용된다. 법에서 정의하고 있는 개념적인 불일치로 법에 대한 이해와 적용의 불확실성, 더 나아가 오류를 초래하기 쉬우므로 결국은 법적 권위의 실현에 영향을 미치게 된다. 수사기관이 강제조치를 실시하는 목적은 사회질서 유지 및 피의자나 피고인의 재범의 방지를 위함이 아니라, 형사소송절차가 정상으로 진행될 수 있도록 보장하는데 있다. 단지 피의자나 피고인이‘사회위해성’혹은‘인신위해성’의 정도가 높다고 해서 이에 대해 형사강제조치를 취하는 것 자체는 제도의 목적과 범위를 벗어나는 비합리적인 행위이다. 상이한 형사강제조치의 설정은 마땅히 소송에 방해가 될 가능성이 그 기준이 되어야 한다. 만일 그 기준이‘사회위해성’으로 대체될 경우, 강제조치의 적용 목적이‘소송 보장’에서‘사회방위’로 바뀌는 오해를 초래할 수 있다. 법질서의 보호라는 측면에 볼 때, 형사소송단계의 사회적 방위 임무는 형사강제조치가 아닌 보안처분에 맡겨야 한다. 보안처분의 목적은‘인신위해성’또는‘사회위해성’의 잠재적 범죄자에 대한 권리행사를 제한을 통한 사회적 안전을 보호하는 데 그 목적이 있다. 이는 현행 중국형사소송법 안에서 ‘사회위해성’에 대해 강제조치를 취하는 규제의 목적과 조건상의 일치성을 보이고 있다. 따라서 강제조치 가운데서 이 목적에 관련된 상황을 분리하여, 이에 상응하는 보안처분제도를 구축하여 적용할 필요가 있다. 하지만 현 단계의 중국법에서는 보안처분에 대한 법적 규정이 매우 분산되어 있고, 체계적인 시스템이 구비되어 있지 않다. 이에 본 논문에서는 보안처분을 형법에 규정하거나 새로운 법을 제정하여 현존하는 보안처분의 문제점을 개선하고자 한다. 즉, 보안처분의 조건에는 객관적으로 행위자가 이미 사회에 가한 위해행위와 주관적으로 행위자의 인격 소양 또는 생활환경을 바탕으로 하는 재범의 가능성이 포함되어야 한다. 범죄 피의자나 피고인에 대해서는‘범죄사실을 입증하는 증거’가 있고 동시에 재범의 위험성이 있을 때 보안처분을 통한 신체의 자유를 제한하여야 한다. 이렇게 될 때 형사소송보장과 사회적 방위조치와의 경계선을 명확하게 하게 되어 목적에 부합하는 형사강제조치의 제도시스템을 완벽히 형성할 수 있다고 본다. The criminal procedure law of the social risk as a legal concept is introduced, the criminal suspect or defendant criminal coercive measures of social risk assessment and is able to correctly apply the core part of, but in the entire code "risk society" this statement has three different meanings, suitable for different situation. The inconsistencies of legal concepts and meanings can easily lead to ambiguity and even errors in the understanding and application of law, and finally affect the realization of legal authority. The implementation of the compulsory measures aimed to eliminate the criminal suspect or defendant sabotage of litigation, in order to ensure the normal conduct of criminal procedure, rather than defend society from other possible danger, only because of the criminal suspect or defendant "risk society" or "personal" dangerous work on the criminal compulsory measures is beyond the scope of system and unreasonable. The setting of different criminal compulsory measures should be based on the possibility of hindering litigation. When the standard is replaced by social danger, the purpose of the compulsory measures will be biased from "litigation protection" to "defense society". From the perspective of the realization of legal order, the task of social defense in the criminal procedure stage should be a_cccomplished by security measures rather than criminal compulsory measures. Security measure is based on the purpose of a "personal risk" or "risk society" the actor was restricted rights, realize the specific prevention in order to achieve the purpose of defending social security, it has to do with the current compulsory measures in criminal procedure law about the risks of social regulation has a purpose and on the condition of consistency, compulsory measures shall be for the purpose of the situation, build system of the corresponding security measures shall be applicable. But because of security law in our country at present stage is very scattered, no system of system, the author proposed to security disciplinary measures stipulated in the criminal law or for a single or a new amendment of criminal law, criminal law system to make provision for security system, security of existing system of punishment measures included in the system. To be specific, the applicable condition of security measure including objectively the offender has implemented a social behavior, subjective behavior person based on their personality or the living environment, and fully show that it has once again the possibility of illegal and criminal behavior, for the criminal suspect or defendant, once has the "evidence of criminal facts", and to prove its likely committing the behavior again, then to security disciplinary measures to restrict the personal freedom. Only in this way can the status of criminal coercive measures as procedural safeguard measures be clearly defined, the boundary between procedural safeguard and social defense measures be clarified, and a perfect and purposeful system of criminal coercive measures be formed.

THE ROLE OF VENTURE CAPITAL IN DEVELOPING AN ENTREPRENEURIAL CLIMATE

John, Neis 계명대학교 산업경영연구소 2000 ASIAN JOURNAL OF BUSINESS AND ENTREPRENEURSHIP Vol.3 No.-

In this paper, the case study of Madison, Wisconsin is used to examine the importance of critical factors for creating a thriving entrepreneurial climate and Madison serves as a demonstration of the challenge of coordinating the emergence of each key element. The key ingredients identified include a major research institution with a licensing policy that encourages entrepreneurial development, a qualified pool of scientific and management talent, government support through early stage research founding and through tax policies that encourage risk taking, risk capital in the form of venture capitalist and angel investors, and a culture that holds successful entrepreneurs in high regard without stigmatizing the inevitable failures among entrepreneurs.

지식획득과 변환을 통한 사회적 자본의 업무 성과에의 영향에 대한 실증 연구

손하늬 ( Ha Nei Son ),한세희 ( Se Hee Han ),허동철 ( Dong Cheol Heo ),민진영 ( Jin Young Min ),이희석 ( Hee Seok Lee ) 한국지식경영학회 2013 지식경영연구 Vol.14 No.2

In a contemporary organization, the role of social capital has been increasingly important in sharpening knowledge management practices. The primary objective of this paper is to propose a research model to measure the effects of social capital on individual performance. The model also investigates the mediating mechanism of knowledge acquisition and knowledge transformation, both of which are critical in fostering an enterprise`s absorptive capacity. The field data was collected from a knowledge-centric organization. The analysis result reveals that shared goal is crucial in enabling knowledge processes. Furthermore, it is found that knowledge transformation rather than knowledge acquisition is more likely to lead to individual task performance.

Bilinear 보간법에 의한 임의 하천단면 생성에 관한 연구

최내인(Choi Nei In),조기성(Cho Gi Sung) 대한공간정보학회 2008 대한공간정보학회지 Vol.16 No.3

하천의 수리/수문 모델링에 활용하는 하천 지형자료는 하천정비기본계획을 위한 횡단측량을 통하여 취득된 하천단면 자료를 활용하고 있으나 취득되는 단면간의 거리가 다소 커 모델링 과정 중 보다 조밀한 간격의 단면형상을 필요로 하는 경우에도 단면자료를 취득할 수 없을 뿐만 아니라 관측점간의 직선거리를 고려하는 보간기법들의 특성에 의하여 현실적인 하천의 형상을 반영하지 못하는 문제점이 있다. 본 연구에서는 대표적인 수체부 하천 지형자료라 할 수 있는 하천정비기본계획상의 하천단면자료를 이용하여 하천의 형상을 효율적으로 추정하고자 하였으며 관측된 하천단면자료들 사이의 임의 단면을 생성하는 알고리즘을 제시함으로써 GIS 자료를 이용한 수리/수문 모델링에서 쉽게 활용이 가능하도록 하였다. The cross-section data are generally used for hydraulic and hydrologic modeling. However, when the detailed data of river channel are required, it is not available to use because of too wide distance of the offset between cross-sections. Also, the actual form of river channel cannot be reflected with the general interpolation methods which is considering straight line between acquired points. The aim of this paper is to present an algorithm which is to interpolate point using bilinear method and to estimate random cross-section between two surveyed cross-section data. And it is supposed that the proposed algorithm can be able to offer available data for hydraulic and hydrologic modeling.

마쓰시타 고노스케의 기업가정신 연구

박내회 서강대학교 경영학연구원 1999 서강경영논총 Vol.10 No.1