노걸대 3종 판본 내 중국어 명사 접미사의 형태론적 생산성에 대한 통시적 연구

( Maeng¸ Junghwan ) 한국중국언어학회 2021 중국언어연구 Vol.- No.95

본 논문은 원명청(元明清)대에 걸쳐 출판된 노걸대 3종 판본을 바탕으로 명사 접미사의 형태론적 생산성의 역사적 변천 과정에 관한 연구를 진행하였다. 노걸대는 당시 구어체 북방 관화를 기록한 자료로써 원대부터 청대에 이르기까지의 언어적 변화를 담고 있다. 따라서 본 연구는 노걸대 3종 판본을 코퍼스 자료로 사용하여 명사 접미사의 형태론적 생산성을 분석하였다. 형태론적 생산성은 각 명사 형태소가 생성해낼 수 있는 새로운 어휘의 종류의 수를 바탕으로 측정되었다. 분석 결과 -儿이 원대부터 청대에 걸쳐 가장 높은 생산성을 지니고 있는 것으로 판명된 반면, 명사 접미사 -子와 -們의 경우 이 기간 동안 생산성이 지속적으로 감소하는 양상을 확인할 수 있었다. 본 연구의 결과는 형태론적 생산성과 어휘화의 밀접한 관련성에 대한 실증적 근거를 제시함과 동시에 형태론적 법칙을 통해 생성된 어휘와 어휘 목록에 등록된 어휘가 서로 독립적인 영역에 속해 있음을 시사하고 있다. This study focuses on the historical change in the productivity of Chinese nominal suffixes based on three versions of Laoqida (老乞大) published in the Yuan, Ming and Qing periods respectively. Because Laoqida transcribes spoken Chinese language at the time and also reflects language change over time spanning from the Yuan to Qing period, it serves as a corpus database that allows us to examine the premodern spoken Chinese language. Using Laoqida as a corpus database, this study used hapax-based analysis to examine morphological productivity of the nominal suffixes (-zi, -er, -men) under investigation based on the number of novel expressions created by each suffix. The findings of the study show that -er remains as the most productive suffix throughout the Yuan-Qing periods whereas the productivity of -zi and -men continues to decline over the same periods. The results of the study suggest that the morphological productivity and the lexicalization of derived words are closely associated with each other. Furthermore, the study provides evidence that lexicon and morphology should be considered as two independent domains.

C-NMR Spectroscopy에 의한 Olefin-Vinylchloride 공중합체의 tacticity에 관한 연구

맹기석,황택성 忠南大學校 産業技術硏究所 1990 산업기술연구논문집 Vol.5 No.1

Homo PVC and olefin-vinylchloride copolymers have been prepared by free-radical copolymerization at 60℃. Molecular weights of PVC and copolymers have been caracterized by gel permeation chromatography (GPC) and C-NMR. We are used to calculate the tacticity shifts in the C-NMR spectra of PVC and copolymers by Bovey first order Markov statistics. Copolymers of vinyl chloride with isobutylene, propylene from 1.58 to 8.0mol% olefin, is found to random arrangment by ??C-NMR spectroscopy. The values of molecular weights of the copolymer ranged from 2.38 to 7.03×10⁴, measured by GPC. It was found that both the degree of conversion and molecular weight decreased in accordance with the increase of comonomer ratio in the copolymer.

Pd(X)(COPh)(PPh₂)₃(X=Cl,Br,NCS,CN)와 Pd(CN)(COPh)(N-N)(N-N=en,R-pn)의 합성과 성질

정맹준,도명기 嶺南大學校 基礎科學硏究所 1996 基礎科學硏究 Vol.16 No.-

Oxidative addition products, trans-Pd(X)(COPh)(PPh₃)₂(1) is obtained from the reaction of tetrakistriphenylphosphinoPalladium(0) complex and benzoylhalides, XCOPh(X=Cl,Br,NCS,CN), and the structure of these complexes were identified from the UV, IR and ?? spectral data. We found that the stretching vibration energy of the carbonyl group is CN < MCS < Cl < Br and it was depending on the type of X which is in trans position to the carbonyl in the complex 1. We also investigated the formation of the chelate complexes relate to trans influence of carbonyl group in the starting complex 1. It was found that chelate complexes, Pd(X)(COPh)(N-N)(N-N=en, R-pn)(2) were formed, when X is CN, by the reaction of bidentate ligands such as ethylenediamine(en), or R-propylenedamine(R-pn) with complex 1.

4기 크레인에 의한 침몰 선체의 인양력 계산

신맹기,이상갑,최경식,손경호 韓國海洋大學校 附設 海洋科學技術硏究所 1999 硏究論文集 Vol.8 No.-

This study focuses on a simple analytical approach to calculate crane lifting forces for a sunken ship. The method takes into accounts the relation of lifting forces acting in wire rope slings to the inclination of the vessel including the effect of lug positions. The importance of sunken ship salvage is explained form the statistics of ship casualties during last 15 years. Euler angles are introduced to represent the inclination of a sunken ship in developing the static force and moment equations. Three dimensional examples with on redundant degree of freedom for a GT1500 oil tanker are analyzed and the results show that the information obtained by the method could be useful to salvos to conduct salvage work.

金井山 (釜山) 東斜面溪谷 植生의 生態學的 硏究

김맹기,이학영,김종원 한국환경과학회 1993 한국환경과학회지 Vol.2 No.1

This study was carried out to find the relationships between species pairs in the vegetation of eastern valley vegetation in Mt. KumJung from September 20, 1991 to October 15, 1992. Eight sites were selected, each being divided into 5 quadrats, and thus 40 quadrats were in total. To know the correlation among plant species the x^2 values were calculated by using the method of Yates, and the results were analyzed by cluster analysis according to Sneath and Sokal, and the following conclusions were obtained. The species examined can be subdivided into five groups according to the relationships. However, the relationships are not correlated with pH, water-content, maximum water holding capacity and mineral content of soil probably due to the environmental discontinuity.

資本構造의 理論

具孟會 釜山大學校 1983 經營 經濟 硏究 Vol.2 No.1

F. Modigliani and M. H. Miller(MM), in their outstanding papers of 1958 and 1963, stated the relationship between the behavior of the cost of capital and the value of a firm throughout all degrees of financial leverage. MM made a formidable attack on the traditional view on the cost of capital, capital structure and the valuation of a firm by suggesting three propositions about ① the average cost of capital, ② the cost of equity and ③ the cutoff rate in investment decision. Based on the three propositions, the study of the cost of capital and capital structure has been one of the main topics by financial theorists up to 1970's. Even in the beginning of 1980's the study is still conducted. It is no doubt that there are some limitations in proving MM's hypotheses. However, the reliability of MM's models based on the three propositions are still accepted as valid. Once we admit the assumptions of the perfect capital market and the constancy of cost of debt through all degrees of financial leverage, MM's models for ① the value of levered firm, ② the cost of equity funds and ③ the WACC do not present any inconsistency with those adjusted to the CAPM or to the personal income tax rate. And MM's average cost of capital can also be used as a cutoff rate in capital budgeting decisions. The arguments on the validity for the WACC model are mainly caused by the failure to recognize fact that the different WACC models (output) can be derived from the different input factors in calculation. That is, each WACC model represents its unique characteristics according to the following input factors in derivation. ① the type of cash flow like the before-tax cash flow, the overall cash flow or the net operating cash flow ② whether or not MM's valuation model(V_(L) = V_(U) + tB) is adjusted to the WACC model ③ the adjustment of KU's valuation model(V_(L) = V_(U) + MITS) to the WACC model ④ the adjustment of the personal income tax rate to the WACC model Each WACC after-tax is represented as a decreasing function of the financial leverage(B/V). That means the higher the financial leverage is, the lower the WACC after-tax is, which results in increase of the value of a levered firm. Such a functional relationship between the WACC after-tax and B/Vis also consistent in meaning with MM's valuation model of a levered firm, which presents the addition of the interest tax subsidy to the unleverd firm. Thus, the optimal capital structure can not exist theoretically if the irrational extreme level of fivancial leverage(B/V=1.0) is excluded. KU's models of a levered firm's valuation and the WACC are logically identical to the MM's. KU's models, however, removed MM's impractical hypotheses that the cost of debt is constant at all levels of financial leverage, and that all the firms should be the going-concern. Thus, KU's models are comprehended as the better tools in financial decisions in the sense that they are more contingent to the real financial situations. That is, the models have the higher flexibility in application, because they could be applied to every firm's valuation without limitation on the duration of business operation and the changes of debt costs. There are two factors affecting the value of a levered firm, when a firm increases the financial leverage. One is the interest tax subsidy and the other is the cost of financial distress. When a firm gradually substitutes the debt for equity funds, the former adds the value of the firm at the amount of tB(MM) or MITS(KU), whereas the latter reduces the firm's value as represented in the following models. MM: V_(L) = V_(U) + tB - FD KU: V_(L) = V_(U) + MITS -FD FD = the cost of financial distress If a firm increase step by step the financial leverage(B/V) up to 1.0 from 0.0, the cost of financial distress gradually carries the heavier weight (the reduction of a firm's value) than that of the interest tax subsidy (the addition of a firm's value). Thus, there should be a turning point of the value increasing trend in the range of 0.0< B/V <1.0 for a levered firm. That turning point of a firm's value is the indication of the optimal capital structure. That is, the capital structure composed at that turning point is the optimal capital structure which maximize the value of a firm. There are some difficulties, however, in measuring the cost of financial distress for the valuation of a firm, because the cost is always affected by many related factors. They are ① the nature of industry, ② the size of business, ③ the management situation, ④ the economic situation at the time of measurement and ⑤ the degree of competition and other business environments. Therefore, the measurement of the cost of financial distress is possibly attained for a particular firm at a specific period by research. However, it is concluded that the optimal capital structure can be surely explained by the counterbalance between the additional effect of the interest tax subsidy to the firm's value and the reduction effect of the firm's value due to the cost of financial distress.

貿易 函數에 대한 理論的 硏究

張孟烈 慶南大學校 産業經營硏究所 1993 産業經營 Vol.16 No.-

19세기 말 동아시아 전쟁에 대한 일본인의 '왜곡된' 기억 : 동학농민전쟁과 청일전쟁을 중심으로 the Donghak Peasant War and the Ching-Japanese War

박맹수 한국역사연구회 2004 역사와 현실 Vol.- No.51

In this research, the Japanese people's memory of the 19th century wars, such as the Donghak(東學) Peasant war or the war between the Chinese Ching dynasty and the Imperial Japan, which were all triggered by the blatant invasion of the Japanese during the late 19th century, will be examined. In chapter 1, the fact that there are some twisted perception of certain historical events like the aforementioned warfare which was clearly triggered by the Imperial Japan's invasive actions, will be pointed out. The ever-increasing comments representing the voices of the Right-wing arguments, including ones voiced by figures such as Ishihara Shintaro(石原愼太郞), clearly demonstrate that kind of distorted perception. In Chapter 2, the 'New History Textbook', and certain sections inside it dealing with the aforementioned warfare will be examined. The contents of that textbook definitively represents the Japanese people's new attempt, which continued during the year 2001, at promoting distorted historical understanding. Japan is continuously reproducing distorted historical understanding, and the process should be studied. In Chapter 3, in order to paint out that the history of the Japanese people's attempt for distorted historical understanding is indeed a long one, several sources such as the 'Propaganda Terms(宣戰詔勅)' declared in 1894, the first National History textbook, official War history and other academical researches will all be consulted. These sources are the basis for such distorted historical understanding which is being spreaded even now. In Chapter 4, the fact "that the true source of such distorted historical understanding of the aforementioned warfare was actually some distorted official or military records regarding the first use of armed forces in that war, namely the incident at the Chosun royal palace, will be examined. In Chapter 5, how the public viewed the said incident will be reviewed through various sources that had been created by the Peasant militia members(including Jeon Bong Jun), Euibyeong militia members(including Seo Sang Cheol) and other local Confucian scholars(like Hwang Hyeon). They all viewed the situation as a distinct demonstration of the Japanese invasive intentions, revealing a significantly different view from that of the Japanese. In conclusion, it will be pointed out that as long as the Japanese people continue to reproduce and spread distorted historical understanding and try to embellish their past deeds, it would he fairly difficult to form a truly sincere relationship between the two countries.

편도체중심핵내 요힘빈과 날록손의미세주입이 신기성으로 유발된 통각감소에 미치는 효과

신맹식,조소현,김기석,김현택 한국심리학회 한국심리학회지 생물 및 생리 Vol.5 No.1

선행연구에서 동물이 새로운 환경에 노출되면 날록손에 역전되지 않는 통각감소 현상이 발생하며, 이러한 신기성으로 유발된 통각감소(novelty-induced hypoalgesia)는 세로토닌(serotonin: 5-HT)이나 노어피네프린(norepinephrine: NE)등의 모노아민계에 의해서 매개된다. 본연구에서는 정서/인지적 반응과 항유해적반응을 매개하는 하나의 신경구조물로 알려져 있는 편도체중심핵이 이러한 통각감소를 전달하는 데에 책임있는 영역인지, 그리고 NE의 작용에 아편계가 관여하는지를 알아보고자 하였다. 본실험에서는, 먼저 모든 쥐에게 양측 편도체중심핵을 표적으로 안내관을 심는 시술을 실시했다. 1주일 후 이들 쥐를 크게 노출집단과 비노출집단의 2 집단으로 나눈 후 노출집단만 23℃의 열판에서 매일 5분씩 7일간을 노출시켰다. 8일째에 각 집단을 다시 요힘빈집단과 생리식염수집단(요힘빈-노출집단, 요힘빈-빈노출집단, 생리식염수-노출집단 및 생리식염수-비노출집단)으로 분류한 다음 편도체중심핵의 양측에 해당의 각 약물을 미세주입하고 모든 동물을 49℃의 열판에 노출시켜서 뒷발바닥핥기 잠재기를 측정하였다. 각 동물을 열판장치에서 꺼내자마자 동일한 부위에 다시 날록손을 주입하고 앞에서와 동일하게 잠재기를 측정하였다. 실험결과, 열판기구라는 신기성환경에 의해서 통각감소가 유발되었음은 물론, 알파-2 NE 수용기 길항제인 요힘빈에 의해서는 비노출조건에서만 통각감소가 증가하였으며, 날록손의 경우는 비노출조건의 요힘빈집단에서만 통각감소가 감소하였다. 이들의 결과는 동물이 신기성환경에 접하면 공포와 함께 통각이 감소한다는 사실을 알려줄 뿐만 아니라, 편도체중심핵내의 NE가 이러한 효과를 매개 및 상승시킴을 의미한다. 그리고, 편도체중심핵에서 비노출조건의 요힘빈하에서만 아편계가 관여한다는 사실은 신기성환경으로 유발된 통각감소에 아편계가 단독으로 개입할 가능성은 미소하며 이런 종류의 통각감소에서 아편계보다는 NE계의 역할이 큼을 시사한다. Previous studies have reported that a novel environment renders animals hypoalgesic and this novelty-induced hypoalgesia(NIHA) is not reversed by naloxone-pretreatment; in fact, the NIHA seems to be mediated through the monoaminergic system such as serotoninergic- and noradrenergic substrate, according to the studies on the effects of i.p. injection of those receptor ligands on the NIHA. The present study is conducted to investigate not only whether the central amygdaloid nucleus(ACe), which is known as mediating anti-nociceptive response as well as emotional/cognitive ones including fear/anxiety response, is responsible for the NE-mediated NIHA, but also whether the opiate system modulates this kind of NE mediation. In the present experiment, all rats were first given bilateral cannulae-implantations into the ACe. 7 days later, after these rats were randomly assigned into two groups named 'exposure group(EXP)' and 'non-exposure group(NON)', only the EXP started to be exposed to the non-functional floor of the Hot-Plate Apparatus (at the temperature of 23℃) 5 minutes every day for 7 consecutive days. On the 8th day, after being divided into two subgroups such as yohimbine group and saline group and being supplied with bilaterally-microinjected yohimbine or saline equivalent to its condition into the ACe, each group received a hot-plate(49℃) test. The latency to lick a hind-paw was manually recorded. As soon as picked out of the Apparatus all the rats were re-provided with naloxone, one of opiate receptor antagonists, and were re-tested under the same conditions mentioned. The result is that the novelty rats produced more hypoalgesia than the adapted rats in the hindpaw-licking latency, and that the bilateral micro-injection of yohimbine, an α(2^-)NE receptor antagonist increaing NE release in the brain-neuron synaptic cleft by blocking the presynaptic autoreceptors, potentiated the hypoalgesia, only in the novelty rats; which indicates that the novelty-induced hypoalgesia appears to be carried through the NE substrate and that the ACe is the chief forebrain site conducting the NE-potentiated novety-induced hypoalgesia. As far as the effect of naloxone injection under the influence of the preinjected yohimbine and saline is concerned, the hypoalgesia was reduced only under the condition of novelty yohimbine, neither under that of novelty saline nor under that of non-novelty yohimbine and saline; which implicates the opiate substrast may participate in the hypoalgesia necessarily as the NE-substrate-dependant pattern rather than by itself. Thus, the NE system may play more important role than opiate system in mediating the novelty-induced hypoalgesia.

Alzheimer병의 역학

조맹제,함봉진 啓明大學校 醫科大學 1997 계명의대학술지 Vol.16 No.3

Alzheimer's disease(AD) is emerging as a major trouble for the patients and their families as well as community. Epidemiology of AD is the study of the distribution of AD and those factors that influence this distribution. Several findings were derived from reviewing the various epidemiologic studies of AD. Prevalence estimates of AD rise exponentially with age. Typical estimates for the age groups 60-69 years, 70-79 years, and 80-89 years are about 0.5%,3%, and 10%, respectively. All studies showed an exponentially increase in the incidence rate with age and several studies found that the proportion of incident dementias is attributable to AD increased with age. Except for age and family history of dementia, no definite risk factors for AD have yet been proven. Survival of AD patients is worse in early-onset cases and in men, and it appears to be related to the initial severity of the disease. Improvement of prognosis through intervention has been unsuccessful until now. It was shown that methodological variables such as definition of dementia, the design of the study, the characteristics of the sample and methods of assessment and diagnosis might have a significant effect on the results. New epidemiologic approaches to AD should be well designed prospective follow-up studies to provide more accurate information. Epidemiologic studies combined with pathophysiologic findings could be helpful in improvement of prevention and treatment of the AD.