Molecular subtypes of triple-negative breast cancer: understanding of subtype categories and clinical implication

Yong‑Moon Lee,Man Hwan Oh,Jai‑Hyang Go,Kyudong Han,Song‑Yi Choi 한국유전학회 2020 Genes & Genomics Vol.42 No.12

Background: Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is a heterogeneous entity that encompasses several subtypes with distinct molecular characteristics. The patients with TNBCs show unpredictable response to the chemotherapy, and further there is the lack of effective agents. Thus, many studies have been underway to discover targeted therapy suitable for patients with specific genetic alterations in each molecular subtypes. TNBCs are classified as four major molecular subtypes according to the gene expression patterns. These are luminal androgen receptor (LAR), mesenchymal-like, immunomodulatory (IM), and basal-like types. Conclusion: Here, we discuss the unique molecular features of each subtype as well as promising targets for anti-cancer therapy.

콤포짓트 레진의 중합체계에 따른 중합률 및 잔류단량체 유출

문현정,임범순,이용근,송재경,김철위 대한치과기재학회 2001 대한치과재료학회지 Vol.28 No.2

Newly developed curing units for the dental composite resins are claimed to result in optimum properties and short curing time. The purpose of this study was to detemine the curing effectiveness of the curing units, and to evaluate the relationship between the degree of polymerization and leachability of residual monomer. Three composite resins were tested (Z100; z100, Herculite XRV; HX, Heliomolar; HM). Disk specimens of 2 mm in thickness and 6 mm in diameter were cured with a plasma arc [Apollo 95E; at 1370 mW/㎠, for 5 sec.(A5), 10 sec.(A10), 15sec(A15)], halogen lamp [VIP; at 500 mW/㎠, for 13 sec.(V13), 26 sec.(V26), 40 sec.(V40)] and custom made light emitting diode [LED; at 500 mW/㎠, for 13 sec.(L13), 26 sec.(L26), 40 sec.(L40)]. Specimens were immersed in 75% ethanol for 7 days. Eluates of the composites were analyzed by a high-performance liquid chromatography, and the degree of polymerization of composites were determined by a Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. To obtain the sufficient curing by a plasma arc, the curing time should be longer than 10 sec. When the same light energy was irradiated, LED showed similar curing performance to halogen lamp. The light energy and the degree of polymerization was not correlated (p>0.05), but the light energy and the leachability of residual monomer was correlated (p<0.05). The leachability of residual monomer (TEGDMA+BisGMA) depended on the degree of polymerization.

大學 新入生의 道德的 事態判斷 水準 및 槪念化 樣相의 分析

宋明子,趙鏞夏,薛耆汶,李京淑 東亞大學校 學生生活硏究所 1988 學生硏究 Vol.17 No.-

This study was conducted in order to analyze freshmen's level of cognitive judgment of moral situations and their conceptions of moral situation in different conceptual domains. The research questions to be answered in this study were as follows : 1) What are freshmen's levels of the judgment in moral situations, and are the levels differentiated according to their sex and majors? 2) What are the justifications in each domain? In other words, how do justifications of nonpermissibility, generality, and rule-independency differ in such domains as moral, conventional, and personal? 3) How are freshmen's conceptions of moral situation characterized? Subjects in this study were 200 freshmen(131 boys and 79 girls) randomly sampled from Dong-a University. The instruments were Kim's(1985) Test of Moral Development Judgment which was translated from Rest's(1979) DIT, and 9 interview situations for moral judgment and justfication developed by the current researchers on the basis of Turiel's theory. Subjeects were presented with six moral dilemas and 9 moral situations by 10 research aides who are seniors of education department of dong-A University, specially trained for this study. Data were analyzed statistically to answer the research questions. The major findings of this study were as follows: 1) More freshmen attained level P in terms of judgment of moral situations, while some other students did levels three and four. Therfore, it is considered that a large amount of freshmen start the principled-stage thinking. 2) Many freshmen showed high degree of transitional phase(4½) as level P according to frequencies in each moral stage. This reflects the apparent regression from the hightest stages to stage 2 during freshmen's campus life. Additionally, this kind of regression is found in arts and physical education students rather than other students. 3) There is no sex difference in the levels of freshmen's moral judgment. 4) Freshmen justified the transgressions in moral situations on permissibility and generality. Therefore, they appear to view moral issues as more legitimately subject to moral domain. In part, they tend to view moral issues as subject to conventional domain in that they justify the affairs related to peers of elders on rule-dependence. 5) Freshmen's domain distinction was apparent in that they justified conventional issues on generality. However, they are also seem to moralize since they partly view conventional issues containing relationships with parents as subject to moral domain. 6) Freshmen justified personal issues on rule-dependence and generality. Therfore, it is concluded that they justify the personal issues as subject to conventional domain. 7) Freshmen are more likely to reason about moral issues as personal obligation and sort them as under moral domain. However, within-domain differences in justifications are apparent in that freshmen treated the moral issues as subject to customs or traditions, or personal choice. 8) A strong moralizing is evident in that freshmen conceived conventional issues in terms of other's welfare rather than conventional reason. 9) The within-domain consistence is obvious in that freshment reasoned about personal issues as personal and sort them as under personal domain. However, it is found freshmen's moral conceptions are dependent on situations because some students justified personal issues on other's welfare or obligation while other sutdents did on moral reasons and conventional sanctions or customs.

물시멘트비 및 단위수량에 따른 고품질 재생잔골재를 사용한 재생콘크리트의 공학적 특성에 관한 실험적 연구

문형재,송민섭,김재환,장종호,김용로,김무한 대한건축학회 2004 대한건축학회 학술발표대회 논문집 - 계획계/구조계 Vol.24 No.1(구조계)

The purpose of this study is to investigate and analyze experimentally and positively engineering properties of recycled concrete using high quality recycled fine aggregate according to w/c ratio and unit water contents. And it is intend to present fundamental data for the mix design and the improvement of quality. The results are as follows; According to the increase of W/C ratio, the addition ratio of superplasticizer was reduced, the strength of compressive and tensile showed low and carbonation depth and chloride penetration depth showed high. And according to the increase of unit water contents, the addition ratio of superplasticizer was reduced, the strength of compressive and tensile showed low and carbonation depth and chloride penetration depth showed high.

한국대학생의 도덕사태 개념화 및 그 변화과정에 관한 연구(II)

송명자,조용하,설기문,김상윤 東亞大學校 學生生活硏究所 1992 學生硏究 Vol.20 No.-

This study aims to analyze the moral judgmental levels and the conceptions of transgressions of Korean college students in a series of multifacted events and the aspects of change in terms of moral judgmental level and conceptualizastion after with two years' college experience. The study was based on the Kohlberg's cognitive moral development theory and on the domain-distinction model in which children's intuitive abilities are stressed. This study was consisted of two sub-studies done in 1989 and 1991 respectively. The subjects of the 1st year study were 416 college students in four major cities(Seoul, Taegu, Kwangjoo, and Pusan). The subjects of the longitudinal analysis of second year study were 199 college students who could be followed up among the subjects of the 1st year study after two years. The instruments used in this study were Test of Moral Judgmental Development and Test of Conceptualization on Mulifaceted Events developed by the authors on the basis of Kohlberg's and Turiel's theories respectively. The following conclusions were obtained through the basis of the results and discussions of this study. First, Korean college students' false responses to moral issues decrease but the radical and anti-social responses increase after two years, and ther these responses are replaced by the level Ⅲmoral judgmental responses. Second, college students who are on the higher moral judgmental level conceptualize the transgression in social conventional and personal domains less permissible than those on the lower levels do. The students who are on the lower judgmental level reveal the decrese of nonpermissibility in social conventional domain with two years' college experience than those on the higher level do.

뇌졸중 환자에 관한 기술역학적 조사연구

송문식,이태용,이동배 충남대학교 의과대학 지역사회의학연구소 1990 충남의대잡지 Vol.17 No.1

Two hundreds and ninety-one cases of cerebrovascular accident patients, admitted at one general hospital, located at Taejeon city were studied descriptively for five years from January, 1984 to December, 1988. 1. Among the 291 cases, cerebral hemorrhage were 65.6%, subarachnoid hemorrhage were 16.2%, cerebral embolism were 10.0%, and cerebral thrombosis were 8.2%. 2. The sex ratio was 1:1.1(M:F), and the sixth decade was the most prevalent age group. The seasonal incidence was highest in spring, and winter, summer, and autumn were followings in the order. The time of onset of incidence was most prevalent between 13:00 and 22:00. 3. As for the associates at the onset of CVA, rest was 33.5%, and was work 23.8%. The most common symptoms were nausea, vomiting and headache. Patients admitted with recurrent attacks were 16.9%. The rate of patient with the past history of hypertension and cardiovascular disease were 53.3%. 4. The overall mortality of cerebrovascular accident was 13.0%, of CVA patient the mortality rates of subarachnoid hemorrhage were 23.0%, cerebral hemorrhage were 13.0%, cerebral thrombosis 8.0%, and cerebral embolism 3.0%, in that order. 5. Hypertension was found in 80.0% of total cases; the common findings of electrocaridography were normal and left ventricular hypertrophy; 82.1% of chest X-ray findings was normal: normal levels of S-cholesterol, s-triglyceride, s-glucose, urine protein, and urine glucose were 94.3%, 66.0%, 72.5% and 53.8% respectively.

濟州地方에서 播種期가 풋마늘의 生育 및 收量에 미치는 影響

文貞珠,韓元琢,朴庸奉,宋昌訓 제주대학교 1992 논문집 Vol.34 No.-

This study was carried out to investigate the proper planting date and variety for early production of garlic in Cheju Island. The results obtained are as follows: 1) The emergence rate was accelerated when garlic was planted in August or later. Days to emergence increased when planted Septenber or later. 2) Jabong garlic showed the tallest plant height and the earlier the planting date (20 July), the plant height and leaf sheath length increased but the later the planting date (20 September), the height and sheatdh decreased. 3)There was no big differnce in leaf number among the vaieties and planting date. 4)The leafy garlic variety which can be harvested from Decenber to January was Jabong garlic,Namdo was Fevuary and Chejujaerae was March. 5)On Cheju Island, leafy garlic could be planted from July 20 to early September.

濟州地方에서 감자栽培法 改善에 關한 硏究 : Ⅱ. 욕광處理後 定植期가 겨울감자의 生育 및 收量에 미치는 影響 Ⅱ. Effect of Planting Time on Growth and Yield of Winter Cultivated Potato

朴庸奉,宋昌訓,文禎洙,韓元琢 제주대학교 1991 논문집 Vol.33 No.-

겨울감자 비닐하우스를 利用한 4月달 出荷가능성을 검토코져 定植期를 달리한 試驗에서 아래와 같은 결과를 얻었다. 1) 3∼4月 早期 出荷를 위한 겨울감자 비닐하우스 定植時期는 11月 하순부터 12月 上旬이었다. 2) 定植期 萌芽長은 早期定植 할수록 芽長이 짧고 莖數가 적었다. 3) 地上部 生育에서 草長은 對照區에 比하여 11月下旬 早期定植區는 2㎝ 정도 짧았으나 莖이 굵고 강건한 傾向을 보였다. 4) 收穫時期別 10a當 收量은 3月下旬 早期收穫時 對照區에 比하여 11月하순부터 12月상순 定植區는 76∼32%, 12月 中旬 定植期는 13% 各各 增加하였다. This study was carried out to investigate the possibility of April consign when the planting date was different. the results obtained are summarized as follows: 1) The planting date for earlier consign of March, from April, was between the end of November and early of December. 2) According to the planting date, the earlier the planting, the shorter the bud length and the smaller the bud number. 3) Incase of above-ground growth, the height of a potato planted at the end of November was shorter than that of the control. Moreover, the stem was a so thick and steady. 4) In case of harvest at the end of March, yields per 10 a by harvesting time was the trend in comparison with the control. For example, from the end of November to early December, 76-32% and middle of December, 13%

菊花의 消費水量에 대하여

黃龍鎭,鄭汶銖,宋錫銀 진주산업대학교 농업기술연구소 1992 農業技術硏究所報 Vol.5 No.-

菊花의 消費水量을 調査하기 위하여 溫室內에서 灌水의 水準을 FC-PF 2.0, FC-PF 2.2, FC-PF 2.4의 水準으로 灌水하여 그 消費水量을 구한 結果 1. 灌水의 水準別 消費水量은 平均 FC-PF 2.0에서 3.1mm/day FC-PF 2.2 水準에서 2.6mm/day, FC-PF 2.4의 水準에서 2.2.mm/day이고 最大 1日 蒸發散量은 FC-PF 2.0 水準에서 4.7mm/day, FC-PF 2.2의 水準에서 3.5mm/day, FC-PF 2.4의 水準에서는 2.8mm/day이다. 2. 줄기의 伸長率은 9月 10日을 基準으로 FC-PF 2.0의 水準에서는 9月下旬에 1.91, 10月中旬에 2.58, 11月中旬에 2.84이고 FC-PF 2.2의 水準에서는 9月下旬에 1.78, 10月中旬에 2.51, 11月中旬에 2.73이며, FC-PF 2.4의 水準에서 9月下旬에 1.86, 10月中旬에 2.26, 11月中旬에 2.69였다. 3. 1回의 灌水量은 12.3mm이고, 間斷灌水日數는 4日이였다. The purpose of this study is to find out the basic data for irrigation plans of Chrysamthmum during the growing period. The experiment pots were arranged with three irrigation level (FC-PF 2.0, FC-PF 2.2, FC-PF 2.4) for Chrysanthmum. 1. The comsumptive use of water for irrigation level were 3.1mm/day at FC-PF 2.0, 2.6mm/day at FC-PF 2.2 and 2.2mm/day at FC-PF 2.4. The value of maximum evapotranspiration for one day were 4.7mm/day at FC-PF 2.0, 3.5mm/day at FC-PF 2.2 and 2.8mm/day at FC-PF 2.4 for each irrigation level. 2. The relative ratio of stem length, compared with that of standard time point Sep. 10, were 1.92 on last of Sep., 2.58 on medium of Oct., 2.84 on last of Nov. at FC-PF 2.0, 1.78 on last of Sep., 2.51 on medium of Oct., 2.73 on medium of Nov. at FC-PF 2.2 and 1.86 on last of Sep., 2.26 on medium of Oct., 2.69 on medium of Nov. at FC-PF 2.4 for each irrigation level. 3. Maximum water quantity of one time irrigation were 12.3mm and irrigation interval were 4 days.

VCM을 이용한 마이크로 조립용 6자유도 정밀 정렬 장치의 설계

유용환,이수훈,송준엽,이창우,하태호,김정재,이문구 한국공작기계학회 2009 한국공작기계학회 춘계학술대회논문집 Vol.2009 No.-

This work will develop a 6-DOF precision aligner with small size and high resolution for assembling the micro parts for a mobile electronics. Here, VCM actuator that is precise and reliable will be applied to this aligner system. Arrangement of actuators will be a symmetrical based on kinematic design. This paper presents combining two modules of mechanism for the 6-DOF precision aligner. The first is a stage which can control XYθ_(z) motion, and the second can control Z motion, in other words, Z tilt motion. According to its specifications, it is expected to satisfy requirement of precision. Test of the first stage was presented to show the resolution and parasitic motion. For the test, PID algorithm was applied for feed-back control system.