Harmonizing Agricultural And Environmental Policies

( Erik Lichtenberg ) 한국농촌경제연구원 2001 Journal of Rural Development Vol.24 No.2

I discuss three general lessons drawn from economic theory and historical experience for improving the performance of agriculture with respect to environmental protection and resource conservation. First, government development of environment-friendly, resource-conserving technologies and government investment in improvements in human capital are critical for making it feasible to reconcile agricultural productivity with environmental quality. Second, because new technologies evoke responses that are difficult to anticipate, it is essential to maintain proper incentives for environmental protection and resource conservation (e.g., taxes on the use of polluting inputs, setting prices of resources at their social opportunity costs, establishing clear property rights). Third, agriculture sector policies like price supports, input subsidies, limitations on imports, and settlement promotion policies are important causes of environmental and resource degradation in many countries; thus, agriculture sector policy reform is necessary to improve environmental protection and resource conservation in agriculture.

Christologie bei Jung-Ryu Dr. Sang Kun Lee

Hermann Lichtenberger 한국복음주의신약학회 2020 신약연구 Vol.19 No.3

Sehr geehrte Damen und Herren, verehrte Kolleginnen und Kollegen, hoch verehrte Festversammlung! Es ist mir eine außergewöhnliche Ehre und Freude, an dieser Ersten Internationalen Tagung zum Gedenken an Jung-Ryu Dr. Sang Kun Lee teilzunehmen. Ich danke dem Vorbereitungsteam für die Einladung und besonders dem Vorsitzenden, Prof. Dr. Jae Woog Bae, für alle Hilfe bei der Vorbereitung meiner Vorträge. Professor Bae hat mir die Masterarbeit (1955) und die Doktorarbeit (1959) von Jung-Ryu Dr. Sang Kun Lee sowie das von ihm herausgegebene „The Theological Summary of Jung-Ryu Sang Kun Lee“, Daegu 2019, zur Verfügung gestellt, wodurch ich tiefen Einblick in das exegetische, kirchliche, homiletische und seelsorgerliche Werk erhielt. Dieses gewaltige Lebenswerk zu würdigen erforderte mehr als die Vorträge eines Tages und weit mehr, als es jetzt in diesem Beitrag geschehen könnte.

Does the correction of a pathologic CSA > 35° influence tendon healing after arthroscopic RC repair?

Sven Lichtenberg,Christoph Lucke,Marc Schnetzke,Markus Loew 대한견주관절의학회 2021 대한견주관절학회 학술대회논문집 Vol.2021 No.3

Introduction and Background Introduction and Background: The re-tears after arthroscopic RC repair are thought to be influenced by a critical shoulder angle (CSA) > 35°. The aim of the study is to prove the threefold hypothesis if an additional lateral acromioplasty (ALAP) yields (1) lower re-tear rates after arthroscopic rotator cuff repair in patients with a critical shoulder angle (CSA) > 35°and (2) leads to better clinical results according to the Constant score (CS) and (3) have better strength. Material and Method Methods: Patients having CSA > 35°, outlet impingement and RCtear were divided into two groups. Inclusions criteria: age < 70 years, no comorbidities, a double row repair of the SSP. In group 1 (25 shoulders) ALAP of 10 mm lateral resection was performed with arthroscopic RCrepair with a subacromial decompression, in group 2 (24 shoulders) RCrepair with standard subacromial decompression. At minimum 12 months FU MRI and clinical examination were used to evaluate the postoperative healing rate and the clinical outcome. The tendon integrity was evaluated by MRI according to Sugaya. Statistical analysis was performed. Results Follow up for 49 shoulders was 15.9 ± 5.3. Preop in group 1 CSA was 38.0° ± 1,7° and postop 34.4° ± 1.9 (p < 0.0001). In group 2 preop CSA was 37.8° ± 1.8° , postop 37.6 ± 1.8° (p = 0.125). Preop CS of group 1 was 54 and for group 2 49 (p = 0.37). Postop CS was in Group 1 84.5 ± 7.1 (p < 0.0001); Group 2 84.5 ± 12.0 (p < 0.0001)). No difference between groups (p = 0.46). Strength: No difference between patients with intact tendons and re-tears for postoperative strength (p = 0.5717). In MRI group 1 intact tendon in 80% (Sugaya 1 – 3) and 20% showed a re-tear (Sugaya 4 – 5). In group 2 intact in 83.3% and not intact in 16.7% with no statstical difference (p>0.9999). Conclusions All three parts of the hypothesis have to be rejected.

The Health Impact of, and access to, New Drugs in Korea

Frank R. Lichtenberg 대외경제정책연구원 2020 East Asian Economic Review Vol.24 No.2

We perform an econometric assessment of the role that pharmaceutical innovation— the introduction and use of new drugs—has played in improving the health of Koreans, by investigating whether diseases for which more new drugs were launched had larger subsequent increases in longevity and smaller subsequent increases in hospitalization. Drugs launched during 1993-2012 are estimated to have increased mean age at death from all diseases by 1.71 years between 1995 and 2015 and 1.09 years between 2005 and 2015. We also estimate that new drugs increased the five-year relative survival rate from all cancers combined by 23.2 percentage points—78.5% of the total increase—between 1993-1995 and 2011-2015, and that new drugs launched during 2008-2010 reduced the number of hospital days in 2017 by 13.0 million. If the drugs launched during 2003-2012 had had no effect on other medical expenditure in 2015, the cost per life-year gained would not have exceeded 6332 USD. Therefore, even if we ignore the effect of new drugs on hospital utilization, the drugs launched during 2003-2012 were very cost–effective, overall. When reduced hospital utilization is accounted for, the evidence indicates that, in the long run, pharmaceutical innovation was cost-saving as well as life-year saving.

[번역논문] 정류(靜流) 이상근 박사의 그리스도론

헤르만 리히텐베르거(Hermann Lichtenberger) 한국복음주의신약학회 2020 신약연구 Vol.19 No.3

정류 이상근박사는 신약성경과 구약성경 그리고 외경까지 주석함으로써 한국 신학에 큰 영향을 끼쳤다.(Jae Woog Bae, Summary, 32, 46, 59, 66) 정류와 슐라터(Adolf Schlatter)는 여러 가지 관점에서 비슷하다. 두 사람 모두 기본적으로 보수적인 경향으로 규정된다. 정류와 슐라터 사이의 중요한 공통점이 마태복음 주해에서 나타난다. 정류에게 마태복음이 특히 중요하다. 왜냐하면 그리스도론 진술 외에도 교회론적인 진술이 마태복음에 발견되기 때문이다. 정류의 많은 작품은 한국의 끔찍한 시대에 만들어졌다. 그의 성경 주석은 세속화 시대(Zeitalter der Säkularisierung)에 오늘날 한국 교회를 위한 길이 될 수 있다.(Summary, 32) “한국교의 회복과 갱신은 성경으로 돌아가는 데 있다.”(Summary, 37) 그래서 오늘날 한국 교회가 나아야할 길에서 그리스도론적인 진술이 가장 중요하다.(Summary, 35) 정류가 ‘대승 불교’(Mahayana-Buddhismus)와 토론하기 위하여 요한복음을 선택한 것은 이치에 맞다. 요한복음은 예수의 세례 그리고 수난과 부활에서 공관복음과 여러 면에서 일치하지만, 많은 세부 사항에서 조화를 이루지 못한다. 그것은 요한복음에서 그리스도론적인 칭호는 다양성을 가지고 있는 것과 연관된다. 그 다양성은 특정한 전통적-역사적인 맥락에서 나타나며, 다른 한편으로는 그것은 다른 기능을 표현한다. 요한복음은 신학적인 발전의 정점(頂點)에 있고 정류에게 매우 중요한 의미를 가진다. 정류는 석사 학위 논문에서 ‘하나님 상’을 다루었고 박사 학위 논문에서 ‘요한복음의 예수와 대승 불교의 부다’를 비교했다. 정류는 대승 불교의 정교(精巧)한 교리와 대조하고자 요한복음을 선택하여 요한복음에 통일되게 나타나는 ‘고기독론’을 명확히 이해했다. 정류는 요한복음의 발전된 그리스도론을 대승 불교와 비교 연구하여 요한복음의 그리스도론을 명확하게 하고자 하였다. 요한의 그리스도론은 예수의 존엄성을 묘사하는 데 있어서 인상적으로 배타적이다. 정류는 요한복음의 아버지의 개념과 관련하여 친자(親子) 관계에 대해 이야기한다. ‘예수 그리스도의 친자(親子) 관계’의 근거는 하나님이 ‘아버지 되심’에 있다. 예수의 아들되심은 아버지와의 관계에서 유일무이하고 아버지에 의하여 결정된다. 정류는 우리에게 신적인 영광으로 비교할 수 없는 방식으로 요한복음에 나타난 예수를 보여주었다. 그것에 대하여 우리는 정류에게 매우 감사한다. 정류는 그의 모든 주석을 교회란 관점에서 연구하여 성경신학과 실천 신학적인 관점에서 예수를 선포했다는 점에서 교회를 위한 신학자였다. Jung-Ryu(靜流) Dr. Sang Kun Lee had a great influence on Korean theology through his commentaries on the New Testament, the Old Testament, and the Apocrypha. (Jae Woog Bae, Summary, 32, 46, 59, 66) Jung-Ryu and Adolf Schlatter are similar in various perspectives. They are basically defined as conservative tendencies. An important commonality between Jung-Ryu and Schlater appears in the com-mentary on Matthew. The Gospel of Matthew is particularly important to Jung-Ryu. Because in addition to the Christological statements, ecclesiological statements are found in Matthew’s Gospel. Many of Jung-Ryu’s works were made during the confusing times of Korea(1960’s). His biblical commentary could be the solution for the Korean church today in the era of secularization (Zeitalter der Skularisierung). (Summary, 32) The restoration and renewal of Korean Church lies in returning to the Bible (Summary, 37). The Christological statement is the most important in the path to be restored (Summary, 35) It makes sense that Jung-Ryu chose the Gospel of John to discuss with ‘Mahayana-Buddhismus’. The Gospel of John is in many ways consistent with the Synoptic Gospel in Jesus baptism and in Passion and Resurrection, but in many details it is out of harmony. It is associated with the diversity of Christological titles in the Gospel of John. Its diversity emerges in a specific traditional-historical context, and on the other hand it discloses a different function. The Gospel of John is at the peak of theological development and has a very important meaning for rectification. In his master s thesis, Jung-Ryu dealt with ‘The Statue of God’ and in his doctoral thesis, he compared ‘Jesus in John’s Gospel and the Buddha in the Great Buddhism’. Jung-Ryu chose the Gospel of John in order to contrast with the elaborate doctrine of Mahayana Buddhism, for clear understanding of high-christology that unified in the Gospel of John. In addition, Jung-Ryu tried to clarify the Christology of John’s Gospel by comparing and studying the developed Christology of John s Gospel with Mahayana Buddhism. John’s Christology is impressively exclusive in describing the dignity of Jesus. Jung-Ryu talks about paternity in relation to the concept of father in John s Gospel. God s Father is the basis for the paternity of Jesus Christ. Jesus’ sonship is unique and determined by the Father in his relationship with the Father. Jung-Ryu showed us Jesus according to the Gospel of John, with divine glory in an incomparable way. For that we are very grateful to Jung-Ryu who was a theologian for the church, also studied all his commentaries from the viewpoint of the church and also proclaimed Jesus from the viewpoint of biblical and practical theology.

세례자 공동체와 1세기 후반 1/3분기에 있었던 초기 세례 논쟁

헤르만 리히텐베르거(Hermann Lichtenberger),배재욱(역) 한국복음주의신약학회 2007 신약연구 Vol.6 No.1

An Integrated TCGA Pan-Cancer Clinical Data Resource to Drive High-Quality Survival Outcome Analytics

Liu, Jianfang,Lichtenberg, Tara,Hoadley, Katherine A.,Poisson, Laila M.,Lazar, Alexander J.,Cherniack, Andrew D.,Kovatich, Albert J.,Benz, Christopher C.,Levine, Douglas A.,Lee, Adrian V.,Omberg, Lars Elsevier 2018 Cell Vol.173 No.2

<P><B>Summary</B></P> <P>For a decade, The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) program collected clinicopathologic annotation data along with multi-platform molecular profiles of more than 11,000 human tumors across 33 different cancer types. TCGA clinical data contain key features representing the democratized nature of the data collection process. To ensure proper use of this large clinical dataset associated with genomic features, we developed a standardized dataset named the TCGA Pan-Cancer Clinical Data Resource (TCGA-CDR), which includes four major clinical outcome endpoints. In addition to detailing major challenges and statistical limitations encountered during the effort of integrating the acquired clinical data, we present a summary that includes endpoint usage recommendations for each cancer type. These TCGA-CDR findings appear to be consistent with cancer genomics studies independent of the TCGA effort and provide opportunities for investigating cancer biology using clinical correlates at an unprecedented scale.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> Generation of TCGA Clinical Data Resource for 11,160 patients over 33 cancer types </LI> <LI> Analysis of clinical outcome endpoints with usage recommendations for each cancer </LI> <LI> Demonstration of data validity and utility for large-scale translational research </LI> </UL> </P> <P><B>Graphical Abstract</B></P> <P>[DISPLAY OMISSION]</P>

通譯敎育

Degueldre, Christian,Lichtenberg, Anne 한국외국어대학교 통역대학원 1985 통역대학원 논문집 Vol.1 No.1

약의 허가시점분포가 사망률에 미치는 영향:신약의 거시경제적 효과

정기택,김정윤,Frank Lichtenberg 한국보건행정학회 2006 보건행정학회지 Vol.16 No.4

Technological innovation has been regarded as the core competence for the economic growth of individual, as well as organization and country. Pharmaceutical innovation, what we call new medicines, influence people's longevity and productivity by increasing output per hour worked. Therefore, using claims data on virtually all the drugs and diseases of over 550,000 people enrolled in National Health Insurance Program in Korea, we examined the impact of the vintage (original FDA and KFDA approval year) of drugs used to treat a patients from July 1st to December 31st in 2002 on the patient's mortality at the end of 2004, controlling for demographic characteristics(age and sex), utilization of medical services, and the nature and complexity of illness. We found that people using newer drugs are less likely to die at the end of 2004, conditional on covariates. The estimated mortality rates were declining with respect to drug vintage for 1970s, 1980s and 1990s and highly significant. In addition to estimating the model for the entire sample, we estimated the model separately for several disease categories classified by Korean Classification of Disease. Estimates of three drug vintage variables for subgroups of people with (1)neoplasms, (2)endocrine, nutritional and metabolic diseases, and (3)the diseases of circulatory system displayed similar patterns.

review : Advent of Novel Phosphatidylcholine-Associated Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs with Improved Gastrointestinal Safety

Yun Jeong Lim,Elizabeth J Dial,Lenard M Lichtenberger 대한소화기학회 2013 Gut and Liver Vol.7 No.1