A Survey on State-of-the-Art Knowledge-based System Development and Issues

Muhammad Muneer Umar,Amjad Mehmood,Houbing Song 한국산학기술학회 2015 SmartCR Vol.5 No.6

The human brain can store countless folds of knowledge. Still, we cannot fully utilize a single human brain to solve a specific problem. Knowledge-based systems (KBSs) are computer programs specifically developed to perform problem solving like human experts. These systems effectively expand efficiency and flawlessly solve problems in various fields. The structure of a KBS can be divided into five standard components, which are described in detail. The component used for storage is called a knowledgebase, while an inference engine is a software module that processes the knowledge stored in the knowledgebase. Different tools, shells and programming languages can be used to develop and utilize KBSs. The most popular development languages are List Programming (Lisp), Prolog, Java Expert Systems Shell (JESS) and C Language Integrated Production System (CLIPS). This paper highlights various known issues in the phases of the development, deployment and maintenance of KBSs. Developers, as well as end users, may face various issues in the life cycle of these systems. The key personalities involved in the development and maintenance of KBSs are knowledge engineers and domain knowledge experts. Most issues are related to the experts’ availability, their behavior and long-term cooperation.

Efficiency of Aluminum and Iron Electrodes for the Removal of Heavy Metals [(Ni (II), Pb (II), Cd (II)] by Electrocoagulation Method

Khosa, Muhammad Kaleem,Jamal, Muhammad Asghar,Hussain, Amira,Muneer, Majid,Zia, Khalid Mahmood,Hafeez, Samia Korean Chemical Society 2013 대한화학회지 Vol.57 No.3

Electrocoagulation (EC) technique is applied for the treatment of wastewater containing heavy metals ions such as nickle (Ni), lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd) by using sacrificial anodes corrode to release active coagulant flocs usually aluminium or iron cations into the solution. During electrolytic reactions hydrogen gas evolve at the cathode. All the experiments were carried out in Batch mode. The tank was filled with synthetic wastewater containing heavy metals and efficiency of electro-coagulation in combination with aluminum and iron electrodes were investigated for removal of such metals. Several parameters, such as contact time, pH, electro-coagulant concentration, and current density were optimized to achieve maximum removal efficiency (%). The concentrations of heavy metals were determined by using Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS). It is found that the electro-coagulation process has potential to be utilized for the cost-effective removal of heavy metals from wastewater specially using iron electrodes in terms of high removal efficiencies and operating cost.

A comparative study of linear control strategies on the aerodynamics twin rotor system

Adnan Qayyum Shah,Muhammad Awais,Muhammad Zafar,Ashfaq Ahmed,Muhammad Mudassar,Muhammad Muneer,Memoona Saif,Abdul Razzaq,Seong Ho Jang,김선형,박영권 대한기계학회 2023 JOURNAL OF MECHANICAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Vol.37 No.8

This work presents the comparative study among pole-placement (PP), optimalcontrol using output-feedback (OCOF), linear-quadratic regulator (LQR), and PID controllers for the twin rotor multi-input multi-output system (TRMS). The pitch and yaw are key attributes for stabilizing the TRMS MIMO system and control of flight. The main objective of this study is to use these classical controller techniques to monitor the pitch and yaw angles of TRMS and show the result of these techniques. Simulation results depicts the actual performance and reveals how PP outperforms the other techniques.

Analyzing the Impact of Social Distancing on the Stoning Ritual of the Islamic Pilgrimage

Qazi Mudassar Ilya,Muneer Ahmad,Noor Zaman Jhanjhi,Muhammad Bilal Ahmad 한국인터넷정보학회 2022 KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Syst Vol.16 No.6

The COVID-19 pandemic has resulted in a profound impact on large-scale gatherings throughout the world. Social distancing has become one of the most common measures to restrict the spread of the novel Coronavirus. Islamic pilgrimage attracts millions of pilgrims to Saudi Arabia annually. One of the mandatory rituals of pilgrimage is the symbolic stoning of the devil. Every pilgrim is required to perform this ritual within a specified time on three days of pilgrimage. This ritual is prone to congestion due to strict spatiotemporal requirements. We propose a pedestrian simulation model for implementing social distancing in the stoning ritual. An agent-based simulation is designed to analyze the impact of inter-queue and intra-queue spacing between adjacent pilgrims on the throughput and congestion during the stoning ritual. After analyzing several combinations of intra-queue and inter-queue spacings, we conclude that 25 queues with 1.5 meters of intra-queue spacing result in an optimal combination of throughput and congestion. The Ministry of Hajj in Saudi Arabia may benefit from these findings to manage and plan pilgrimage more effectively.

ESBL: An Energy-Efficient Scheme by Balancing Load in Group Based WSNs

( Amjad Mehmood ),( M. Nouman ),( Muhammad Muneer Umar ),( Houbing Song ) 한국인터넷정보학회 2016 KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Syst Vol.10 No.10

Energy efficiency in Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) is very appealing research area due to serious constrains on resources like storage, processing, and communication power of the sensor nodes. Due to limited capabilities of sensing nodes, such networks are composed of a large number of nodes. The higher number of nodes increases the overall performance in data collection from environment and transmission of packets among nodes. In such networks the nodes sense data and ultimately forward the information to a Base Station (BS). The main issues in WSNs revolve around energy consumption and delay in relaying of data. A lot of research work has been published in this area of achieving energy efficiency in the network. Various techniques have been proposed to divide such networks; like grid division of network, group based division, clustering, making logical layers of network, variable size clusters or groups and so on. In this paper a new technique of group based WSNs is proposed by using some features from recent published protocols i.e. “Energy-Efficient Multi-level and Distance Aware Clustering (EEMDC)” and “Energy-Efficient Multi-level and Distance Aware Clustering (EEUC)”. The proposed work is not only energy-efficient but also minimizes the delay in relaying of data from the sensor nodes to BS. Simulation results show, that it outperforms LEACH protocol by 38%, EEMDC by 10% and EEUC by 13%.

Various Aspects, Patterns and Risk Factors in Breast Cancer Patients of Balochistan

Baloch, Abdul Hameed,Shuja, Jameela,Daud, Shakeela,Ahmed, Muneer,Ahmad, Adeel,Tareen, Mehrullah,Khan, Farah,Kakar, Muhammad Azam,Baloch, Dost Mohammad,Kakar, Naseebullah,Naseeb, Hafiz Khush,Ahmad, Jam Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention 2012 Asian Pacific journal of cancer prevention Vol.13 No.8

Purpose: Breast cancer is the commonest malignancy of females throughout the world with one million new cases each year. In Pakistan, the burden of breast cancer disease is high with late stage presentation being a common feature, more than half being stage III or stage IV. The objective of this study was to study various aspects, patterns and risk factors in breast cancer patients of Balochistan. Method: Present study was performed on 134 patients of breast cancer who were registered in CENAR. The patients were interviewed by providing a questionnaire. Informed consent was taken from all the patients who took part in this study after explanation of the study aims. Body mass index (BMI) was calculated andbiopsy reports were obtained from patients files. All the cases were classified with respect to age, gender, ethnic group (Baloch, Pashtoon, Punjabi, Afghani, Hazara) BMI, cancer type, cancer grade, hormonal status, side of the cancer, fertility and marital status. Results: Out of 134 patients, the most common ethnic group was Pashtoon with a total of 42 and the common age group was 41-50 years with a total of 51. Invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC) was the most common type, accounting for in 128 patients (95.5%) followed by invasive lobular carcinoma (ILC). Conclusion: Pashtoon was the most common ethnic group, IDC was common type and most of the patients had an ER/PR positive hormonal status.

A Broadband High Gain Planar Vivaldi Antenna for Medical Internet of Things (M-IoT) Healthcare Applications

Permanand, Soothar,Hao, Wang,Zaheer Ahmed, Dayo,Falak, Naz,Badar, Muneer,Muhammad, Aamir International Journal of Computer ScienceNetwork S 2022 International journal of computer science and netw Vol.22 No.12

In this paper, a high gain, broadband planar vivaldi antenna (PVA) by utilizing a broadband stripline feed is developed for wireless communication for IoT systems. The suggested antenna is designed by attaching a tapered-slot construction to a typical vivaldi antenna, which improves the antenna's radiation properties. The PVA is constructed on a low-cost FR4 substrate. The dimensions of the patch are 1.886λ₀×1.42λ₀×0.026λ₀, dielectric constant Ɛ_r=4.4, and loss tangent δ=0.02. The width of the feed line is reduced to improve the impedance bandwidth of the antenna. The computed reflection coefficient findings show that the suggested antenna has a 46.2% wider relative bandwidth calculated at a 10 dB return loss. At the resonance frequencies of 6.5 GHz, the studied results show an optimal gain of 5.82 dBi and 85% optimal radiation efficiency at the operable band. The optometric analysis of the proposed structure shows that the proposed antenna can achieve wide enough bandwidth at the desired frequency and hence make the designed antenna appropriate to work in satellite communication and medical internet of things (M-IoT) healthcare applications.