Covert generalizations in Optimality Theory: the role of stratal faithfulness constraints

Junko Ito,Armin Mester 한국음운론학회 2001 음성·음운·형태론 연구 Vol.7 No.2

Ito, Junko, and Armin Mester. 2001. Covert generalizations in Optimalitv Theory: the role of stratal faithfulness constraints. Studies in Phonetics, Phonology and Morphology 7.2. 273-299. Is it possible for a phonological generalization to persist even when it has ceased to hold of the whole lexicon? We show how the basic architecture of Optimality Theory (OT) imposes a subset organization on lexical inventories, which manifests itself in lexically covert generalizations. The central predictions flow directly from the core tenets of OT, namely, that all grammatical constraints are ranked in a strict order of preference and are in principle violable, with violation always minimized in winning outputs. On the empirical side, we review the evidence for subset organization in the lexical inventories of real languages, focusing on grammar-induced entailment relations between nativization phenomena that other approaches fail to predict. On this foundation, we build a general optimality theoretic model of the phonological lexicon that accommodates the familiar differences between strata - including, but not limited to, the distinction between native words and loanwords - within a unitary constraint system and correctly predicts the existence of a core-periphery structure in the lexicon, without additional assumptions and mechanisms. Formally speaking, our proposal reduces to the claim that stratum-specific input-output faithfulness is both necessary and sufficient (i) to account for the stratal organization of a language's lexicon and (ii) to capture higher-level entailment relations between nativization effects. (University of California, Santa Cruz)

Nanoscale IR Imaging and Spectroscopic Characterization of Polymer Nanocomposites Using s-SNOM

Nicolai Hartmann,Aina Reich,Lars Mester,Andreas Huber 한국고분자학회 2022 한국고분자학회 학술대회 연구논문 초록집 Vol.47 No.1

High polarity analytes in food - enrofloxacin and sulfadiazine in bovine tissue (CCQM-K141)

Windust, Anthony,McRae, Garnet,Meija, Juris,Mester, Zoltá,n,Melanson, Jeremy E,Croft, Meg,Johnston, Lesley,Murby, John,Rego, Eliane C P do,Violante, Fernando G M,Fernandes, Jane L N,Wollinger, W BUREAU INTERNATIONAL DES POIDS ET MESURES 2019 METROLOGIA -BERLIN- Vol.56 No.-

<P></P> <P>Within the Organic Analysis Working Group (OAWG) of the Comité Consultatif pour la Quantitè de Matiére (CCQM), key comparison CCQM-K141 and associated pilot study CCQM-P178 were coordinated by the National Research Council Canada (NRC). This comparison was a Track A key comparison that formed part of the OAWG 10-year strategic plan. The comparison demonstrated capabilities for measuring high-polarity analytes in a high-fat and high-protein matrix. The measurand chosen as the model system was enrofloxacin and sulfadiazine in bovine tissue. Thirteen National Metrology Institutes or Designated Institutes participated in the CCQM-K141, while two National Metrology Institutes participated in CCQM-P178.</P> <P>The bovine muscle tissue study material was derived from a single live animal that was administered with chemical based pharmaceutical agents prior to processing. Therefore, the study material was naturally incurred, providing a true test of extraction procedures relative to more commonly encountered spiked materials. NRC confirmed excellent homogeneity and stability of the material prior to shipping. Three 10 g bottles of freeze dried powdered muscle tissue were supplied. NRC also provided isotopically labelled solutions of the two measurands, <SUP>13</SUP>C<SUB>6</SUB>-sulfadiazine and enrofloxacin-d<SUB>5</SUB> (HI Salt), to those interested in using isotope dilution mass spectrometry (IDMS) methodologies. Procurement and purity assignment with appropriate metrological traceability of native calibrants were the responsibility of individual participants. The study required extraction, clean-up, analytical separation, and selective detection of the analytes.</P> <P>The level of agreement was reasonable given the measurands and matrix were new for most laboratories. The KCRV values and their uncertainties at the 95% confidence level of 57.81 ± 2.57 μg/kg for enrofloxacin and 2285 ± 68 μg/kg for sulfadiazine were calculated using the DSL means. While one participant's value was voluntarily excluded from the KCRV calculations for enrofloxacin, all other participants demonstrated equivalence for both measurands.</P> <P>Significant effort was undertaken post-study to identify the major sources of variability between results. In particular, the various extraction conditions used by participants were investigated thoroughly. While there appeared to be a correlation between highly acidic conditions and higher recovery, this was not definitive and could not be confirmed. The form of standards employed (i.e. free base vs salts) and potential differential solubility between forms was also a suspected source of variability. Biases could also have been introduced with the choice of solvents used for standard preparation, with some solvents better able to minimize adsorption of the analytes to glass surfaces.</P> <P>KEY WORDS FOR SEARCH</P> <P>enrofloxacin, sulfadiazine, bovine tissue, incurred, key comparison</P> <P></P> <H2>Main text</H2> <P> To reach the main text of this paper, click on <A HREF='https://www.bipm.org/utils/common/pdf/final_reports/QM/K141/CCQM-K141.pdf'>Final Report</A>. Note that this text is that which appears in Appendix B of the BIPM key comparison database <A HREF='http://kcdb.bipm.org/'>kcdb.bipm.org/</A>.</P> <P>The final report has been peer-reviewed and approved for publication by the CCQM, according to the provisions of the CIPM Mutual Recognition Arrangement (CIPM MRA).</P>

Final report on CCQM-K89: Trace and essential elements in Herba Ecliptae

Valiente, Liliana,Saxby, David,Merrick, Jeffrey,Kotzeva, Boriana,Mester, Zoltan,Yang, Lu,Willie, Scott,Feng, Liuxing,Wang, Jun,Labarraque, Guillaume,Rienitz, Olaf,Wai-mei Sin, Della,Mok, Chuen-sing,Wo Springer-Verlag 2013 Metrologia Vol.50 No.-

<P>The key comparison CCQM-K89 was undertaken to demonstrate the capability of participating NMIs and DIs in measuring the contents of incurred trace elements (total arsenic, cadmium and lead) and essential elements (calcium and zinc) at µg/g (for arsenic, cadmium, lead and zinc) and mg/g (for calcium) levels in a herb matrix sample by various analytical techniques.</P><P>This key comparison was organized by the Government Laboratory of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (GLHK) and agreed at the Inorganic Analysis Working Group Meeting in Hindås, Sweden in October 2010 as a benchmarking exercise with arsenic (a trace element) and calcium (an essential element) chosen as the 'exemplary' elements. It was also agreed that a pilot study CCQM-P126 would be run in parallel with this key comparison.</P><P>The key comparison serves to facilitate claims by participants on the Calibration and Measurement Capabilities (CMCs) as listed in Appendix C of the Key Comparison Database (KCDB) under the Mutual Recognition Arrangement of the International Committee for Weights and Measures (CIPM MRA).</P><P>A total of 20 NMIs/DIs registered for this programme and 18 of them submitted their results. Most of the participants used microwave acid digestion methods for sample dissolution. For the instrumental determination, a variety of techniques like ICP-MS, AAS, INAA, ICP-AES were employed by the participants. For this key comparison, inorganic core capabilities have been demonstrated by concerned participants with respect to methods including ICP-MS (without isotope dilution), ID-ICP-MS, ICP-AES, INAA, AAS and ion chromatography with iteratively matrix-matched calibration on the determination of total arsenic, calcium, cadmium, lead and zinc in a matrix of herb.</P><P>Main text.To reach the main text of this paper, click on Final Report. Note that this text is that which appears in Appendix B of the BIPM key comparison database kcdb.bipm.org/.</P><P>The final report has been peer-reviewed and approved for publication by the CCQM, according to the provisions of the CIPM Mutual Recognition Arrangement (CIPM MRA).</P>

Final report on CCQM-K125: elements in infant formula

Merrick, J,Saxby, D,Dutra, E S,Sena, R C,Araú,jo, T O,Almeida, M D,Yang, L,Pihillagawa, I G,Mester, Z,Sandoval, S,Wei, C,Castillo, M E D,Oster, C,Fisicaro, P,Rienitz, O,Pape, C,Schulz, U,Jä BUREAU INTERNATIONAL DES POIDS ET MESURES 2017 METROLOGIA -BERLIN- Vol.54 No.1

Report of the CCQM-K124: trace elements and chromium speciation in drinking water-part A: trace elements in drinking water, part B: chromium speciation in drinking water

Kuroiwa, T,Fung, W H,Zhu, Y,Inagaki, K,Sin, D W M,Chu, H S,Saxby, D,Merrick, J,White, I,Araujo, T,Almeida, M D,Rodrigues, J,Yang, L,Pihillagawa, I G,Mester, Z,Riquelme, S S,Pé,rez, L,Barriga, R IOP Publishing 2017 Metrologia Vol.54 No.1

Report of the CCQM-K97: measurement of arsenobetaine standard solution and arsenobetaine content in fish tissue (tunafish)

Ma, L D,Wang, J,WEI, C,Kuroiwa, T,Narukawa, T,Ito, N,HIOKI, A,CHIBA, K,Yim, Y H,Lee, K S,Lim, Y R,Turk, G C,Davis, C W,Mester, Z,Yang, L,McCooeye, M,Maxwell, P,Cankur, O,Tokman, N,Coskun, F G BUREAU INTERNATIONAL DES POIDS ET MESURES 2017 METROLOGIA -BERLIN- Vol.54 No.-

<P></P> <P>The CCQM-K97 key comparison was organized by the inorganic analysis working group (IAWG) of CCQM as a follow-up to completed pilot study CCQM-P96 and P96.1 to test the abilities of the national metrology institutes to accurately quantitate the mass fraction of arsenobetaine (AsB) in standard solution and in fish tissue. A pilot study CCQM-P133 was parallelized with this key comparison. National Institute of Metrology (NIM), China and National Metrology Institute of Japan (NMIJ) acted as the coordinating laboratories.</P> <P>Six NMIs participated in CCQM-K97 and two institutes participated in CCQM-P133, and all of them submitted the results. Some NMIs submitted more than one results by different methods. The results were in excellent agreement with each other, and obviously better than those of previous P96 and P96.1. Therefore the calibrant which each NMI used was comparable. It shows that the capabilities of some of the participants have been improved after the previous pilot studies.</P> <H2>Main text</H2> <P> To reach the main text of this paper, click on <A HREF='http://www.bipm.org/utils/common/pdf/final_reports/QM/K97/CCQM-K97.pdf'>Final Report</A>. Note that this text is that which appears in Appendix B of the BIPM key comparison database <A HREF='http://kcdb.bipm.org/'>kcdb.bipm.org/</A>.</P> <P>The final report has been peer-reviewed and approved for publication by the CCQM, according to the provisions of the CIPM Mutual Recognition Arrangement (CIPM MRA).</P>