『太平廣記』 禽鳥類詞彙的結構及其演變研究

shimeng liu,WANGNAN 한국중국학회 2020 中國學報 Vol.92 No.-

Tai Ping Guang Ji contains wild history notes and legendary novels from Han Dynasty to early Song Dynasty. Its language is easy to understand and is close to spoken language, which is a valuable language material to study medieval Chinese. Birds have rich artistic images and profound cultural connotations in the works of ancient literati in China. In Tai Ping Guang Ji, birds are also classified and recorded, including stories and legends about birds in previous dynasties. This paper is a study of 138 bird words in one to four volumes of birds in Tai Ping Guang Ji. These words are classified and summarized from the point of view of syllable number and grammatical composition. And the retention and development of monosyllabic words of birds to the basic meanings of ancient Chinese and their narrative functions are summarized in this paper. The grammatical composition of bird polyphonic words and polysyllabic words are analyzed, their naming characteristics are investigated, and the diachronic evolution and the narrative function in Tai Ping Guang Ji are summarized. 本文以《太平廣記》禽鳥一至四卷中出現的138個禽鳥類詞彙爲研究對象,從詞語的語言特征入手,將這些詞語分別按照音節數量和語法結構進行分類,並在此基礎上進行了詞語的歷時演變分析,總結出單音詞、複音節及雙音節詞在歷時語言中的演變情況。首先,禽鳥類單音節詞作爲禽鳥類基本類屬詞,從古至今基本保留了上古漢語的本義。但是隨着漢語複音化程度的加深,能夠保持本義和語法特征均未改變的詞語只有少數。另外一部分有的在鳥名本義的基礎上產生了新的引申義,也有一部分已經不能作爲獨立的詞語使用,只能與其他音節或語素一起構成新的禽鳥類名稱。其次,禽鳥類複音詞和多音節詞的內部語法結構多樣,但類型並不複雜。這類詞出現頻率不高,往往組合也帶有任意性,出現的時候一般是爲了語言表達或修辭需要,同時也能夠爲語言增添節奏感和韻律美。第三,中國古代對禽鳥的命名方式豐富多樣,從顏色到特征到地理環境,除了繼承社會約定俗成的這一造詞方式之外,也反映出在中古漢語複音化的發展趨勢中,“修飾詞+類屬詞”成爲禽鳥類詞彙新的造詞趨勢。

『太平廣記』중접식 쌍음절 부사에 대한 고찰

유시몽 ( Liu Shimeng ),왕남 ( Wang Nan ) 한국중국학회 2021 중국학보 Vol.98 No.-

『太平廣記』의 쌍음절 부사는 발음과 의미가 같은 두 단음절 단어의 중첩을 통해 만들어진 부사이다. 이러한 종류의 부사는 중첩식 쌍음절 부사라고 할 수 있으며, 중첩식 쌍음절 부사를 구성하는 단음절 단어는 중첩식 부사의 기본식(基式)이라고 한다. 중첩 부사의 기본식의 품사와 수량 분포에 따라 『太平廣記』에서 사용된 중첩식 부사는 세 종류로 구분할 수 있다. 첫 번째 종류는 단음절 동사의 중첩식 부사로서, 그 중에 부사 往往과 冉冉은 단음절 동사가 중첩된 뒤 어법화 과정을 거쳐 부사로 만들어진 것이다. 나머지 부사는 단음절 동사가 먼저 허화되어 부사의 어법적 기능과 의미로 파생된 뒤에 다시 중첩되어서 쌍음절 부사가 된 것이다. 두 번째 종류는 단음절 명사나 단음절 형용사의 중첩식 부사로서, 이런 부사의 일부는 단음절 명사나 형용사가 점차 부사의 기능과 의미로 파생되어 중첩을 통해 부사가 된 것이며, 일부는 부사로 쓰이지만 중첩 기본식인 명사나 형용사는 상황어로 쓰일 때는 품사가 유지된 것이다. 세 번째 종류는 단음절 대사、수사、양사의 중첩식 부사로서, 이런 부사들의 기본식의 품사는 단어가 생성 초기에는 대사, 수사나 양사였으나 점차 부사의 어법적 기능과 의미로 파생되어 중첩식 쌍음절 부사를 구성하게 되었다. 부사의 의미에 근거하여 분류하자면, 이런 부사들은 정태부사, 시간부사, 빈도부사, 범위부사, 정도부사 및 어기부사로 나뉘는데, 이들은 상황어로 쓰여 동사성 술어를 수식한다. In the book of Taiping Guangji, there is a kind of disyllabic adverb which is formed by overlapping monosyllabic words with exactly the same pronunciation and semantics. This kind of words can be defined as overlapping disyllabic adverbs, and the monosyllabic words constituting overlapping disyllabic adverbs are defined as the basic form of the adverb. According to the different parts of speech and quantity distribution of the adverb based at the beginning of its emergence, the overlapping adverbs in the book of Taiping Guangji can be divided into three categories: 1. Monosyllabic verb overlapping adverbs. The adverbs “往往” and “冉冉” are overlapped by monosyllabic verbs first, and then they evolved through the process of adverbialization. Other adverbs are grammaticalized by monosyllabic verbs first, after splitting the grammatical function and meaning of adverbs, and then they overlap again, and thus overlappping disyllabic adverbs are formed. 2. Monosyllabic nouns and adjective reduplicative adverbs. Some monosyllabic nouns or adjectives gradually derive their functions and meanings as adverbs, and then they overlap and form overlapping adverbs. Some monosyllabic nouns or adjectives are used as adverbial components, their meaning has not been changed, their part of speeches still belong to nouns or adjectives, and then they overlap and form overlapping adverbs. 3. Monosyllabic pronouns, numerals and quantifiers overlapping adverbs. At the beginning of its emergence, the basic form of its adverbs is pronouns, numerals or quantifiers. In the course of using, they gradually derive the grammatical function and meaning of adverbs, and then they overlap and form overlapping disyllabic adverbs. According to the semantic classification of adverbs, these adverbs include modal adverbs, time adverbs, frequency adverbs, range adverbs, degree adverbs and modal adverbs. These adverbs can be used as adverbials to modify verbal predicates. Some adverbs with significant meaning and some overlapping adverbs with universal meaning can be used to modify adjective predicates. And time adverbs with continuous significance can be used to modify subject-predicate structure.

Patient preferences and shared decision making for the traditional Chinese medicine treatment of lung cancer: A discrete choice experiment study

Teng Yue,Wei Yan,Chen Yingyao,Yan Juntao,Liu Shimeng,Li Fuming,Bao Shiyi,Ren Yanfeng,Liu Liu,Yang Yi 한국한의학연구원 2023 Integrative Medicine Research Vol.12 No.3

Background: Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM), integrating patient preferences into decision-making process, has been widely used in the multimodality therapy of lung cancer. This study aimed to estimate patient preferences for treatment and shared decision-making (SDM) modes concerning inpatient TCM treatment of lung cancer in Shanghai in order to provide a basis for clinical decision-making process on TCM therapy for lung cancer. Methods: This study was conducted among patients (n = 347) from nine tertiary hospitals in Shanghai by discrete-choice experiment (DCE) survey and Shared Decision-Making Questionnaire-patient version (SDM-Q-9) survey. The DCE was developed with the inclusion of the most relevant attributes at appropriate levels for the TCM treatment of lung cancer. The empirical data analyses of patients were performed using mixed logit models. Additionally, subgroup analysis was conducted. Results: In total, 347 respondents completed the questionnaire. All attributes’ coefficients were statistically significant for patients’ preferences. Patients showed strong preferences for increasing disease control rate, relieving nausea and vomiting, reducing the risk of side effects, and were concerned about monthly out-of-pocket costs. Subgroup analysis indicated that patients with a lower SDM-Q-9 score and those who were satisfied with medical services emphasized more importance of higher disease control rate. Furthermore, most of the patients (90.20%) self-reported a high willingness to use SDM during the decision-making process. Conclusion: In Shanghai, patients mainly preferred SDM and considered disease control rate as the most essential attribute in the TCM treatment of lung cancer. The study findings could underscore the importance of considering patients’ preferences and promote SDM.

Characteristics of the gut microbiota colonization, inflammatory profile, and plasma metabolome in intrauterine growth restricted piglets during the first 12 hours after birth

Shimeng Huang,Na Li,Cong Liu,Tiantian Li,Wei Wang,Lili Jiang,Zhen Li,Dandan Han,Shiyu Tao,Junjun Wang 한국미생물학회 2019 The journal of microbiology Vol.57 No.9

Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) predisposes newborns to inflammatory and metabolic disturbance. Disequilibrium of gut microbiota in early life has been implicated in the incidence of inflammation and metabolic diseases in adulthood. This study aimed to investigate the difference in gut microbiota colonization, cytokines and plasma metabolome between IUGR and normal birth weight (NBW) piglets in early life. At birth, reduced (P < 0.05) body, jejunum, and ileum weights, as well as decreased (P < 0.05) small intestinal villi and increased (P < 0.05) ileal crypt depth were observed in IUGR piglets compared with their NBW counterparts. Imbalanced inflammatory and plasma metabolome profile was observed in IUGR piglets. Furthermore, altered metabolites were mainly involved in fatty acid metabolism and inflammatory response. At 12 h after birth and after suckling colostrum, reduced (P < 0.05) postnatal growth and the small intestinal maturation retardation (P < 0.05) continued in IUGR piglets in comparison with those in NBW littermates. Besides, the gut microbiota structure was significantly altered by IUGR. Importantly, the disruption of the inflammatory profile and metabolic status mainly involved the pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β and IFN-γ) and amino acid metabolism. Moreover, spearman correlation analysis showed that the increased abundance of Escherichia-Shigella and decreased abundance of Clostridium_sensu_stricto_1 in IUGR piglets was closely associated with the alterations of slaughter weight, intestinal morphology, inflammatory cytokines, and plasma metabolites. Collectively, IUGR significantly impairs small intestine structure, modifies gut microbiota colonization, and disturbs inflammatory and metabolic profiles during the first 12 h after birth. The unbalanced gut microbiota mediated by IUGR contributes to the development of inflammation and metabolic diseases.