The regulatory role of Korean ginseng in skin cells

Long You,Jae Youl Cho 고려인삼학회 2021 Journal of Ginseng Research Vol.45 No.3

As the largest organ in our body, the skin acts as a barrier against external stress and damages. There are various cell types of skin, such as keratinocytes, melanocytes, fibroblasts, and skin stem cells. Korean ginseng, which is one of the biggest distributions of ginseng worldwide, is processed into different products, such as functional food, cosmetics, and medical supplies. This review aims to introduce the functional role of Korean ginseng on different dermal cell types, including the impact of Korean ginseng in anti-photodamaging, anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidative, anti-melanogenic, and wound healing activities, etc. We propose that this information could form the basis of future research of ginseng-derived components in skin health.

Isolation and Characterization of Mouse Testis Specific Serine/Threonine Kinase 5 Possessing Four Alternatively Spliced Variants

( You Heng Wei ),( Guo Long Fu ),( Hai Rong Hu ),( Gang Lin ),( Jing Chun Yang ),( Jin Hu Guo ),( Qi Quan Zhu ),( Long Yu ) 생화학분자생물학회 2007 BMB Reports Vol.40 No.5

Ginsenosides are active ingredients in Panax ginseng with immunomodulatory properties from cellular to organismal levels

You, Long,Cha, Seunghwa,Kim, Mi-Yeon,Cho, Jae Youl The Korean Society of Ginseng 2022 Journal of Ginseng Research Vol.46 No.6

The immune system is one of the most important parts of the human body and immunomodulation is the major function of the immune system. In response to outside pathogens or high inflammation, the immune system is stimulated or suppressed. Thus, identifying effective and potent immunostimulants or immunosuppressants is critical. Ginsenosides are a type of steroid saponin derived from ginseng. Most are harmless to the body and even have tonic effects. In this review, we mainly focus on the immunostimulatory and immunosuppressive roles of two types ginsenosides: the protopanaxadiol (PPD)-type and protopanaxatriol (PPT)-type. PPT-type ginsenosides include Rg1, Rg2, Rh4, Re and notoginsenoside R1, and PPD-type ginsenosides include Rg3, Rh2, Rb1, Rb2, Rc, Rd, compound K (CK) and PPD, which activate the immune responses. In addition, Rg1 and Rg6 belong to PPT-type ginsenosides and together with Rg3, Rb1, Rd, CK show immunosuppressive properties. Current explorations of ginsenosides in immunological areas are in the preliminary stages. Therefore, this review may provide some novel ideas to researchers who study the immunoregulatory roles of ginsenosides.

A Method of Designing Nonlinear Observer for Squirrel-Cage Induction Generator in Windmill Power System

You Jiang Long,Shigeru Hanba,Katsumi Yamashita,Hayao Miyagi 대한전자공학회 1998 ITC-CSCC :International Technical Conference on Ci Vol.- No.-

Selective Translational Repression of Truncated Proteins from Frameshift Mutation-Derived mRNAs in Tumors

You, Kwon Tae,Li, Long Shan,Kim, Nam-Gyun,Kang, Hyun Ju,Koh, Kwi Hye,Chwae, Yong-Joon,Kim, Kyoung Mi,Kim, Yoon Ki,Park, Sung Mi,Jang, Sung Key,Kim, Hoguen,Wickens, Marv Public Library of Science 2007 PLoS biology Vol.5 No.5

<▼1><P>Frameshift and nonsense mutations are common in tumors with microsatellite instability, and mRNAs from these mutated genes have premature termination codons (PTCs). Abnormal mRNAs containing PTCs are normally degraded by the nonsense-mediated mRNA decay (NMD) system. However, PTCs located within 50–55 nucleotides of the last exon–exon junction are not recognized by NMD (NMD-irrelevant), and some PTC-containing mRNAs can escape from the NMD system (NMD-escape). We investigated protein expression from NMD-irrelevant and NMD-escape PTC-containing mRNAs by Western blotting and transfection assays. We demonstrated that transfection of NMD-irrelevant PTC-containing genomic DNA of <I>MARCKS</I> generates truncated protein. In contrast, NMD-escape PTC-containing versions of <I>hMSH3</I> and <I>TGFBR2</I> generate normal levels of mRNA, but do not generate detectable levels of protein. Transfection of NMD-escape mutant <I>TGFBR2</I> genomic DNA failed to generate expression of truncated proteins, whereas transfection of wild-type <I>TGFBR2</I> genomic DNA or mutant PTC-containing <I>TGFBR2</I> cDNA generated expression of wild-type protein and truncated protein, respectively. Our findings suggest a novel mechanism of gene expression regulation for PTC-containing mRNAs in which the deleterious transcripts are regulated either by NMD or translational repression.</P></▼1><▼2><P><B>Author Summary</B></P><P><B/></P><P>A class of mutations found in many cancers introduces aberrant termination signals during the synthesis of mRNA. In mammalian cells, abnormal mRNAs containing premature termination codons (PTCs) are normally degraded by a process called nonsense-mediated mRNA decay (NMD), thus avoiding potentially deleterious effects from abnormal protein production. However, some PTC-containing mRNAs are known to escape from NMD. By screening protein expression from genes with serious mutations in colon cancers, we confirmed that PTC-containing mRNAs of some genes escape from NMD. However, their abnormal proteins were not found in the tumor cells. To study the means by which these proteins were regulated, we transfected separate cell lines with NMD-escape mutant genomic DNA, wild-type genomic DNA, and mutant cDNA. We found that truncated proteins are not generated from the NMD-escape mutant genomic DNA, whereas wild-type protein and truncated protein were generated normally. These results indicate that the translation of PTC-containing mutant mRNAs is repressed in the cytoplasm.</P></▼2><▼3><P>A novel mechanism for regulating the products of nonsense mRNAs that contain premature termination codons involves repression at the level of translation.</P></▼3>

Discrete stochastic EOQ model for deteriorating inventory in supply chain using Hamilton-Jacobi-Bellman equation

Long Le Ngoc Bao,Sam-Sang You,Hwan-Seong Kim 한국마린엔지니어링학회 2024 한국마린엔지니어링학회지 Vol.48 No.1

In an ideal environment, an optimal replenishment point is required for the best output performance with maximized profit for a classical economic order quantity (EOQ) model. However, in practice, most supply chains experience variations that affect the theoretical results. Most products are perishable, which implies that their quality deteriorates over time. This issue must be resolved promptly before the cycle ends because unsold items result in revenue loss. This study presents an EOQ model in a discrete domain with uncertainties in the systematic parameters. The demand for products depends linearly on the pricing scheme of the enterprise, which must be analyzed optimally to achieve the maximum profit in the replenishment cycle. To solve this optimization problem, an optimal control technique named the Hamilton-Jacobi-Bellman (HJB) equation is introduced, which has been proven successful in solving similar issues. The convergence constraints of the HJB equation and the optimal reordering quantity are analyzed. The performance of the proposed approach is revealed via simulations, in which the behavior of the inventory system in perfect and imperfect scenes is demonstrated. The final result indicates that the optimal solution is admissible and robust as it remains valid in varying environments, with a difference of less than 5% in the ideal case.

Traumatic Posterior Fossa Epidural Hematomas in Children : Experience with 48 Cases and a Review of the Literature

You, Chaoguo,Long, Xiu,Hu, Liuxun,Sheng, Hansong,Zhang, Nu The Korean Neurosurgical Society 2019 Journal of Korean neurosurgical society Vol.62 No.2

Objective : Epidural haematoma (EDH) most commonly occurs in the supratentorial area, particularly in the temporal region, of the brain. Posterior fossa epidural haematoma (PFEDH) is less frequently observed, accounting for only 1.2% to 12.9% of all EDH cases. Because of the non-specific symptoms and the potential for rapid and fatal deterioration in children, an early computed tomography (CT) scanning is necessary for all suspicious cases. The aim of the present study was to share the experience of 48 cases and review the literature concerning PFEDH. Methods : A retrospective analysis was conducted for 48 paediatric cases diagnosed with PFEDH and admitted to Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University from January 2010 to August 2015. The clinical features and outcomes were analyzed and compared with previous literature. Results : Seventeen patients were surgically treated in this series and 31 patients received non-operative treatment. The outcomes were good in 46 patients, evaluated using the Glasgow outcome score (GOS), while mild disability was observed in one patient, and only one case showed severe disability. There were no cases of mortality in this series. Conclusion : Posterior fossa epidural haematoma is relatively rare compared with supratentorial epidural haematoma. Early and serial CT scans should be performed for all suspicious cases. The criteria for the surgical treatment of paediatric patients with PFEDH were concluded. The overall prognosis was excellent in paediatric patients.

Copper Particle Effect on the Breakdown Strength of Insulating Oil at Combined AC and DC Voltage

You-Yuan Wang,Yuan-Long Li,Chao Wei,Jing Zhang,Xi Li 대한전기학회 2017 Journal of Electrical Engineering & Technology Vol.12 No.2

Converter transformer is the key equipment of high voltage direct current transmission system. The solid suspending particles originating from the process of installation and operation of converter transformer have significant influence on the insulation performance of transformer oil, especially in presence of DC component in applied voltage. Under high electric field, the particles easily lead to partial discharge and breakdown of insulating oil. This paper investigated copper particle effect on the breakdown voltage of transformer oil at combined AC and DC voltage. A simulation model with single copper particle was established to interpret the particle effect on the breakdown strength of insulating oil. The experimental and simulation results showed that the particles distort the electric field. The breakdown voltage of insulating oil contaminated with copper particle decreases with the increase of particle number, and the breakdown voltage and the logarithm of particle number approximately satisfy the linear relationship. With the increase of the DC component in applied voltage, the breakdown voltage of contaminated insulating oil decreases. The simulation results show that the particle collides with the electrode more frequently with more DC component contained in the applied voltage, which will trigger more discharge and decrease the breakdown voltage of insulating oil.

Influence of Soil Suction and Seismic Excitation on Active Earth Pressure

Long Wang,You Gao,Lei Wang,Junran Zhang,Bo Chen 대한토목학회 2023 KSCE Journal of Civil Engineering Vol.27 No.6

Earthquake-induced slope failures are common occurrences in engineering practice. The rigid gravity retaining wall remains an effective technique in maintaining the slope stability. Based on the pseudo-dynamic approach, the seismic response of unsaturated backfills is studied using the kinematic limit analysis method. To formulate the energy balance equation, a horizontal slice method is proposed. The work rates of unsaturated soil gravity, seismic inertia force and damping force that are all characterized with conspicuous nonlinear distribution characteristics are computed using this method. A series of parametric analysis is conducted regarding the influences of soil suction and seismic excitations on the earth pressure estimations. The results show that the suction effect relates not only to the soil types but also the seismic excitations. The earth pressure is overestimated by 15% − 32% when soil suction is not considered in the analyses. For hard backfills, the peak active earth pressure increases slightly and moves towards the negative direction.

Down-regulation of Phosphoglucose Isomerase/Autocrine Motility Factor Enhances Gensenoside Rh2 Pharmacological Action on Leukemia KG1α Cells

You, Zhi-Mei,Zhao, Liang,Xia, Jing,Wei, Qiang,Liu, Yu-Min,Liu, Xiao-Yan,Chen, Di-Long,Li, Jing Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention 2014 Asian Pacific journal of cancer prevention Vol.15 No.3

Aims and Background: Ginsenoside Rh2, which exerts the potent anticancer action both in vitro and in vivo, is one of the most well characterized ginsenosides extracted from ginseng. Although its effects on cancer are significant, the underlying mechanisms remain unknown. In this study, we sought to elucidate possible links between ginsenoside Rh2 and phosphoglucose isomerase/autocrine motility factor (PGI/AMF). Methods: $KG1{\alpha}$, a leukemia cell line highly expressing PGI/AMF was assessed by western blot analysis and reverse transcription- PCR (RT-PCR) assay after transfection of a small interfering (si)-RNA to silence PGI/AMF. The effect of PGI/AMF on proliferation was measured by typan blue assay and antibody array. A cell counting kit (CCK)-8 and flow cytometry (FCM) were adopted to investigate the effects of Rh2 on PGI/AMF. The relationships between PGI/AMF and Rh2 associated with Akt, mTOR, Raptor, Rag were detected by western blot analysis. Results: KG1${\alpha}$ cells expressed PGI/AMF and its down-regulation significantly inhibited proliferation. The antibody array indicated that the probable mechanism was reduced expression of PARP, State1, SAPK/JNK and Erk1/2, while those of PRAS40 and p38 were up-regulated. Silencing of PGI/AMF enhanced the sensibility of $KG1{\alpha}$ to Rh2 by suppressing the expression of mTOR, Raptor and Akt. Conclusion: These results suggested that ginsenoside Rh2 suppressed the proliferation of $KG1{\alpha}$, the same as down-regulation of PGI/AMF. Down-regulation of PGI/AMF enhanced the pharmacological effects of ginsenoside Rh2 on KG1${\alpha}$ by reducing Akt/mTOR signaling.