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The Electoral Power of Japanese Interest Groups: An Organizational Perspective
Patricia L. Maclachlan 동아시아연구원 2014 Journal of East Asian Studies Vol.14 No.3
What explains the electoral staying power of many Japanese interest groups in the wake of electoral reform? Electoral explanations provide part of the answer; candidates in elections to both houses of the Diet continue to face incentives—many of them unintended—to court the organized vote. But missing from such accounts is an explanation of why economically noncompetitive groups provide the bulk of such support. The primary reason for this, I argue, is organization. As a result of their historical linkages to the bureaucracy, many interests developed hierarchical, national organizational structures that enabled them to carry out a variety of vote-gathering functions that the parties had trouble performing themselves. Although electoral reform and long-term demographic trends have weakened the electoral influence of interest groups, these organizational complementarities between groups and the parties continue to matter in Japanese elections—including under conditions of two-party competition. To illustrate these points, I trace the evolution of interest group politics from the era of LDP dominance through the rise of two-party competition and the LDP’s recent return to power, using postmasters associations and agricultural cooperatives as case studies.
D. M. Knowles,D. W. MacLachlan 한국물리학회 2004 Current Applied Physics Vol.4 No.2-4
A crystal slip system model has been developed for the analysis of gas turbine single crystal Ni-base superalloys and has beenimplemented in nite element analysis software using the established theory of crystal plasticity. The model incorporates many ofthe dominant deformation mechanisms seen in these high temperature materials, which have been determined from mechanical testing and microscopic analysis. In particular slip is considered on the {111}<011> and {111}<112>slip systems, the former aredenoted type I systems and the latter type II. Type I systems are dominant at high temperature in orientations close to [001], in other orientations or at lower temperatures (700800.C) type II systems become active. When the type II systems are activated theygive rise to signicant transient creep strains at low temperature, which can be more than 5-6% in magnitude.
Predictors of Nerve Stimulator Success in Patients With Overactive Bladder
Kristian D. Stensland,Bennett Sluis,Jay Vance,Jared P. Schober,Lara S. MacLachlan,Arthur P. Mourtzinos 대한배뇨장애요실금학회 2018 International Neurourology Journal Vol.22 No.3
Purpose: To identify factors associated with successful sacral nerve stimulator (SNS) trial after SNS implantation for the treatment of medication refractory overactive bladder (OAB). Methods: Patients undergoing treatment for OAB at Lahey Hospital and Medical Center between 2004 and 2016 were identified. Patients undergoing SNS placement were identified; SNS success was defined as permanent implantation of the SNS. Demographic, clinical and treatment data were extracted from patient charts; uni- and multivariate analyses were conducted to identify factors associated with SNS treatment success. Results: A total of 128 patients were included. On univariate analysis, male sex, prior diagnosis of benign prostatic hyperplasia, and lower volume at first urge on urodynamics (UDS) were associated with unsuccessful SNS trial. On multivariate analysis, male sex (odds ratio [OR], 0.145; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.036–0.530) and lower volume at first urge on UDS (OR, 0.982; 95% CI, 0.967–0.995) were associated with unsuccessful SNS trial. A threshold value of 100 mL at first urge during preoperative UDS had a specificity of 0.86 in predicting SNS success in men. Conclusions: SNS is frequently successful at relieving OAB symptoms. Male patients and those with lower volumes at first urge on UDS, particularly below 100 mL, are more likely to have an unsuccessful SNS trial. Patients in these groups should be counseled on the lower likelihood of SNS success.
Prediction of the Arctic Oscillation in boreal winter by dynamical seasonal forecasting systems
Kang, Daehyun,Lee, Myong-In,Im, Jungho,Kim, Daehyun,Kim, Hye-Mi,Kang, Hyun-Suk,Schubert, Siegfried D.,Arribas, Alberto,MacLachlan, Craig American Geophysical Union 2014 Geophysical research letters Vol.41 No.10
This study assesses the skill of boreal winter Arctic Oscillation (AO) predictions with state-of-the-art dynamical ensemble prediction systems (EPSs): GloSea4, CFSv2, GEOS-5, CanCM3, CanCM4, and CM2.1. Long-term reforecasts with the EPSs are used to evaluate how well they represent the AO and to assess the skill of both deterministic and probabilistic forecasts of the AO. The reforecasts reproduce the observed changes in the large-scale patterns of the Northern Hemispheric surface temperature, upper level wind, and precipitation associated with the different phases of the AO. The results demonstrate that most EPSs improve upon persistence skill scores for lead times up to 2months in boreal winter, suggesting some potential for skillful prediction of the AO and its associated climate anomalies at seasonal time scales. It is also found that the skill of AO forecasts during the recent period (1997-2010) is higher than that of the earlier period (1983-1996).