당류 첨가 및 비첨가 옥수수에서의 Fumonisin B_1 감소에 미치는 Extrusion 효과

정수현,Lloyd B. Bullerman 한국식품영양학회 2000 韓國食品營養學會誌 Vol.13 No.6

옥수수에 5㎍/g의 FB_1을 인위적으로 첨가한 후 co-rotating mixing twin screw extruder를 사용하여 140, 160, 및 180℃에서 각각 screw speed를 80, 100 및 120rpm으로 조정하여 extrusion 처리하였다. Extrusion 처리에 의한 FB_1 감소율은 약 41∼45% 수준이었으며, 처리 조건에 따른 차이는 없었다. Glucose. fructose 및 sucrose를 각각 첨가한 옥수수를 140℃. 120rpm에서 extrusion 처리하였을 때 glucose를 첨가한 옥수수에서의 FB_1 감소율이 증가하였다. Glucose 함량의 증가에 따라 FB_1의 감소율도 증가하였으며, glucose가 2.5%, 5% 및 7.5% 존재할 때 extrusion 처리 옥수수에 잔존하는 FB_1은 각각 51%. 34% 및 19% 수준이었다. 본 연구는 한국과학재단 1998년도 전반기 해외 Post-doc. 연수지원사업에 의하여 수행된 연구결과의 일부로서 이에 깊이 감사드립니다. Corn grits spiked with fumonisin B_1 (FB_1) at a level of 5 ㎍/g were extrusion cooked in a co-rotating twin screw extruder at different temperatures (140, 160, 180℃) and screw speed (80, 100, 120 rpm). About 41∼45% of the spiked FB_1 was lost when the corn grits were extruded. Both the barrel temperature and the screw speed, however, did not significantly affect the FBI reduction in extruded corn grits. More reduction of FBI was found in the presence of glucose than with fructose or sucrose when the corn grits were extruded with sugar at 140℃, 120 rpm. About 51, 34 and 19% of spiked FB_1 were remained in extruded corn grits with glucose at levels of 2.5%, 5%, and 7.5%, respectively.

Biology and Health Aspects of Molds in Foods and the Environment

Lloyd B. Bullerman 한국식품영양과학회 1993 한국식품영양과학회지 Vol.22 No.3

Molds are eucaryotic, multicellular, multinucleate, filamentous organisms that reproduce by forming asexual and sexual spores. The spores are readily spread through the air and because they are very light-weight and tend to behave like dust particles, they are easily disseminated on air currents. Molds therefore are ubiquitous organisms that are found everywhere, throughout the environment. The natural habitat of most molds is the soil where they grow on and break down decaying vegetable matter. Thus, where there is decaying organic matter in an area, there are often high numbers of mold spores in the atmosphere of the environment. Molds are common contaminants of plant materials, including grains and seeds, and therefore readily contaminate human foods and animal feeds. Molds can tolerate relatively harsh environments and adapt to more severe stresses than most microorganisms. They require less available moisture for growth than bacteria and yeasts and can grow on substrates containing concentrations of sugar or salt that bacteria can not tolerate. Most molds are highly aerobic, requiring oxygen for growth. Molds grow over a wide temperature range, but few can grow at extremely high temperatures. Molds have simple nutritional requirements, requiring primarily a source of carbon and simple organic nitrogen. Because of this, molds can grow on many foods and feed materials and cause spoilage and deterioration. Some molds can produce toxic substances known as mycotoxins, which are toxic to humans and animals. Mold growth in foods can be controlled by manipulating factors such as atmosphere, moisture content, water activity, relative humidity and temperature. The presence of other microorganisms tends to restrict mold growth, especially if conditions are favorable for growth of bacteria or yeasts. Certain chemicals in the substrate may also inhibit mold growth. These may be naturally occurring or added for the purpose of preservation. Only a relatively few of the approximately 100,000 different species of fungi are involved in the deterioration of food and agricultural commodities and production of mycotoxins. Deteriorative and toxic mold species are found primarily in the genera Aspergillus, Penicillium, Fusarium, Alternaria, Trichothecium, Trichoderma, Rhizopus, Mucor and Cladosporium. While many molds can be observed as surface growth on foods, they also often occur as internal contaminants of nuts, seeds and grains. Mold deterioration of foods and agricultural commodities is a serious problem world-wide. However, molds also pose hazards to human and animal health in the form of mycotoxins, as infectious agents and as respiratory irritants and allergens. Thus, molds are involved in a number of human and animal diseases with serious implication for health.

Incidence of Fusarium and other Molds in Korean Field Crops

Ryu, Dojin,Bullerman, Lloyd B. The Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition 1998 Preventive Nutrition and Food Science Vol.3 No.1

The incidence of total molds, Fusarium species, and the estrogenic mycotoxin,zearalenone, in Korean grain samples were investigated . The majority of molds infecting grain were identified as belonging to the genus Alternaria , with an average infection rate of kernels of 43% and 32% in rice and baley, respectively. Fusarium speciens were less common, with average infection rates of 13% and 19% in reice and barley, respectively. A number of field fungi including Curvularia and Dactylaria were also observed. Among the Fusarium speices, 71 of 94 Fusarium isolates were identified as F.semitectum. A few F. moniliforme and F. equiseti were observed linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) or high-performance liquid chromatography(HPLC). In addition, deoxynivalenol was not deteted by ELISA . However, thepresence of molds, including Fusarium species, may pose possbile health hazards to persons consuming those grains.

Measurement of the Estrogenic Activity of Zearalenone in Extruded Corn Grits by Cell Culture Technique

Dojin Ryu,Lloyd B.Bullerman 한국식품과학회 1999 Food Science and Biotechnology Vol.8 No.4

Incidence of Fusarium and Other Molds in Korean Field Crops

Dojin Ryu,Lloyd B. Bullerman 한국식품영양과학회 1998 Preventive Nutrition and Food Science Vol.3 No.1

The incidence of total molds, Fusarium species, and the estrogenic mycotoxin, zearalenone, in Korean grain samples were investigated. The majority of molds infecting grain were identified as belonging to the genus Alternaria, with an average infection rate of kernels of 43% and 32% in rice and barley, respectively. Fusarium species were less common, with average infection rates of 13% and 19% in rice and barley, respectively. A number of field fungi including Curvularia and Dactylaria were also observed. Among the Fusarium species, 71 of 94 Fusarium isolates were identified as F. semitectum. A few F. moniliforme and F. equiseti were observed from both rice, barley, and beans. Zearalenone was not detected in any of the 29 samples either by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELlSA) or high-performance liquid chromatography(HPLC). In addition, deoxynivalenol was not detected by ELISA. However, the presence of molds, including Fusarium species, may pose possible health hazards to persons consuming those grains.

Changes of Aflatoxins During the Ripening and Storage of Korean Soy Sauce and Soybean Paste and the Characteristics of the Changes - Part 3

(Jong Gyu Kim),(Yong Wook Lee),(Lloyd B . Bullerman) 대한보건협회 2000 Korean Journal of Public Health Vol.1 No.-

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Anticancer Effects of Leek Kimchi on Human Cancer Cells

( Keun Ok Jung ),( Kun Young Park ),( Lloyd B. Bullerman ) 부산대학교 김치연구소 2002 김치의 과학과 기술 Vol.8 No.-

Anticancer Effects of Leek Kimchi on Human Cancer Cells

Keun-Ok Jung,Kun-Young Park,Lloyd B. Bullerman 한국식품영양과학회 2002 Preventive Nutrition and Food Science Vol.7 No.3

The anticancer effects of leek (buchu in Korean) kimchi were evaluated in the human cancer cells: AGS gastric adenocarcinoma cells, HT-29 human colon adenocarcinoma cells and HL-60 leukemia cells. The leek kimchi (fermented for 6 days at 15℃) was fractionated into 7 groups: methanol extract, hexane extract, methanol soluble extract (MSE), dichloromethane (DCM) fraction (fr.), ethyl acetate fr., butanol fr. and aqueous fr. Most of the leek kimchi fractions inhibited the growth of AGS and HT-29 cancer cells in a dose dependent manner. In particular, the DCM fr. showed the highest inhibitory effect among the fractions. Treatment with the DCM fr. (0.1 mg/mL) reduced the survival rates of AGS and HT-29 cancer cells to 19% and 37% of the controls, respectively. Moreover the DCM fr. of the leek kimchi arrested G2/M phase in the cell cycle and induced apoptosis in HL- 60 human promyelocytic leukemia cells. These results indicate that the leek kimchi exerted an anticancer effect on those human cancer cells, and that the DCM fr. arrested G2/M phase in the cell cycle and induced apoptosis in the leukemia cells.