Covert generalizations in Optimality Theory: the role of stratal faithfulness constraints

Junko Ito,Armin Mester 한국음운론학회 2001 음성·음운·형태론 연구 Vol.7 No.2

Ito, Junko, and Armin Mester. 2001. Covert generalizations in Optimalitv Theory: the role of stratal faithfulness constraints. Studies in Phonetics, Phonology and Morphology 7.2. 273-299. Is it possible for a phonological generalization to persist even when it has ceased to hold of the whole lexicon? We show how the basic architecture of Optimality Theory (OT) imposes a subset organization on lexical inventories, which manifests itself in lexically covert generalizations. The central predictions flow directly from the core tenets of OT, namely, that all grammatical constraints are ranked in a strict order of preference and are in principle violable, with violation always minimized in winning outputs. On the empirical side, we review the evidence for subset organization in the lexical inventories of real languages, focusing on grammar-induced entailment relations between nativization phenomena that other approaches fail to predict. On this foundation, we build a general optimality theoretic model of the phonological lexicon that accommodates the familiar differences between strata - including, but not limited to, the distinction between native words and loanwords - within a unitary constraint system and correctly predicts the existence of a core-periphery structure in the lexicon, without additional assumptions and mechanisms. Formally speaking, our proposal reduces to the claim that stratum-specific input-output faithfulness is both necessary and sufficient (i) to account for the stratal organization of a language's lexicon and (ii) to capture higher-level entailment relations between nativization effects. (University of California, Santa Cruz)

Class 1 KNOX Gene Expression Supports the Selaginella Rhizophore Concept

Junko Kawai,Yoichi Tanabe,Sumitomo Soma,Motomi Ito 한국식물학회 2010 Journal of Plant Biology Vol.52 No.4

The spikemoss is marked by the unique rootproducing pleurogeous rhizophore as well as the lycophytic microphyll. Imaichi and Kato (Bot Mag Tokyo 102:369–380, 1989; Am J Bot 78:1694–1703, 1991) revealed that the exogenous developmental process in the rhizophore is clearly distinguishable from the developmental process in the endogenous root, argued that the axial organ could be coordinate with other fundamental organs including the root and stem, and demonstrated the “rhizophore concept.” In this paper, we report on the expression pattern of the spikemoss Selaginella class 1 KNOX gene, SuKNOX1, in the rhizophore. We show that the SuKNOX1 mRNA is specifically accumulated at the tip of the rhizophore as well as the shoot apical apex, but not in the root tip. This result supports the “rhizophore concept” at the molecular level.

STAT3 pathway of epithelial ovarian cancer cells and M2 macrophages in the cancer microenvironment are inactivated by Onionin A

( Junko Tsuboki ),( Kiyomi Takaishi ),( Fumiko Ito ),( Ritsuo Honda ),( Hironori Tashiro ),( Hidetaka Katabuchi ) 대한산부인과학회 2016 대한산부인과학회 학술대회 Vol.102 No.-

Objective: In epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC), M2-polarized macrophage (Mø), a component of the cancer microenvironment in ascitic fluid as well as primary tumor, is thought to play an important role in cell- proliferation via paracrine activation of the STAT3 pathway. Onionin A (ONA), a natural compound purified from onions, biologically inhibits M2 polarization, and molecularly inactivates STAT3 signaling of Mø and tumor cells. Here we elucidated the indirect and direct anti-cancer effects of ONA via the STAT3 pathway. Methods: The indirect effects of ONA on EOC cells were analyzed under the co-culture system with human monocyte- derived Mø using BrdU ELISA assay. The direct effects of ONA alone and combinations with anti-cancer drugs (PTX, CBDCA, or CDDP) on proliferation and STAT3 activation of the human EOC cell lines (SKOV3, RMG1, or ES2) were evaluated using WST assay and western blot analysis. Results: M2Mø in the co-culture system enhanced proliferation of EOC cells, whereas ONA significantly reduced the enhancement of the cell-proliferation by inhibition of M2-polarization. In addition, ONA directly inhibited STAT3-activation and proliferation of EOC cells (P value < 0.01-0.05). Moreover, the suppressive effects against EOC cell proliferation were significantly increased by the combination of ONA with anti-cancer drugs (P value < 0.01-0.05). Conclusions: ONA exhibited direct anti-cancer effects in EOC as well as indirect effects by suppression of M2-polarization in co-culture system. It was suggested that the combination of ONA and anti-cancer drugs presents a new therapeutic strategy for treatment of EOC.

Brief communication : Successful Endosonography-Guided Drainage of an Intra-Abdominal Abscess in a 1-Year-Old Infant

( Yukiko Ito ),( Hiroyuki Isayama ),( Yousuke Nakai ),( Gyoutane Umefune ),( Tatsuya Sato ),( Saori Nakahara ),( Junko Suwa ),( Keiichi Kato ),( Ryo Nakata ) 대한간학회 2016 Gut and Liver Vol.10 No.3

Endoscopic ultrasound (EUS)-guided intervention has been established as a safe, effective and minimally invasive procedure for various diseases in adults, but there have been limited reports in pediatric patients. Herein, we report our experience with successful EUS-guided drainage of an intraabdominal abscess in a 1-year-old infant concomitant with disseminated intravascular coagulation. The abscess was punctured via the stomach using a standard, convex-type echoendoscope, and the patient’s condition improved after naso-cystic catheter placement. Although the clinical course was complicated by delayed hemorrhage from the puncture site, the bleeding was successfully managed by endoscopic hemostasis using a standard forward-viewing endoscope. (Gut Liver 2016;10:483-485)

Characteristics of apatites as a disperse phase for solid-phase organic oxidation system

Yoh Sasaki,Katsuma Iteya,Mitsunobu Iwasaki,Seishiro Ito,Junko Ichihara 한양대학교 세라믹연구소 2007 Journal of Ceramic Processing Research Vol.8 No.1

In the novel solid phase system consisting of cetylpyridinium dodecatungstate (CetylPy10[H2W12O42]) catalyst/ solid oxidant (urea-H2O2)/ apatite disperse phase, the O-insertion reaction (epoxidation) of C=C double bond of cyclooctene proceeds at powdery solid state in the absence of organic solvents without stirring at room temperature. In the system, the formation of the epoxide was affected by various forms of hydroxyapatite powders (HAps) used as a solid disperse phase. The high crystallinity and low surface area of HAp and the uniform size of spherical particles of HAp were found to be important factors as an effective solid disperse phase for assisting the epoxidation. The factors were quite different from those of common solid supports used for fixing the catalyst in liquid-solid heterogeneous reactions. Taking account of the kinetic behavior in the solid-phase-epoxidation system, key points for promoting the reaction are considered to be the diffusion of liquid reactant and its proximity to the active catalyst. The effective forms of apatites might have advantages in these points. In the novel solid phase system consisting of cetylpyridinium dodecatungstate (CetylPy10[H2W12O42]) catalyst/ solid oxidant (urea-H2O2)/ apatite disperse phase, the O-insertion reaction (epoxidation) of C=C double bond of cyclooctene proceeds at powdery solid state in the absence of organic solvents without stirring at room temperature. In the system, the formation of the epoxide was affected by various forms of hydroxyapatite powders (HAps) used as a solid disperse phase. The high crystallinity and low surface area of HAp and the uniform size of spherical particles of HAp were found to be important factors as an effective solid disperse phase for assisting the epoxidation. The factors were quite different from those of common solid supports used for fixing the catalyst in liquid-solid heterogeneous reactions. Taking account of the kinetic behavior in the solid-phase-epoxidation system, key points for promoting the reaction are considered to be the diffusion of liquid reactant and its proximity to the active catalyst. The effective forms of apatites might have advantages in these points.

P 38 : A fatal case of treatment-related MDS/MPN with bloodstream infection caused by pigmented fungal Exophiala dermatitidis

( Mariko Mochizuki ),( Yukari Osada ),( Nami Shimaoka ),( Mayumi Ito ),( Naomi Sannda ),( Junko Fujita ),( Hiroyuki Matumoto ),( Tadashi Matushita ) 대한임상병리사협회 2015 임상미생물검사학회 발표자료집 Vol.2015 No.-

Case The patient was a 45-year-old man. He was diagnosed as having malignant melanoma ten years ago, and received chemotherapy including alkylating agents. After nine years, he developed treatment-related myelodysplastic syndrome / myeloproliferative neoplasm (MDS / MPN), and he received hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. He had recurrence as MDS and re-transplanted. The blood culture after re-transplantation were repeatedly positive for Enterococci and yeast-like fungi of black-colored colony. Micafungin (MCFG) and Fluconazole were added to the treatment with liposomal-amphoterisin B. Hematopoetic stem cell transplantation was performed again due to bone marrow graft failure, however, his condition got worsened and died. Microbiological findings A yeast-like form with budding was found under microscopy, and black-colored colonies were grown on a CHROMagarTM Candida plate (Becton Dickinson). Species identification was not possible using VITEK and ApiC AUX (bioMerieux). Further culture revealed brown filamentous form on the melted chocolate-like colonies, which was strongly suggestive of dimorphic fungi. This fungus was identified as Exophiala dermatitidis by sequence analysis of ITS region of rRNA gene. Susceptibility test using the ASTY (KYOKUTO PHARMACEUTICAL INDUSTRIAL Co., Ltd) showed that, after 72hr growth, a high MIC values of > =16㎍/ml in MCFG and relatively good susceptibility to other antifungal drugs. Discussion Exophiala dermatitidis is a type of pathogenic dematiaceous fungi which was widely found in residential environment. It mainly causes infections of cutaneous and subcutaneous tissue in immunocompromised patients, but sometimes fatal infections such as bloodstream infection. In clinical settings, it is important to speculate this species from morphological features, which will lead to the early diagnosis and treatment especially in immunocompromised cases. Acknowledge Takashi Yaguchi, Aki Hirabayashi, Daizo Kato, Mitsutaka Iguchi, Satoshi Morioka, Tetsuya Yagi